Methodology for developing earthquake‐resilient structures

This paper proposes a methodology for developing earthquake‐resilient structures (ERSs). This is achieved by following principles of full cycle performance control and embracing a holistic approach to design led analysis (DLA) of ERS. Collapse prevention (CP) and postearthquake realignment and repairs (PERRs) are the basic traits of ERS. Despite the availability of several systems involving combinations of gap opening link beams (GOLBs), rigid rocking cores, buckling‐restrained braces, replaceable energy dissipating moment connections, and so forth, neither CP nor PERR are addressed in any code of practice. Although most of these devices have passed several tests of experiments and time–history analysis they have rarely been examined as integral parts of actual buildings. Real buildings cannot be ideally recentered unless specifically designed and detailed for CP and PERR. Almost all simple beam–column joints, especially standard hinged supports absorb small but sufficient amounts of residual strains that hinder PERR. The proposed methodology is introduced by way of developing an earthquake‐resilient rocking core‐moment frame, as the lateral resisting component of a gravity resisting structure that has been detailed not to develop residual effects while sustaining large lateral deformations.     

Damage‐controlled performance‐based design optimization of steel moment frames

In the present paper, performance‐based design of steel moment‐resisting frames (SMRFs) is implemented to minimize total cost of the structures. The total cost is summation of the initial construction cost and the seismic damage cost in operational lifetime of the structures subjected to seismic loading. In order to evaluate the seismic damage cost, Park–Ang damage index (DI), as one of the most realistic measures of structural seismic damage, is utilized. To calculate the DI, nonlinear time‐history response of the structure needs to be evaluated during the optimization process. As the computational burden of the process is very high, neural network techniques are utilized to predict the required nonlinear time‐history structural responses. As the design constraints, besides the drift checks at immediate occupancy and collapse prevention performance levels, the global DI is also checked at collapse prevention level to control the amount of seismic damage. In order to achieve the optimization task, a sequential enhanced colliding bodies optimization II is proposed. Numerical studies are conducted to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed methodology involving 2 illustrative examples of a 6‐story SMRF and a 12‐story SMRF.     

基于性能设计方法在超限高层抗连续倒塌设计应用

我国抗震设计规范提出"小震不坏、中震可修、大震不倒"的设防目标,其中,"中震可修、大震不倒"的第二、第三水准设防目标,主要是采用经验调整系数及构造加强措施来实现,缺乏定量的计算分析。本文应用基于性能抗震设计的方法,采用静力非线性有限元倒塌计算原理,分析框架结构在大震作用下的破坏机理,对结构"大震不倒"进行定量分析,确保结构实现抗倒塌的设计目标。并结合一个超限高层实例,验证倒塌计算结果与振动台实验结果的相符性。     

Energy appproach in peformance‐based seismic design of steel moment resisting frames for basic safety objective

This study presents an energy approach to the performance‐based seismic design of steel moment resisting frames for the basic safety objective. The seismic demand is expressed in terms of hysteresis energy and its distribution along the height of the frame, based on an associated study. The resistance of a steel moment‐resisting frame to such demand is presented in the form of energy dissipation capacities of critical members, based on the previous experimental studies on full‐scale moment‐connections. An energy‐based design methodology is proposed for performance‐based earthquake resistant design. The proposed design method is examined using design examples and the results are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震工程的性能化设计:发展状况

当前建筑规范的设计目标着重于生命安全,在小震和中等地震下控制破坏,在大震下防止坍塌。然而,为实现这些目标,设计的可靠性是未知的。研究人员和设计人员的共识是将来的地震设计需要达到多个性能目标。未来的抗震设计将以明确的,能够定量的性能指标为基础,需要考虑多目标性能和危害水平。在基于性能设计的程序广泛应用之前还面临一些挑战:在地震工程中,基于性能设计的前景将直接涉及性能目标的界定,一般的设计方法,地面运动模型以及对需求和容量的评估等问题。     

An introduction to the structural design of rocking wall‐frames with a view to collapse prevention,self‐alignment and repairability

The purpose of this article is to present a new method of analysis for the structural design of pin‐supported rocking wall‐moment frames with supplementary devices and post‐tensioned stabilizers. The function of the wall is to prevent soft story failure, impose uniform drift and provide support for the supplementary equipment. The proposed methodology lends itself well to several seismic design strategies, ranging from severe damage avoidance, to collapse prevention, to structural self‐alignment and repairability. Repairability means avoiding major damage to columns and foundations. The success of the resulting solutions is due to the single degree of freedom behavior of the combined system and the fact that its overall performance is not significantly affected by minor changes in the stiffness of the wall. The sensitivity of the response to wall rigidity is addressed by comparing the maximum elastic slope of the wall with a fraction of the specified uniform drift. The limitations of rocking wall‐moment frames, as viable lateral resisting systems, have been addressed. Several worked examples have been presented to provide insight and technical information that may not be readily available from electronic output. The proposed solutions are exact within the bounds of the theoretical assumptions and are ideally suited for manual as well as spreadsheet computations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钢筋混凝土框架核心筒结构地震韧性评价

随着中国高层建筑的蓬勃发展,“大震不倒”的性能目标已经不能满足现代社会的需求,提高其地震韧性是当下高层建筑抗震的发展趋势.对比目前代表性的韧性计算方法,构建了一种基于构件损伤状态的结构使用功能量化方法,提出了结构地震韧性的评价流程,并应用于典型钢筋混凝土框架核心筒高层建筑结构的地震韧性评价.研究结果表明:所提出的基于构...     

A_y-D_y格式地震需求谱及其在结构性能抗震设计中的应用

在结构基于位移抗震设计的改进能力谱法基础上建议了屈服谱加速度和屈服位移(Ay-Dy)格式的地震需求谱,其特点是:过原点的射线与不同位移延性系数的需求谱曲线相交,各个交点对应的周期都相同,从而为在结构基于位移抗震设计方法中实现“小震不坏、中震可修和大震不倒”的多级性能目标提供了方便。借助于Pushover分析具体给出了一钢筋混凝土框架结构在不同风险水平地震作用下抗震性能评价实例。     

Seismic performance of steel special moment resisting frames with different span arrangements

Span arrangement is a crucial parameter from the designer's perspective, since it directly affects the seismic performance and economy of design. However, previous studies have not paid sufficient attention to the evaluation of its effects. Thus three 10-story steel special moment resisting frames with different span arrangements are designed according to the procedures of Turkish seismic design codes which are very similar to allowable stress design and capacity design procedures provided in AISC Manual and Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings. With the chosen geometric properties, design earthquake load and seismic effective mass is kept constant for model frames which is thought to be convenient for comparison purposes. The buildings are analyzed with OPENSEES under 15 simulated ground motion records and seismic performance assessment is carried out for collapse prevention performance level according to nonlinear dynamic procedure of FEMA 356. SIMQKE program is utilized to simulate ground motions, mean spectrum of whose matches to 1.5 times the design spectrum resulting in an earthquake hazard level of 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years. The entire model frames are found to satisfy the acceptance criteria for collapse prevention performance level. Based on the results of the structural systems used in this study, model frame with span length to story height ratio of approximately 2 seems to maintain both performance and economy, while the ratio higher than 2.5 can result in relatively high deflections and high element plastic rotations in lower stories under infrequent earthquake loads which render the frame seismically vulnerable.     

The establishing of performance level thresholds for steel moment‐resisting frame using an energy approach

In this study, an energy design approach is proposed within the framework of the performance‐based seismic design of steel frames. Accumulated plastic rotation is selected as a parameter to establish the performance level thresholds. The test results of steel connections are investigated to quantify the performance level thresholds. The hysteretic energy input is acquired from a previous statistical study of twelve six‐storey steel moment‐resisting frames. The seismic performance of three‐storey steel moment resisting frames using the energy approach is examined. The research concluded that the structure designed by the energy method performed better than the steel frame designed by the equivalent lateral force (ELF) of UBC‐97 in view of accumulated plastic rotation. Performance levels such as functional, life safety and collapse are discussed based on the ductility level and the performance characteristics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stochastic seismic collapse and reliability assessment of high‐rise reinforced concrete structures

To provide knowledge beyond the conventional engineering insights, attention in this work is focused on a comprehensive framework for the stochastic seismic collapse analysis and reliability assessment of large complex reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Three key notions are emphasized: the refined finite element modeling and analysis approach towards structural collapse, a physical random ground motion model, and an energy‐based structural collapse criterion. First, the softening of concrete material, which substantially contributes to the collapse of RC structures, is modeled by the stochastic damage constitutive model. Second, the physical random ground motion model is introduced to quantitatively describe the stochastic properties of the earthquake ground motions. And then the collapse‐resistance performance of a certain RC structure can be systematically evaluated on the basis of the probability density evolution method combining with the proposed structural collapse criterion. Numerical results regarding a prototype RC frame‐shear wall structure indicate that the randomness from ground motions dramatically affects the collapse behaviors of the structure and even leads to entirely different collapse modes. The proposed methodology is applicable in better understanding of the anti‐collapse design and collapse prediction of large complex RC buildings.     

Application of earthquake‐induced collapse analysis in design optimization of a supertall building

In recent years, a combination of rapid construction of supertall buildings and frequent occurrence of strong earthquakes worldwide demands a rational seismic design method for structures of this kind. Although earthquake‐induced collapse analysis is one of the most efficient methods to quantify the collapse resistance of buildings, little research has been reported on using the collapse analysis to evaluate the seismic safety of supertall buildings during the design stage. To optimize the design taking into account earthquake‐induced collapses, a real‐world supertall building with a height greater than 500 m is investigated in this work. Throughout its design procedure, earthquake‐induced collapse analyses are performed to optimize the design at three different levels (i.e. the structural system level, design parameter level and component level). At the structural system level, the influence of different lateral force‐resisting systems on the collapse resistance is discussed; at the design parameter level, the influence of minimum base shear force is discussed; and at the component level, the influence of high‐performance shear wall on the collapse resistance is studied. Based on these discussions, the optimal design scheme of the building is established to improve the seismic safety while maintaining the cost of construction. Given more and more supertall buildings will be constructed with new structural system and components, this work will provide important references for the seismic design of supertall buildings and the corresponding collapse resistance research in the future. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

自复位剪力墙的三水准抗震设防与四水准抗震设防对比研究

基于三水准抗震设防的传统结构虽已逐步控制了建筑倒塌和人员伤亡,但造成的经济损失和社会影响仍然巨大.可恢复功能结构体系震后修复成本较小,能够减少地震造成的经济损失.但三水准抗震设防由于其局限性无法充分体现可恢复功能结构的优越性,因此,前期提出了可恢复功能结构体系的四水准抗震设防目标:小震及中震不坏,大震可更换、可修复,巨...     

框架连续倒塌非线性有限元实用分析法

钢筋混凝土框架结构连续倒塌的分析涉及到砼开裂、混凝土和钢筋的材料非线性、结构的几何非线性等因素,目前通用的有限元分析软件尚不能对此进行有效的计算。本文考虑了材料非线性及P-△效应,采用塑性铰假设,设定了倒塌判定条件,用FORTRAN90编写静力非线性有限元分析程序,对钢筋混凝土框架结构进行了倒塌分析。     

钢筋混凝土巨型框架结构及附单向TMD装置的减震结构振动台试验研究

为了研究钢筋混凝土巨型框架结构体系的抗震性能及其地震作用损伤机理,设计制作1/25的缩尺模型,并设计加工了一套调谐质量阻尼器（TMD）装置安装在模型结构顶部,进行振动台试验,得到结构的动力特性和位移响应,并对比分析了TMD的减震效果。结果表明：当在峰值加速度为0.140g的地震波作用后（相当于原型7度多遇地震）,模型结构处在弹性工作状态,在峰值加速度为0.400g的地震波作用后（相当于原型7度基本烈度）,模型结构出现轻微破坏,在峰值加速度为0.880g的地震波作用后（相当于原型7度罕遇地震）,模型结构出现中等破坏,该原型结构可以满足抗震设计的要求;TMD装置具有较好的减震效果。     

Performance‐based plastic design and collapse assessment of diagrid structure fused with shear link

A diagrid structure fused with shear link (DSSL) is an innovative earthquake resilient structural system. The DSSL combines the steel diagrid structural system with shear links to dissipate the earthquake energy with the goal to minimize structural repair and downtime after strong earthquake shaking. The SLs are placed between diamond‐shaped grid units and decoupled from the gravity system. To facilitate the design of the proposed DSSL system, the performance‐based plastic design (PBPD) procedure is extended to design a prototype building utilizing DSSL. Detailed finite element model is developed to simulate the non‐linear dynamic response of the structure under a range of earthquake shaking intensities. The results of non‐linear dynamic analyses show that the DSSL has excellent seismic performance and can be efficiently designed using PBPD. Lastly, detailed collapse risk assessment of the prototype building is performed using the FEMA‐P695 methodology. The result shows that the PBPD‐designed DSSL has adequate margin against collapse. Hence, it can be used as an effective seismic force resisting system.     

Seismic damage and fragility analysis of structures with tuned mass dampers based on plastic energy

The effectiveness of using a tuned mass damper (TMD) to improve a structure's ability to dissipate earthquake input energy is investigated through the use of seismic fragility curves. The nonlinear material behaviour of the structure is captured using the force analogy method, the backbone for analytically quantifying plastic energy dissipation in the structure. Numerical analysis was performed to study the global response and local energy dissipation of a six‐storey moment‐resisting steel frame with and without a TMD installed for 100 simulated non‐stationary Gaussian earthquake ground motions. The effectiveness of the TMD, based on reduction of seismic responses and enhancement of the seismic fragility, is considered at structural performance levels for immediate occupancy and life safety as identified in FEMA 440. An ‘equivalent monotonic plastic strain’ approach—a local measure of structural damage—is used to correlate the seismic fragilities at different global performance levels based on storey drift. Results illustrate that a TMD can enhance the structure's ability to dissipate energy at low levels of earthquake shaking, while less effective during moderate to strong earthquakes, which can cause a significant period shift associated with major structural damage. This ‘de‐tuning’ effect suggests that an extremely sizable TMD is not effective in reducing damage of a structure. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

自复位剪力墙结构四水准抗震设防下基于位移抗震设计方法

与传统剪力墙结构体系相比,自复位剪力墙结构体系在地震作用下,会将材料非线性问题转为体系非线性问题,具有整体变形能力强、残余位移小的特点,因此,亟需针对自复位剪力墙结构,提出具有更高抗震设防要求的抗震设防目标以及相应的设计方法。基于GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》中“小震不坏、中震可修、大震不倒”的三水准抗震设防目标,与2015年颁布的第五代《中国地震动参数区划图》相适应,提出了可恢复功能结构体系“小震及中震不坏,大震可更换、可修复,巨震不倒塌”抗震设防四水准目标。采用了基于位移的抗震设计方法进行自复位剪力墙结构设计。以一幢自复位剪力墙结构为例,给出四水准抗震设防目标下的基于位移设计方法算例,并对其进行弹塑性时程分析,验证了所提出的四水准抗震设防目标下基于位移抗震设计方法的有效性,该方法也适用于其他可恢复功能结构体系设计。     

Performance control for seismic design of moment frames

Performance control (PC) is the important mental task that is or should be the cornerstone of earthquake-resistant structural design. The fundamental notion behind PC is that the seismic structural response is largely a function of design and detailing, rather than conventional analysis. PC is a design strategy in which the strength, stiffness and other characteristics of groups of members are induced in accordance with predetermined objectives rather than investigated with respect to certain design criteria. PC methodology enables engineers to predict and control structural damage at preselected response stages such as at first yield, any fraction of the failure load or allowable drift ratio, etc. PC provides a wealth of important information that may not be readily available through traditional methods of design. The ultimate failure load solutions are “unique” and suitable for plastic design treatment in that they include P-delta and stiffness degradation effects, and satisfy the prescribed yield criteria as well as boundary support and static equilibrium conditions. The proposed procedures for seismic design of moment frames are entirely suitable for manual computations. The paper does not address irregularities in earthquake-resistant moment frames.