Seismic fragility analysis of low-rise unreinforced masonry structures

Unreinforced masonry (URM) is one of the most common structural types for low-rise buildings in the United States. Its dynamic behavior is highly nonlinear, and generally shows high vulnerability to seismic loading. Despite the need for seismic risk assessment of this class of structures, the fragility curves for URM buildings based on analytical models are scarce in the field of earthquake engineering. This study performs seismic fragility analysis of a URM low-rise building. Fragility curves are developed for a two-story URM building designed to represent a typical essential facility (i.e., a firehouse) in the central and southern US (CSUS) region. A structural modeling method is proposed such that it can be effectively used for fragility analysis without significant increase in computational time, and maintains an acceptable level of accuracy in representing the nonlinear behavior of the structures. A set of fragility curves are developed and include different configurations of the out-of-plane walls and their associated stiffness. The fragility analysis shows that the seismic performance of URM buildings is well below the desirable building seismic performance level recommended by current seismic codes, indicating high vulnerability of URM buildings within the CSUS region. It is also shown that the out-of-plane wall stiffness should not be ignored in the risk assessment of URM buildings because the overall seismic performance of URM buildings is rather sensitive to the out-of-plane wall stiffness. The analytical fragility curves developed are compared with those of HAZUS. The comparison shows that the analytical fragility curves developed have lower variation in the seismic response than those of HAZUS. Several reasons for the discrepancy are discussed. The model-based analytical fragility curves developed in this study can increase the accuracy and effectiveness of seismic risk assessment of essential facilities of the CSUS region. Moreover, the structural modeling method introduced in this study can be effectively used for development of the fragility curves of URM buildings.     

剪力墙抗震能力设计措施有效性的校验与改进

为研究有效的剪力墙抗震能力设计措施,引导其在强震中实现可控的预期破坏模式,通过理论分析指出目前剪力墙能力设计措施存在的问题,通过精细有限元动力时程算例分析,校验了中国规范剪力墙能力调整措施的有效性;提出了改进措施,并进行了算例验证.结果表明,在刚性地基假定下中国2001版抗震规范抗弯能力调整措施使得剪力墙底截面在大震下...     

Seismic vulnerability assessment of tilt-up concrete structures

This paper focuses on seismic vulnerability assessment for one-story tilt-up concrete structures. To capture the potential failure mechanisms, an analytical modelling approach using nonlinear properties is developed and verified with measured data from a shake table test documented in the literature. Nonlinear dynamic analyses using synthetic ground motions for Memphis, Tennessee, are performed to assess dynamic behaviour of the buildings. Then, probabilistic demand models for multiple limit states that represent potential failure mechanisms are developed with a Bayesian updating approach. These demand models are used in conjunction with appropriate capacity limits to develop fragility curves that provide a probabilistic measure of the seismic vulnerability of typical tilt-up concrete buildings. This study shows that the vulnerability of typical tilt-up structures in Mid-America is significant when seismic hazards are high. In addition, it is found that the aspect ratio of building geometry has a significant impact on the seismic performance and fragility estimates of tilt-up buildings.     

Fragility assessment of high‐rise reinforced concrete buildings considering the effects of shear wall contributions

The effect of shear wall configurations on seismic responses of high‐rise RC buildings is investigated in this paper using fragility analysis method. Four lower high‐rise RC buildings that have the same plan dimensions and height but are different in configurations in lateral force resisting systems, were firstly designed following the standard code procedure. To consider uncertainties in earthquake motions, 16 real ground motion pairs were selected and scaled, then applied orthogonally to the four RC building models during the Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA). Fragility relationships were therefore derived based on the IDA results for the three limit states including slight damage, moderate damage and collapse to show the probabilistic comparison of seismic responses among the four buildings in both x and y‐directions. It was observed that generally adding shear walls will improve buildings' seismic performance at all limit states. However, shear wall configuration also plays a significant role in seismic behavior of the lower high‐rise regular RC buildings' and internal shear walls are generally more effective than external shear walls in improving building's seismic resistance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analytically derived fragility relationships for the modern high‐rise buildings in the UAE

Investigating and planning for the expected damage that may hit the earthquake‐prone areas in the UAE should be undertaken in order to predict and mitigate earthquake losses. This paper discusses a framework for developing an essential driving engine in loss estimation systems, namely fragility relationships. Six reference structures, varying in height from 10 to 60 storeys, are selected due to the concentrated economic and human assets in this class of buildings. The reference structures are designed according to the building codes and construction practice adopted in this region. Inelastic fibre‐based simulation models are developed for the buildings using a verified analysis platform, which enables monitoring the spread of yielding and cracking during the multi‐step cyclic analysis. The ground motion uncertainty is accounted for using 20 input ground motions conforming to the latest understanding of the seismo‐tectonic characteristics of the UAE. A large number of inelastic pushover and incremental dynamic collapse analyses are deployed for the reference structures to derive the fragility relationships. The study illustrates the significance of assessing the vulnerability of a population of high‐rise buildings under the effect of various seismic scenarios and the need for expanding this study to cover other classes of structures in this region. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic behavior of tall buildings using steel–concrete composite columns and shear walls

For the seismic design of tall building structures, the behavior under severe earthquakes should be carefully considered and the upper limit of inter‐story deformations are often defined by the design codes. To improve the performance of structures under severe earthquakes, composite structural members, including steel reinforced column and steel plate reinforced shear wall, are often adopted. In the present work, the seismic behavior of tall buildings using steel–concrete composite columns and shear walls is investigated numerically. Fiber beam–column element models and multilayer shell models are adopted to establish the finite element model of structure, and the material nonlinearities are described by the plasticity and damage models. The accuracy of the developed models is verified by the experimental results of a single shear wall. Systematic numerical simulations are performed for the tall building structures subjected to different earthquakes. The comparative study indicates that the nonlinear redistribution of internal forces plays a very important role for the performance of tall buildings under severe earthquakes.     

Fragility analysis of hillside buildings designed for modern seismic design codes

The structural configurations of hillside buildings are significantly different than those observed on flat terrain. To study the effect of often observed structural configurations of hillside buildings, collapse fragility of regular “flat land (FL)” and irregular “split‐foundation (SF)” and “step‐back (SB)” buildings is studied using incremental dynamic analysis. The effects of building height, seismic zone, and near‐ and far‐field sites on collapse fragility are investigated. It is observed that SF and SB hillside buildings exhibit significant torsional effects at the storey just above the uppermost foundation level. In case of FL buildings, collapse occurs due to the flexural failure of beams and columns. On the other hand, in SF and SB buildings, the collapse occurs due to the combined effects of shear failure of short columns and flexural failure of beams and columns in the storey just above the uppermost foundation level. In general, SF buildings are observed to be the most vulnerable, whereas FL buildings are the least vulnerable. It is observed that high‐rise SF and SB buildings show unacceptably high probability of collapse at maximum considered earthquake, in Seismic Zone V and for the near‐field site in Seismic Zone IV.     

Design and seismic response of tall chevron panel buckling‐restrained braced steel frames

The numerical analysis of the seismic performance for tall chevron panel buckling‐restrained braced steel frames (PBRBFs) under small and strong earthquake excitations has been carried out to investigate a capacity design procedure for chevron PBRBFs and to examine the effects of axial strength distribution of braces along the height of buildings, vertical supports of braces for the braced beams and the overstrength of braces on the seismic response of PBRBFs. It revealed that the chevron braces that remained elastic can actually provide the vertical supports for the braced beams. Under severe earthquake excitations, the vertical supports deteriorated greatly after braces yielding. The PBRBFs designed by omitting vertical supports of braces for the braced beams and considering the overstrength of braces exhibited superior performance with smaller plastic deformations for braced beams and reduction in ductility demands for panel buckling‐restrained braces (PBRBs) as compared with the others. The distribution of yielding for PBRBs in 10‐story buildings verified that the participation from the higher modes is not very remarkable and that the capacity design based on the first‐mode response can be considered for multistory PBRBFs. Moreover, on the basis of the analysis results of the 30‐story PBRBF, the participation of the higher modes should be taken into account for high‐rise PBRBFs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

底部采用高性能纤维增强混凝土的RC剪力墙结构抗震性能分析

剪力墙结构底部采用高性能纤维增强混凝土材料（ECC）能够减轻底部剪力墙在地震中的损伤程度,提高结构震后可恢复性。为考察底部采用ECC材料后整体结构的抗震性能,以我国抗震设防烈度为8度、设计基本地震加速度值为0.2g的高烈度抗震设防区RC剪力墙结构为对象,建立了高度、ECC设置高度和剪力墙整体性系数不同的结构模型,并进行有限元动力时程分析,考察底部采用ECC材料的剪力墙结构与普通RC剪力墙结构抗震性能的差别;分析剪力墙结构在罕遇地震作用下发生预期延性破坏模式时的弯矩需求。结果表明,对于位于设防烈度为8度、设计基本地震加速度值为0.2g抗震设防区的剪力墙结构,将剪力墙底部采用ECC材料后,其在罕遇地震作用下能够耗散更多地震能量,剪力墙开裂的程度和概率明显减小;在剪力墙底部加强区第1~2层采用ECC材料后,ECC层及其相邻上层会发生弯曲破坏;底部加强区第1~3层剪力墙都采用ECC时,剪力墙屈服都集中在ECC层,在罕遇地震作用下ECC层以上剪力墙实现预设延性破坏模式的受弯需求不大于其受弯能力;建议25层以下的剪力墙结构在底部第1~3层范围内采用ECC材料。     

配筋砂浆带加固土坯墙体的抗震性能研究与实践

对于土坯墙承重结构,由于材料强度低、变形能力差,房屋抗震性能严重不足,目前是西部农村的主要危房改造对象。为提高土坯墙承重房屋的安全性,采用十形和X形两种配筋砂浆带加固方法对土坯墙体进行加固。通过对3片墙体的水平低周反复加载试验,分析配筋砂浆带用于抗震加固土坯墙片的受力特性与破坏形态,对两种加固效果进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：配筋砂浆带加固方法可以有效提高土坯墙片的抗震性能,采用十形配筋砂浆带加固的土坯墙具有良好的变形能力,采用X形配筋砂浆带加固的土坯墙水平受剪承载力得到大幅提高。配筋砂浆带加固方法在甘肃省农村危房改造工程中的应用实践证明,该方法操作方便,具有良好的经济效益。     

Seismic fragility analysis of concrete encased frame‐reinforced concrete core tube hybrid structure based on quasi‐static cyclic test

Concrete‐encased frame‐core tube hybrid structural system has been widely employed in high‐rise buildings. This paper intends to analyze the seismic fragility of this structural system under ground motion excitation. The quasistatic cyclic test on a 1/5‐scaled, 10‐story three‐bay specimen is introduced. Fiber‐based finite element model is developed and integrated with numerical techniques that would be able to simulate the nonlinear response based on the OpenSees program. As the model is verified by the experimental data, a series of incremental dynamic analyses (IDAs) considering different frame‐tube stiffness ratios are carried out. IDA curves are drawn to describe each structural performance state. Fragility curves and probabilistic demand models are proposed for quantifying failure probability. The collapse margin ratio is employed to evaluate the collapse probability. The result shows that the collapse probability under rare earthquake still meets the requirement of Applied Technology Committee‐63 Report. The hybrid structure is proved to perform superior collapse resistance ability. The proper increase in the stiffness of core tube can reduce the collapse probability and enhance the collapse resistance capacity.     

Incremental dynamic collapse analysis of RC core‐wall tall buildings considering spatial seismic response distributions

Despite wide‐ranging studies on fragility analysis and collapse safety assessment of short to medium‐rise reinforced concrete (RC) structures, a new interest in the topic is still valuable and even necessary for tall RC buildings. This study aims at establishing fragility relationships as well as collapse probability of high‐rise RC core‐wall buildings under maximum considered earthquake ground motions. This study is carried out in a probabilistic framework on a case study of a fully 3‐dimensional numerical model developed to simulate seismic behavior of a 42‐story building having a RC core‐wall system. Proposing planar and vertical distributions of ductility and damage indices, the incremental dynamic analysis, and the multi‐direction nonlinear static (pushover) analyses were employed to reach the research goal. Median collapse‐level capacities were defined in terms of seismic responses (e.g., ductility/damage indices) as well as several intensity measures by employing statistical analyses and cumulative density functions. Available and acceptable collapse margin ratios were next estimated to quantify collapse safety at maximum considered earthquake shaking level. On an average basis, the statistics indicated 9%–10% and 5%–6% collapse probability of the building subjected to near‐ and far‐field ground motions, respectively.     

珠江新城D8-C3地块超限高层住宅结构设计

珠江新城D8-C3地块住宅项目采用部分框支剪力墙结构体系,为竖向不规则的高位转换复杂高层建筑。采用基于性能的抗震设计方法,利用承载力与变形验证不同水准下结构的抗震性能,包括小震弹性计算、关键构件中震弹性设计以及罕遇地震下的弹塑性时程分析。提出相应的超限设计措施,使结构能够实现预定的性能目标。     

设防烈度8度(0.3g)区RC剪力墙结构抗震能力需求分析

实现RC剪力墙结构预期强震破坏模式的能力设计方法的不断改进,一直为工程师所关注。针对我国抗震设防烈度8度0.3g高烈度区RC剪力墙结构,设计了不同高度和整体性系数的结构模型,从而建立了预设延性破坏模式的分析模型。考虑大震变轴力对弯矩和剪力的影响,分析了剪力墙在大震作用的弯矩和剪力的实际需求沿结构高度的分布规律。结果表明,对于位于烈度8度0.3g区的剪力墙结构,考虑大震时轴力的变化对剪力墙受弯和受剪能力的需求影响较大;剪力墙的弯矩和剪力放大系数随结构的高度和整体性系数的增大而增大;现行规范规定的剪力墙受弯和受剪能力调整系数小于实际的需求,剪力墙中下部的弯矩和底部的剪力需求大,建议受弯能力调整沿高度采用三折线,提高剪力墙底部加强区的剪力放大系数或最小构造配筋率。     

Zum Tragverhalten von Mauerwerksbauten unter Erdbebenbelastung

Behaviour of masonry structures under earthquake loading. The objective of the seismic design of structures is to provide sufficient resistance considering the ductility of the structure. With experiments on storey‐high walls at the University of Dortmund the performance of masonry shear walls under simulated earthquake loading was identified up to failure. The nonlinear behaviour of the walls was evaluated with regard to resistance and potential for ductility. Depending on the type of the limit state the walls exhibited different quantities of ductility. Analyses showed that within certain limits mechanisms with higher ductility can be attained by appropriate tuning of the structural parameters. Considering configurations of walls typical for terraced houses and apartment buildings the structural ductility and the corresponding behaviour factors for seismic design (see EC 8 and DIN 4149) were assessed.     

Shaking table test study of high-rise frame-shear wall structure isolated by friction pendulum bearings

为了研究摩擦摆隔震高层结构的抗震性能，提出了摩擦摆隔震设计的具体流程，并设计了一栋12层的摩擦摆隔震框架-剪力墙结构。为考察其隔震效果，制作了相应的缩尺模型并进行振动台试验。基于试验结果，研究上部结构的楼层响应和摩擦摆隔震支座的位移响应，对比分析剪力墙下摩擦摆及框架柱下摩擦摆滞回性能的区别。研究结果表明：通过摩擦摆隔震，该框架-剪力墙结构实现了9度多遇地震弹性，设防地震、罕遇地震甚至超罕遇地震可修；结构的楼层响应显著降低，摩擦摆完全起滑后，地震强度越大，摩擦摆的隔震效果越好，且摩擦摆隔震支座具有良好的自复位能力；在9度罕遇地震作用下，剪力墙下摩擦摆发生了竖向提离抬升，对摩擦摆的滞回性能产生影响。     

摩擦摆隔震高层框架-剪力墙结构振动台试验研究

为了研究摩擦摆隔震高层结构的抗震性能,提出了摩擦摆隔震设计的具体流程,并设计了一栋12层的摩擦摆隔震框架-剪力墙结构。为考察其隔震效果,制作了相应的缩尺模型并进行振动台试验。基于试验结果,研究上部结构的楼层响应和摩擦摆隔震支座的位移响应,对比分析剪力墙下摩擦摆及框架柱下摩擦摆滞回性能的区别。研究结果表明：通过摩擦摆隔震,该框架-剪力墙结构实现了9度多遇地震弹性,设防地震、罕遇地震甚至超罕遇地震可修;结构的楼层响应显著降低,摩擦摆完全起滑后,地震强度越大,摩擦摆的隔震效果越好,且摩擦摆隔震支座具有良好的自复位能力;在9度罕遇地震作用下,剪力墙下摩擦摆发生了竖向提离抬升,对摩擦摆的滞回性能产生影响。     

底部框剪砌体房屋抗震性能的试验研究

对底部两层框架—砖抗震墙、上部三层砖房 ,底层框架—砖抗震墙、上部四层砖房及底部两层框架—混凝土抗震墙、上部五层砖房 (三榀 ) 1 6比例模型进行了模拟地震振动台试验 ;分析了结构在水平地震作用下的力学性能 ,包括受力特点、变形特征、破坏形态等 ,以及结构在不同受力阶段的动力特性变化规律、地震反应分布规律 ,结构的抗震能力、薄弱层和薄弱部位 ;提出了结构弹塑性动力分析的力学模型和方法 ,尤其框剪层和砖砌体层的恢复力特性计算模型及其特征点的计算公式 ;最后对三种房屋的模型和原型结构进行了弹塑性地震反应分析 ,并在与试验结果对比的基础上 ,提出了抗震设计建议 ,为底部框剪上部砌体房屋的抗震设计与动力分析提供了依据与方法。     

Seismic performance evaluation of tall and nonseismic‐designed wall‐type structures by shaking table tests

Two 1/5‐scaled models of a nonseismic‐designed wall‐type structures were constructed and tested on a shaking table to evaluate their seismic performances. The prototype structure had shear walls only along the short side of the structure, which was a typical structural plan of apartment buildings constructed by tunnel forms before the seismic design code was enforced in Korea in 1989. Of the two models, one model was reinforced by steel angle sections placed on the walls and under the slabs for seismic retrofit. They were tested on a shaking table to investigate performance for earthquake ground excitations with various intensities. The experimental results showed that the nonseismic‐designed wall‐type structure without seismic retrofit failed to satisfy the life‐safety and collapse‐prevention performance objectives, whereas the retrofitted structure satisfied all the performance objectives. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

无筋砌体结构多层住宅振动台试验与抗震性能评估

目前,我国城镇大量砌体结构老旧多层住宅面临抗震加固、功能提升等需求。为研究该类结构的抗震性能,进行一个5层无筋砌体结构模型的模拟地震振动台试验,测试分析了7度多遇地震、设防地震、罕遇地震作用下的裂缝损伤发展状况以及楼层加速度、位移、自振频率、阻尼等变化规律。同时,进行非线性有限元分析,并用基于抗震鉴定标准、基于承载能力、基于位移和延性等不同方法,评估了试验模型对应原型结构的抗震性能。结果表明：试验模型纵向在7度多遇地震、设防地震、罕遇地震作用下分别处于完好、轻微破坏和局部倒塌状态,不满足GB 50023—2009《建筑抗震鉴定标准》中对7度区A类建筑的抗震性能目标要求;罕遇地震作用下无筋砌体结构多发生薄弱层屈服破坏,整体结构延性很差,保证抗震墙面积率或楼层屈服强度系数是实现无筋砌体结构在罕遇地震作用下抗震性能目标的主要技术措施;采用基于位移的抗震性能评估方法可以客观地反映无筋砌体结构抗震性能随高宽比增大而降低的规律。