Retrofit of RC frames against progressive collapse using prestressing tendons

This study investigates the effect of prestressing tendons on the progressive collapse performance of a 6‐ and 20‐story reinforced concrete model structures. According to nonlinear static and dynamic analysis results, the analysis model structures turned out to be vulnerable to progressive collapse caused by sudden loss of a first story column. However, the RC structures reinforced by external prestressing tendons along floor girders showed stable behavior against progressive collapse. The retrofit effect increased as the initial tension and cross‐sectional area of tendons increased. The incremental dynamic analyses showed that the seismic performance of the model structure was also enhanced after the retrofit using tendons. Based on analysis results, it was concluded that the retrofit of existing buildings using prestressing tendons could be effective for increasing both progressive collapse resisting capacity and seismic performance of RC framed structures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Behavior and design of reinforced concrete frames retrofitted with steel bracing against progressive collapse

Steel bracing is able to improve progressive collapse resistance of reinforced concrete (RC) frames, but the bracing design is typically based on seismic retrofitting or lateral stability. There is no approach for design of steel bracing against progressive collapse. To this end, a retrofitting approach with steel braces is proposed based on analysis of macro finite element (FE) models with fiber beam elements. The FE models were initially validated through the experimental results of a braced frame and then used to investigate the effects of pertinent parameters on the progressive collapse resistance of planar frames. The results suggest the braces should be placed at the top story. Thereafter, macro FE models are built to investigate the dynamic responses of the three‐dimensional prototype RC frames under different column removal scenarios (CRS) and show the necessity of retrofitting. Accordingly, the design approach of steel bracing is proposed with incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) and assuming independent contribution of braces and frames to resistance. Finally, the fragility analysis of the frames under a corner‐penultimate‐exterior CRS is conducted through IDA and Monte Carlo simulation, and the results confirm the validity of the proposed design approach for retrofitting RC frames.     

Experimental and modeling study on the progressive collapse resistance of a reinforced concrete frame structure under a middle column removal scenario

A reinforced concrete (RC) frame structure is one of the widely used structural system. A localized damage caused by extreme events may lead to progressive collapse of entire structures. In this paper, progressive collapse test of three 1/3‐scaled reinforced concrete frame, including a single‐story without a slab, single‐story with a slab, and double‐story with slabs, are reported. Experimental results show that the progressive collapse process of RC frame consisted of five stages: an elastic stage, yield stage, beam mechanism stage, transient stage and catenary stage. The reinforced concrete slabs contribute to large progressive collapse resistance force compared with the specimen without slab. Furthermore, validation of the test results by using a refined solid finite element model was established. The effect of extensive parameters, including slab thickness, beam section height, seismic design intensity, and so forth, on the progressive collapse performance of RC frame structures was simulated as well. The simulation results indicated that the collapse resistance of RC structures was substantially improved with the increased of the slab thickness and seismic design intensity. Finally, a simplified model is proposed in accordance with experimental and numerical results to calculate the collapse resistance of RC frame structures.     

钢筋混凝土抗震框架连续倒塌行为分析

以某抗震设防框架为研究对象,采用SAP2000有限元软件,依次拆除底层纵向边柱、横向边柱、角柱和内柱,研究抗震框架的倒塌破坏行为。以做功平衡原理建立了柱失效处梁配筋调整计算公式,并进行了配筋调整设计。结果表明:7度和8度抗震设防的框架结构仍会发生连续性倒塌,但是抗倒塌能力随着设防等级的提高而提高,抗震设计不能够完全替代抗倒塌设计;柱失效导致结构发生连续坍塌破坏的危险性由小到大依次为内柱、横向边柱、纵向边柱、角柱;梁铰机制在结构抗倒塌中的作用尤其重要,倒塌破坏时以梁的弯曲破坏为主,剪切破坏较少出现;线弹性静力分析计算的供需比最大值一般出现在失效柱上一层的相邻梁上,而非线性静力分析的最大破坏出现在与失效柱相连的梁上,但是二者对结构可能的失效位置判断基本一致。     

基于不同本构模型的混凝土结构地震倒塌对比分析

基于混凝土材料本构模型,结合精细化结构单元模型和高效稳定的数值算法,实现了混凝土结构的动力倒塌全过程分析。对建模方法、结构分析方法、材料与构件失效准则等进行了简要介绍。以某钢筋混凝土框架-剪力墙结构为例,分别采用混凝土弹-脆性本构模型、弹塑性本构模型和随机损伤本构模型进行了结构地震倒塌全过程分析。结果表明：混凝土本构模型对结构倒塌分析具有重要的基础地位,本构模型选取不当,将给出错误的倒塌模式或分析结果;混凝土随机损伤本构模型能够准确地预测结构的强非线性行为,可用于复杂混凝土结构倒塌全过程的模拟。     

Progressive collapse analysis of an RC structure

Progressive collapse denotes a failure of a major portion of a structure that has been initiated by failure in a relatively small portion of the structure. One approach to evaluate progressive collapse of structures is to study the effects of instantaneous removal of a load‐bearing element such as a column. An experimental program is carried out to study the behavior of a 3/8 scaled model of a continuous perimeter beam in a reinforced concrete frame structure following the removal of a supporting column. A detailed finite element model (FEM) is developed and verified to capture the behavior of the beam subjected to large deformation. In order to avoid a detailed FEM of the whole building and to efficiently capture the system response, a three‐dimensional nonlinear model of the structure using beam–column and shell elements is also developed. The two models are integrated through hybrid (substructuring) simulations. The potential progressive collapse of the structure and the dynamic load redistributions following column removals are studied. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

装配整体式混凝土框架结构抗连续倒塌试验研究

节点连接的破坏和失效显著影响装配整体式混凝土框架结构在连续倒塌大变形下的抗力机理、破坏模式和变形能力。为研究装配整体式混凝土框架结构的抗连续倒塌性能,设计了3个1/3缩尺的两跨梁柱子结构试件,开展了拟均布加载下的静力连续倒塌试验和理论计算分析。包含1个现浇对比试件RC和2个采用不同梁柱纵筋连接方式的装配整体式试件PC,即梁钢筋通过机械套筒连接和锚固板锚固、柱钢筋通过半灌浆套筒连接的试件,梁钢筋通过90°弯折锚固、柱钢筋通过约束浆锚连接的试件。试验发现：由于后浇区混凝土强度的提高,装配整体式试件的压拱机制峰值荷载较现浇对比试件分别提高22.9%和20.2%;拟均布加载下,梁最终变形呈曲线,该变形模式下节点需要提供更高的转动能力才能保证梁整体变形满足T/CECS 392—2021《建筑结构抗倒塌设计标准》的挠度要求;在悬链线峰值荷载时相邻跨梁提供的水平约束能有效限制边柱的水平变形和装配式试件的坐浆层滑移。理论计算表明,装配整体式试件的压拱作用的倒塌抗力贡献率低于现浇对比试件,其原因是边柱坐浆层滑移削弱了梁端约束,进而降低了压拱机制承载力。采用能量原理评估了试件的动力倒塌抗力,由于压拱机制下的累积耗能能力较高,装配整体式试件的动力倒塌抗力分别比现浇试件提高了16.8%和18.8%。     

考虑悬链线效应的钢筋混凝土框架结构抗连续倒塌能力分析

为了研究悬链线效应对钢筋混凝土（RC）框架结构抗连续倒塌能力的影响,基于OpenSees建立可以考虑悬链线效应的RC框架宏模型,通过两个RC框架子结构在移除中柱后的竖向承载力试验结果对比,验证了所采用宏模型的合理性,并研究了悬链线效应对RC框架子结构抗连续倒塌能力的影响。分别采用备用荷载路径法中的非线性静力方法和非线性动力方法对1栋10层RC框架结构进行抗连续倒塌能力分析,研究悬链线效应对RC框架整体结构抗连续倒塌能力的影响。结果表明：不考虑悬链线效应的影响将低估RC框架结构的抗连续倒塌能力;在移除底层中柱情况下,不考虑悬链线效应分析得到的荷载放大系数最大值小于2.0,而考虑悬链线效应分析得到的荷载放大系数最大值则超过2.0。     

Incremental dynamic collapse analysis of RC core‐wall tall buildings considering spatial seismic response distributions

Despite wide‐ranging studies on fragility analysis and collapse safety assessment of short to medium‐rise reinforced concrete (RC) structures, a new interest in the topic is still valuable and even necessary for tall RC buildings. This study aims at establishing fragility relationships as well as collapse probability of high‐rise RC core‐wall buildings under maximum considered earthquake ground motions. This study is carried out in a probabilistic framework on a case study of a fully 3‐dimensional numerical model developed to simulate seismic behavior of a 42‐story building having a RC core‐wall system. Proposing planar and vertical distributions of ductility and damage indices, the incremental dynamic analysis, and the multi‐direction nonlinear static (pushover) analyses were employed to reach the research goal. Median collapse‐level capacities were defined in terms of seismic responses (e.g., ductility/damage indices) as well as several intensity measures by employing statistical analyses and cumulative density functions. Available and acceptable collapse margin ratios were next estimated to quantify collapse safety at maximum considered earthquake shaking level. On an average basis, the statistics indicated 9%–10% and 5%–6% collapse probability of the building subjected to near‐ and far‐field ground motions, respectively.     

基于能量方法的RC框架结构连续倒塌抗力需求分析I：梁机制

结构抗连续倒塌设计方法的关键是确定因偶然作用导致局部构件失效后剩余结构的连续倒塌抗力需求。现有规范对连续倒塌抗力需求计算采用经验系数法,因缺乏理论基础,难以合理考虑结构连续倒塌过程中的非线性和动力效应的影响,其可靠性不足。基于能量方法,建立了RC框架结构连续倒塌抗力需求分析的理论框架,推导出RC框架结构梁机制下抗连续倒塌子结构及其构件的非线性动力抗力需求与线性静力抗力需求之间的关系,通过该关系对线性静力抗力需求的修正,能够综合考虑RC框架结构在梁机制下连续倒塌过程中的非线性和动力效应的影响。通过数值算例分析了现有规范中经验系数法的问题,验证了本文方法的正确性。     

考虑全填充墙作用的钢筋混凝土框架抗连续倒塌性能分析

为探究钢筋混凝土(RC)全填充墙框架在边中柱失效情况下的抗连续倒塌性能及其承载力计算方法,基于已有试验和有限元程序OpenSees建立宏观有限元数值模型展开研究。数值模型中的梁柱采用基于力的纤维梁单元模拟,填充墙则转化为等效斜撑并用桁架单元进行表征。填充墙宏观模型涉及等效斜撑的宽度、数量和相应材料属性的确定,为此对比了不同等效斜撑模型的适用性,确定了一种连续倒塌工况下全填充墙的宏观模拟方案。进而利用验证的数值模型,揭示全填充墙框架防倒塌的荷载传递机制,并研究了层数和填充墙砌体抗压强度对抗倒塌性能的影响。结果表明：全填充墙框架荷载主要通过墙体对角传递且全填充墙会与周围框架形成一种桁架机制;随填充墙砌体抗压强度降低,结构抗力峰值呈下降趋势。最后,以填充墙和周边框架竖向承载刚度比为基本参数,建立了通过求得填充墙和框架刚度以及纯框架理论弯曲承载力,便可快速评估规则RC填充墙框架防倒塌能力的回归模型。     

A temporal hybrid dynamic integration algorithm strategy for inelastic time history analysis of high‐rise reinforced concrete structures under strong earthquakes

A complete earthquake time history analysis (THA) requires a stable, accurate, and efficient dynamic integration algorithm. It is not rare to encounter numerical divergence when some implicit algorithms are used to deal with severe materially or geometrically nonlinearities. For explicit algorithms, computational efficiency is always a major concern. A temporal hybrid dynamic algorithm (THDA) strategy, which is specialized in the inelastic THAs of high‐rise reinforced concrete (RC) structures experiencing severe plasticity development, is developed herein. A preliminary evaluation is carried out on three low‐rise structural models, that is, two frame structures and one wall‐frame structure, for each group of collected implicit algorithms and explicit algorithms. From the evaluation, four alternatives are generated for the subsequent detailed assessment. A general framework for the THDA is proposed and implemented on a finite element analytical platform. The four alternatives are assessed based on their performance on a high‐rise frame core‐tube RC structure. The assessment indicates that the proposed THDA strategy can give rise to a more compatible dynamic integration algorithm for the complete THAs of high‐rise building structures when they are experiencing severe damage. The concerns about the computational stability, accuracy, and efficiency of the dynamic algorithms can be well balanced by the THDA.     

Investigation of progressive collapse in intermediate RC frame structures

A large part of common reinforced concrete (RC) structures are designed as intermediate moment resisting frames. However, current progressive collapse studies have not paid much attention to these frames. In this study, based on the acceptance criteria of the UFC 4‐023‐03 document, the influence of some external and corner column removal cases are evaluated by nonlinear procedures in all storeys of a regular structure. Although this structure considers the acceptance criteria of nonlinear dynamic analyses, nonlinear static analyses require additional reinforcement in beam supports in the top two storeys. Compared to dynamic analyses, it is also concluded that static analyses are more conservative in the estimation of maximum vertical displacement and shear force in beams. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

预制板上粘贴钢板条桁架对砌体教学楼抗震性能的影响

采用通用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立了典型砌体结构教学楼（预制多孔板装配式楼盖）的数值模型。利用有限元时程分析方法,分析房屋在汶川地震波作用下的地震响应,验证了预制多孔板楼盖水平刚度不足是砌体结构教学楼倒塌的主要原因。在此基础上,提出了一种新式加固方法——板底粘贴桁架型钢板条来增强楼盖的水平刚度。采用时程分析方法,对未加固模型与加固后模型的地震响应进行了对比。结果表明:板底粘贴桁架型钢板条法对提高房屋结构抗震防倒塌能力是行之有效的。     

机械套筒连接预制混凝土结构抗连续倒塌机理

为研究机械套筒连接预制混凝土(PC)结构的抗连续倒塌性能,对2个1/2缩尺PC子结构开展了试验研究,获得了PC子结构的破坏模式、竖向抗力-位移曲线、水平反力-位移曲线和梁挠度曲线。通过有限元软件LS-DYNA建立了精细化有限元模型,并开展了数值分析。结果表明:子结构破坏主要集中在梁端,其中靠近中柱的梁端破坏相较于靠近边柱的梁端破坏更为严重; 梁-柱节点区域未发生明显破坏,试件的最终失效由中柱两侧梁端纵筋断裂控制,采用机械套筒连接可以保证梁底部钢筋的连续性; 压拱阶段和悬索阶段子结构主要通过梁截面剪力和轴拉力传递荷载; 增大钢筋直径可以显著提高子结构的第一峰值承载力和极限承载力; 混凝土抗压强度对于机械套筒连接PC子结构的承载力影响不大,但提高混凝土强度会提高混凝土与钢筋间的黏结力,导致梁纵筋更早发生断裂。     

Progressive collapse performance of irregular buildings

In this study, the progressive collapse‐resisting capacities of tilted or twisted buildings were evaluated by nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. For analysis models, 30‐storey tilted buildings with braced cores and 30‐storey twisted buildings with reinforced concrete cores were designed, and their performances were compared with those of the regular buildings. According to the analysis results, the progressive collapse potential of the tilted structures varied significantly, depending on the location of the removed column. It was also observed in the tilted structures that the plastic hinges formed not only in the bays from which a column was removed, but also in the nearby bays. Similar results were observed in the analysis of the twisted structures. The progressive collapse potentials of the tilted structure were high when a column was removed from the tilted side. However, the twisted structures considered in this study had progressive collapse potentials not very large compared with those of the corresponding regular structures, mainly because more structural elements were involved in resisting progressive collapse when a structural member was eliminated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

后浇整体式预制混凝土梁-板子结构抗连续倒塌机理研究

为研究后浇整体式预制混凝土(PC)结构的抗连续倒塌性能,设计并制作了两个2跨1/3缩尺后浇整体式PC梁-板子结构模型。试验中采用堆加均布荷载与Pushdown结合的加载方式研究其在边柱失效下的抗力曲线与破坏模式。试验结果表明：后浇整体式PC结构中预制板的整体性较好,开裂主要集中在预制板与梁交界处;在加载过程中PC子结构可有效发展二级抗力机制提供附加抗力;预制板沿短跨布置的子结构抗倒塌性能优于沿长跨布置子结构。随后通过有限元软件LSDYNA进行精细化有限元建模,研究PC子结构去柱后荷载重分配机理和新旧混凝土界面黏结强度对其抗倒塌性能的影响规律。有限元分析表明：预制板结合后浇叠合层可以保证楼板体系的整体性从而提升荷载重分布能力,塑性铰出现在梁端而不是柱端;沿短跨布置预制板与后浇叠合层在加载过程中的平均抗力贡献占比高达54%;新旧混凝土界面黏结强度对结构整体性有一定影响;但是当界面黏结强度降低不超过50%时,对结构的抗力影响不大。     

钢筋混凝土柱动力滞回性能两尺度数值模拟

为提高钢筋混凝土柱在快速循环加载下的动力滞回性能数值模拟计算效率并反映局部破坏特征,对通用有限元分析程序ABAQUS进行二次开发,编写了适用于三维纤维梁单元的混凝土和钢筋本构模型程序,在实现纤维梁单元和实体单元界面连接变形协调的基础上,建立了由三维实体单元和纤维梁单元组成的两尺度有限元模型。为了比较计算精度和效率,分别建立了试件的三维纤维梁单元模型和三维实体单元模型。分别对3种模型进行往复荷载作用下考虑混凝土材料应变率效应的钢筋混凝土柱动力滞回性能数值模拟,将两尺度模型的计算结果与试验结果进行比较。结果表明:所开发的材料本构模型程序以及两尺度模型能较好地反映钢筋混凝土柱在快速循环加载下的承载能力及滞回性能;所建立的两尺度模型既可节约计算成本,又能实现钢筋混凝土柱试件关键部位的精细化分析。     

考虑应变率效应的钢筋混凝土动态纤维梁单元模型

为准确描述钢筋混凝土结构的非线性地震灾变过程，建立了一种基于显式算法可考虑地震作用应变率效应的钢筋混凝土动态纤维梁单元模型，并以材料子程序(VUMAT)的形式嵌入ABAQUS有限元分析平台中。对混凝土、钢筋以及钢筋混凝土柱动态加载试验进行了数值模拟，测试并验证该模型用于钢筋混凝土材料及构件动态性能分析的准确性和有效性。研究结果表明，所提出的钢筋混凝土动态纤维梁单元模型计算精度较高，能够准确并实时反映地震作用下应变率对材料及构件动态性能的影响，可为精确计算钢筋混凝土结构在地震作用下的非线性动力反应提供理论基础。     

焊接连接预制混凝土梁-板子结构抗连续倒塌性能研究

通过试验与有限元分析研究焊接连接预制混凝土(PC)梁-板子结构的抗连续倒塌性能。在实验室制作1个焊接连接PC梁-板子结构缩尺模型,采用Pushdown加载方法并考虑工作荷载对结构倒塌过程的影响,研究该子结构在去除1个边柱工况下的抗力曲线、梁板变形、钢筋应变及有效抗力机制。试验结果表明,尽管假设动力放大系数为2.0,试验模型在瞬间移除1个边柱工况下也不会发生连续倒塌,焊接连接PC试件的破坏首先发生于焊缝处栓钉断裂。为了解焊接连接PC子结构抗倒塌机理及各主要构件的抗力贡献,通过商业软件ANSYS/LSDYNA进行数值分析并开展拓展分析。通过对比试验及有限元模拟结果发现,采用LSDYNA软件可以准确模拟试件的破坏模态及受力特性。有限元分析结果表明：在受荷初始阶段,预制板及叠合层对抗倒塌承载力的贡献只占30%,抗力主要由预制梁发展梁机制承担;但是在后期大变形阶段,预制板及叠合层对抗倒塌承载力的贡献可高达80%,叠合层中的钢筋网发展拉膜作用是后期大变形阶段试件的主要抗力机制。