纤维增强发泡保温复合材料的制备与性能

为了增强玻化微珠/水泥发泡保温复合材料的力学性能和保温性能,通过掺加改性物理泡沫降低发泡保温复合材料的密度和导热系数,采用改性纤维对发泡保温复合材料进行增强。研究了纤维增强发泡保温复合材料的力学性能和耐水性能,并利用扫描电镜对试样内部微观形貌进行观察,探讨了改性泡沫和改性纤维对发泡保温复合材料的增强机制。结果表明,掺加泡沫明显降低了发泡保温复合材料的密度和导热系数,当泡沫掺量为1.05 mL/g时,试样密度和导热系数分别为186 kg/m³和0.056 W/（m·K）。泡沫改性可有效改善发泡保温复合材料的强度和软化系数,掺加改性泡沫试样的抗折强度、抗压强度和软化系数较掺加乳胶粉试样的分别提高了21.05%、21.43%和13.56%。改性纤维可显著提高发泡保温复合材料的强度和软化系数,掺加改性纤维试样的抗折强度、抗压强度和软化系数较掺加未改性纤维试样的分别提高了25.93%、13.51%和8.33%。     

Mechanical,thermal and morphological characterization of cellulose fiber-reinforced phenolic foams

In this work, the compressive mechanical properties, thermal stability and morphology of cellulose fiber-reinforced phenolic foams were studied. The cellulose fiber-reinforced phenolic foam showed the greatest compressive mechanical properties by incorporating 2 wt.% of the reinforcement. The compressive modulus and strength of 2 wt.% cellulose fiber-reinforced phenolic foam were increased by 21% and 18%, respectively, relative to the unreinforced material. The addition of the cellulose fibers to the phenolic foam slightly decreased the thermal stability of the material. The study on the morphology of the cellulose-reinforced phenolic foams via Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated a strong bonding between the fibers and phenolic matrix. In addition, the incorporation of the cellulose fibers into the foam resulted in a decreased cell size and increased cell density of the material. The incorporation of 2 wt.% of cellulose fibers into the phenolic foam led to obtain the material with the best features.     

A review: Starch-based composite foams

The large quantities of the petroleum-based foam materials used have raised concern due to their negative effects on the environment, predominantly single-use articles in packaging applications. Thus, considerable efforts have been put forth to develop environmentally friendly alternatives and, in particular, starch foams. Many techniques including extrusion, hot-mold baking/compression, microwave heating, freeze-drying/solvent exchange, and supercritical fluid extrusion can be used to produce starch foams with different cellular structures and properties. Starch by itself is, however, rather weak and water sensitive. To improve microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties, moldability, water resistance, lightness and other properties of starch-based foams, many approaches, e.g., chemical modification of starches, blending with various biodegradable polymers, incorporation of natural fibers, and addition of nanofillers, have been attempted and are intensively reviewed in this article.     

木质素/PVA发泡材料改性研究

目的探究甘油用量对木质素/PVA发泡材料性能的影响。方法采用水浴加热方法对PVA和木质素进行溶解处理,再加入不同量的甘油,以不加甘油的空白样为对照,测试及表征其性能。结果随着甘油用量的增加,发泡材料的拉伸强度先增加后降低,甘油用量为8%时材料的拉伸强度达到最大,为1.26 MPa;断裂伸长率逐渐增大,从最初的37%增大到167%;表观密度先下降后上升,最低为0.278g/cm3;吸水率逐渐降低,最低达到15.22%。SEM测试表明,甘油的加入改善了发泡材料的空隙结构,但加入过多的甘油会破坏泡孔结构。TGA结果表明,随着甘油用量的增加,所得复合材料的热稳定性降低,热分解起始温度和分解最大速率温度都逐渐降低。结论甘油对木质素/PVA发泡材料的性能影响较大,加入适量的甘油对材料的力学性能、泡孔结构和热稳定性都有很强的促进作用。     

Effect of jute and kapok fibers on properties of thermoplastic cassava starch composites

Since mechanical properties and water uptake of biodegradable thermoplastic cassava starch (TPCS) was still the main disadvantages for many applications. The TPCS matrix was, therefore, reinforced by two types of cellulosic fibers, i.e. jute or kapok fibers; classified as the low and high oil absorbency characteristics, respectively. The TPCS, plasticized by glycerol, was compounded by internal mixer and shaped by compression molding machine. It was found that water absorption of the TPCS/jute fiber and TPCS/kapok fiber composites was clearly reduced by the addition of the cellulosic fibers. Moreover, stress at maximum load and Young’s modulus of the composites increased significantly by the incorporation of both jute and kapok fibers. Thermal degradation temperature, determined from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), of the TPCS matrix increased by the addition of jute fibers; however, thermal degradation temperature decreased by the addition of kapok fibers. Functional group analysis and morphology of the TPCS/jute fiber and TPCS/kapok fiber composites were also examined using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques.     

Effects of glycerol and sorbitol on optical,mechanical, and gas barrier properties of potato peel‐based films

Potato peel is a by‐product of potato‐based food production and seen as a zero‐ or negative‐value waste of which millions of tons are produced every year. Previous studies showed that potato peel is a potential material for film development when plasticized with 10% to 50% glycerol (w/w potato peel). To further investigate potato peel as a film‐forming material, potato peel‐based films containing the plasticizer sorbitol were prepared and investigated on their physicochemical properties in addition to films containing glycerol. Due to sufficient producibility and handling of casted films in preliminary trials, potato peel‐based films containing 50%, 60%, or 70% glycerol (w/w potato peel) and films containing 90%, 100%, or 110% sorbitol (w/w potato peel) were prepared in this study. Generally, with increasing plasticizer concentration, water vapor and oxygen permeability of the films increased. Films containing glycerol showed higher water vapor and oxygen permeabilities than films containing sorbitol. Young's modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break decreased with increasing sorbitol concentration, whereas no significant effect of plasticizer content on elongation at break was shown in films containing glycerol. Due to crystallization of films containing sorbitol as a plasticizer, potato peel‐based films containing 50% glycerol (w/w) were identified as the most promising films, characterized by a water vapor transmission rate of 268 g 100 μm m^?2 d^?1 and an oxygen permeability of 4 cm³ 100 μm m^?2 d^?1 bar^?1. Therefore, potato peel‐based cast films in this study showed comparable tensile properties with those of potato starch‐based films, comparable water vapor barrier with those of whey protein‐based films, and comparable oxygen barrier with those of polyamide films.     

复合增塑剂增塑红苕淀粉的研究

采用双螺杆挤出机制备了红苕热塑性淀粉(TPS)和高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/塑化淀粉共混材料.通过X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析了甘油/尿素/乙醇胺复合增塑剂的增塑效果和结晶行为,结果表明,复合增塑剂可以使淀粉塑化,能明显抑制红苕淀粉的重结晶.甘油含量的增多可以改善TPS与HDPE的相容性,同时会引起少量重结晶,但是不会影响到材料的使用性能.此外,共混材料随热塑性淀粉中甘油含量的增多,拉伸强度逐渐下降,而断裂伸长率逐渐增大.     

In situ lamination of starch‐based baked foam packaging with degradable films

A technique for making biodegradable food service packaging comprising a starch–fibre core and a biodegradable film laminate is described. The biodegradable films were made of polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate/terephthalate (PBST), rubber latex and polybutylene adipate/terephthalate (PBAT). The technique involved an in situ process for laminating a baked foam product in a single step. A critical element of the in situ technique involved using a heat insulating fibre sheet to stabilize heat‐sensitive laminate films during the baking/lamination process. The PLA‐, PBST‐ and PBAT‐laminated samples were baked for 6min at 120°C. The latex‐laminated sample, which was much more heat‐stable, did not need the insulating sheet and was baked for 3min at 160°C. Starch‐based foam laminated with PLA, PBST or PBAT generally had higher density and greater tensile and flexural strength than the non‐laminated control. Starch foam laminated with a rubber latex film had tensile and flexural properties similar to the non‐laminated control, due to the low modulus and elasticity of the latex film. The in situ lamination process improved the adhesion of the starch foam core with the fibre sheet, PLA and latex films compared to a post‐lamination process. All of the laminate materials provided a low water vapour permeance. The films degraded in a compost mixture but at a much slower rate compared to starch. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of film forming and hydrophobic properties of starches on surface sized packaging paper

The effect on mechanical and barrier properties upon addition of glycerol to temperature‐responsive hydrophobically modified (HM) potato starch was studied on free films. The addition of glycerol lowered the glass transition temperature, the storage modulus, and the water vapor permeability (WVP) for the HM starch films. The HM starch phase separates upon cooling below an upper critical temperature into a solid and a liquid phase. Adding glycerol to the warm starch solution had an inhibiting effect on the particulate precipitation. Substrates surface sized with HM starch with various amounts of glycerol were investigated with respect to barrier properties; WVP, contact angle and Cobb values. Hydroxypropylated starch was used as a reference. Cobb values and WVP results on surface‐sized substrates indicated that the film formation properties of the starches were of great importance for the final surface properties. Good film formation properties were essential for the gas barrier and water resistance while they were less important for high contact angles. The WVP decreased as the glycerol content of the sizes increased, but no sufficient water vapor barrier could be obtained. The HM starches investigated in this work provided good oxygen barrier and the contact angles indicated a hydrophobic character of the surface. The role of the precipitate was investigated, and surface sizing with the precipitate gave low WVP and high contact angles despite its poor film‐forming properties under the experimental conditions. Cobb60 values were slightly improved for HM starch with increasing glycerol content over glycerol‐free sizing. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of natural fillers on the properties of starch-based biocomposite films

Starch microparticles (SMs) were prepared by delivering ethanol into starch solution. Chemically modified starch microparticles (CMSs) by reaction with malic acid were obtained and incorporated within glycerol plasticized-corn starch (GCS) matrix, composites being further prepared by the casting process. Three natural fillers (NFs) – keratin, lignin, and spruce cellulose – were incorporated within the CMS–GCS matrix. The surface properties and water sorption, as well as mechanical and thermal properties of chemically modified starch/plasticized starch/natural filler (CMS/S/NF) films were investigated. The water resistance and thermal stability were improved through addition of NF. Higher tensile strength and lower elongation capacity were also observed.     

Effect of eggshell powder as nucleating agent on the structure,morphology and functional properties of normal corn starch foams

Corn starch and eggshell powder (with particle sizes of 4–5µm and 8–10µm) composite foams were prepared by extrusion. Effects of eggshell on the structure, morphology, physical properties (unit density and expansion ratio), mechanical properties (spring index and compressibility) and thermal behaviour (thermal transition and stability) of the foams were investigated. Foam cell size decreased and cell population increased with addition of eggshell into starch matrix. The foam unit density, expansion ratio and compressibility decreased significantly (p < 0.05), while the spring index increased significantly (p < 0.05) as the eggshell content increased from 0 to 6wt%. Further increasing eggshell content to 10wt% increased the unit density and compressibility and decreased the expansion ratio and spring index. The thermal transition and stability increased with the addition of eggshell. The optimum eggshell content was 6wt% and the smaller‐sized eggshell powder had a favourable effect on the functional properties of the foams. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of carrageenan on properties of biodegradable thermoplastic cassava starch/low-density polyethylene composites reinforced by cotton fibers

Applications of biodegradable thermoplastic starch (TPS) have been restricted due to its poor mechanical properties, limited processability and high water uptake. In order to improve properties and processability, thermoplastic cassava starch (TPCS) was compounded with low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The TPCS/LDPE blend was, then, modified by a natural gelling agent, i.e. carrageenan and natural fibers, i.e. cotton fibers. All composites were compounded and processed using an internal mixer and an injection molding machine, respectively. It was found that stress at maximum load and Young’s modulus of the TPCS/LDPE composites significantly increased by the addition of the carrageenan and/or the cotton fibers. The highest mechanical properties were obtained from the TPCS/LDPE composites modified by both the carrageenan and the cotton fibers. Percentage water absorption of all of the TPCS/LDPE composites was found to be similar. All modified composites were also degraded easier than the non-modified one. Furthermore, all the composites were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM).     

Natural fiber-reinforced thermoplastic starch composites obtained by melt processing

Thermoplastic starch (TPS) from industrial non-modified corn starch was obtained and reinforced with natural strands. The influence of the reinforcement on physical–chemical properties of the composites obtained by melt processing has been analyzed. For this purpose, composites reinforced with different amounts of either sisal or hemp strands have been prepared and evaluated in terms of crystallinity, water sorption, thermal and mechanical properties. The results showed that the incorporation of sisal or hemp strands caused an increase in the glass transition temperature (T_g) of the TPS as determined by DMTA. The reinforcement also increased the stiffness of the material, as reflected in both the storage modulus and the Young’s modulus. Intrinsic mechanical properties of the reinforcing fibers showed a lower effect on the final mechanical properties of the materials than their homogeneity and distribution within the matrix. Additionally, the addition of a natural latex plasticizer to the composite decreased the water absorption kinetics without affecting significantly the thermal and mechanical properties of the material.     

缓冲包装用明胶-淀粉泡沫的性能研究

目的以明胶和预胶化淀粉为原料制备具有缓冲效果的生物质可降解泡沫材料,为缓冲包装用生物质泡沫提供一种新的选择。方法通过对不同明胶-淀粉质量比、固含量、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)用量进行实验研究,并进行结构表征及静态压缩性能测定对泡沫材料进行综合评价。结果得到了明胶-淀粉缓冲泡沫材料的最优条件,固含量(用质量分数表示)为20%,表面活性剂质量分数为0.75%,明胶-淀粉质量比为70∶30。在此最优条件下的明胶-淀粉缓冲泡沫材料发泡倍率为5.14倍,表观密度为0.064 g/cm³,弹性模量为36.64 kPa,50%抗压强度为2.49 kPa。结论以明胶和预胶化淀粉为原料制备的复合泡沫材料具有表观密度低、缓冲性能较好的特点。单因素实验结果表明,预胶化淀粉对泡沫的力学性能有增强作用。     

Evaluation and suitability of biomaterials for modified atmosphere packaging of fresh salmon fillets

An evaluation of the suitability of commercially available biopolymers on the shelf‐life of fresh salmon fillet was done. The comparison included two different types of biomaterials, poly lactic acid (PLA)‐based and starch‐based materials, and two traditional materials, amorphous polyethylene terephthalate/polyethylene (APET/PE) and high‐density polyethylene (HDPE). Fresh salmon fillets were stored at 4°C in modified atmosphere (60% CO₂ and 40% N₂) for 5, 7, 9 and 14 days. The biomaterials have been briefly evaluated with respect to composition and mechanical properties. The effect of different packaging materials on bacterial growth, off‐odour, pH and colour was investigated. The traditional materials (APET/PE and HDPE trays) offered the best protection regarding the bacterial growth. A relatively high level (log 6 CFU/g) of total viable counts was detected after 9 days and 14 days for fillets stored in biomaterials and traditional materials, respectively. The level of lactic acid bacteria and H₂S producing bacteria followed almost the same pattern. Storage in traditional materials resulted in higher intensity of freshness (fresh odour) compared with the samples stored in biomaterials; after 14 days, the salmon stored in starch‐based pouches was regarded as having lower intensity of freshness compared with APET/PE trays and PLA‐based pouches. The opposite result was obtained regarding the colour of the salmon, where the biomaterials resulted in higher intensity of fresh colour compared with the traditional materials although the surface of the salmon at the end of the experiment was dry and unpleasant. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

柑橘皮渣/淀粉基复合发泡材料的纳米改性研究

目的在柑橘皮渣/淀粉基复合材料中添加纳米材料,对其进行纳米改性研究。方法分别将质量分数为1%,3%,5%,7%等4种纳米蒙脱土添加到柑橘皮渣/淀粉复合材料中,采用双螺杆挤出制备复合发泡材料,并检测复合发泡材料的膨胀率、表观密度、压缩强度、吸湿性能、微观结构和红外光谱。结果添加质量分数为1%和3%的纳米蒙脱土,均能显著增强复合发泡材料的压缩强度,且添加质量分数为3%的纳米蒙脱土,能使复合发泡材料具有最大膨胀率、最低表观密度和丰富的泡孔结构,而添加质量分数为5%和7%的纳米蒙脱土,并不利于复合发泡材料的挤出成型。结论添加适量的纳米材料可以提高柑橘皮渣/淀粉基复合材料的发泡效果,增强力学性能。     

Properties of chopped carbon fiber reinforced carbon foam composites

A novel kind of carbon foam reinforced carbon-carbon composite with high density and mechanical properties was produced by densifying carbon foam preforms enhanced by chopped carbon fibers. The mechanical properties and densification efficiency of this composite could be improved by adding of fibers. The highest density of this composite could reach 1.5 g/cm³. The compressive strength increased by 38.9%, 66.7% and 29.4% when the additive amount of chopped fibers was 1%, 3% and 5% (wt.%) respectively. SEM observation showed that when the additive amount of fibers reached 5%, micro-cracks appeared in carbon foam preforms and resulted in the decrease in compressive strength of composite no. 4.     

Effect of chemical blowing agent on cell structure and mechanical properties of EPDM foam, and peel strength and thermal conductivity of wood/NR composite–EPDM foam laminates

Melt-laminates of wood/natural rubber (wood/NR) composite and ethylene-propylene diene rubber (EPDM) foam were prepared by compression molding technique. Two different forms of 4,4′oxybis(benzenesulfonylhydrazide) (OBSH) blowing agent were used; pure OBSH (designated as OBSH) and ethylene-propylene bound OBSH (designated as EPR–b-OBSH). The effect of the OBSH concentration on the cell structures and mechanical properties of EPDM foam, and the peel strength and thermal conductivity of wood/NR composite–foamed EPDM laminates was examined. It was found that the EPR–b-OBSH gave EPDM foam with greater number of cell structures, higher porosities and resistances to water penetration on the foam surface. However, the EPDM with EPR–b-OBSH agent had worse elastic recovery as compared to that with OBSH due to deformation of cell structures after prolonged compression loading. The recommended concentrations for EPR–b-OBSH and OBSH blowing agents were 3.0 and 5.0 phr, respectively, for the optimum interfacial adhesion and low thermal conductivity.     

Extrusion of starch‐based loose‐fill packaging foams: effects of temperature,moisture and talc on physical properties

Starch‐based loose‐fill packaging foams were made in a single‐screw laboratory‐scale extruder. Corn starch was blended with polystyrene in the ratio of 70 : 30 and extruded into foams using talc and polycarbonate as additives. Extrusions were carried out at moisture contents of 16, 18 and 20% (dry basis), and at barrel temperatures of 140 and 160°C. The influences of extrusion temperature, moisture content of starch, talc and polycarbonate on the radial expansion and other selected physical properties of starch foams were investigated. The effects of moisture and talc contents on the radial expansion of foams were found to be critical, while the role of temperature was close to significant. The expansion ratio increased when the moisture content was increased from 16 to 18%, and then decreased when moisture content was increased to 20%. In general, the expansion ratios of foams were higher at 160°C as compared to 140°C. Although polycarbonate mixed well with the starch–polystyrene melt, it was not effective as a structural and anti‐shrinking agent, and it did not contribute to the radial expansion. In general, the bulk densities and unit densities of the starch foams decreased as the moisture content and extrusion temperature increased. Scanning electron microscope images showed that the addition of talc yielded foams with smaller‐sized cells, with less expansion of the foam melt, and thus a higher density. X‐ray diffractograms revealed that the crystallinity of starch foams increased post‐extrusion, and there was adequate dispersion of the starch and polystyrene polymers to make the foam water‐resistant. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

淀粉丙烯酰化对ALS-g-PMA接枝效率及膜性能的影响

在淀粉与丙烯酸甲酯(MA)接枝共聚合反应前,通过对淀粉进行丙烯酰化预处理,以提高接枝共聚合反应的接枝效率,同时探究了这种预处理方法对于淀粉膜力学性能及淀粉对聚酯纤维粘合性能的影响。结果表明,当丙烯酰氧基淀粉(ALS)的取代度在0.005～0.036范围内时,接枝共聚合反应的接枝效率提高了10%～27%,淀粉膜的力学性能及接枝淀粉对聚酯纤维的粘合性能也随之获得明显改善。综合考虑实验结果后,ALS的取代度应以0.012～0.022为宜。