Viewpoint: From Responsive to Adaptive and Interactive Materials and Materials Systems: A Roadmap

Soft matter systems and materials are moving toward adaptive and interactive behavior, which holds outstanding promise to make the next generation of intelligent soft materials systems inspired from the dynamics and behavior of living systems. But what is an adaptive material? What is an interactive material? How should classical responsiveness or smart materials be delineated? At present, the literature lacks a comprehensive discussion on these topics, which is however of profound importance in order to identify landmark advances, keep a correct and noninflating terminology, and most importantly educate young scientists going into this direction. By comparing different levels of complex behavior in biological systems, this Viewpoint strives to give some definition of the various different materials systems characteristics. In particular, the importance of thinking in the direction of training and learning materials, and metabolic or behavioral materials is highlighted, as well as communication and information-processing systems. This Viewpoint aims to also serve as a switchboard to further connect the important fields of systems chemistry, synthetic biology, supramolecular chemistry and nano- and microfabrication/3D printing with advanced soft materials research. A convergence of these disciplines will be at the heart of empowering future adaptive and interactive materials systems with increasingly complex and emergent life-like behavior.     

Photochromic Magnetic Materials

Incorporation of organic photochromes into magnetic systems not only provides new ways to photo‐control magnetic behavior but may also lead to interesting photochromic behavior. Cationic spiropyrans exhibit this type of behavior depending on whether the structure is open or closed (see Figure). These structures can also be incorporated into rigid layered MnPS₃ materials where reversible photo‐switching of magnetic coercivity is observed.     

新型钨基面向等离子体材料的研究进展

纯钨应用于聚变堆中面向等离子体材料具有难加工、高的韧脆转变温度、低的再结晶温度等缺点,而钨基材料是一类具有广阔应用前景的面向等离子体材料,受到国内外的广泛研究。综述了采用氧化物颗粒弥散强化、碳化物颗粒弥散增强、合金化增强钨基材料和钨基复合材料等强化手段制备新型钨基面向等离子体材料的近年研究进展。采用相应的增强方法可使得钨基材料某些方面的性能得到提高,如显著提高抗弯强度、硬度和断裂韧性,具有较好的抗腐蚀性、延展性和抗冲击力等优点,但是在承受大的工作热负荷时,钨基材料仍会失效,尚需要继续进行相关材料的工艺、性能研究。     

多级孔材料研究进展

多孔材料具有孔隙率高、比表面积大、导热系数低、体积密度小及化学性质稳定等优点,在吸附与分离、催化剂载体、隔热材料、能量储存、传感器等领域拥有广阔的应用前景。基于孔直径的大小可将多孔材料分为三类:孔径大于50nm的大孔材料(Macroporous materials),孔径介于2～50nm的介孔材料(Mesoporous materials)和孔径小于2nm的微孔材料(Microporous materials)。但是,由于孔径的限制,这三类材料的应用均存在一定的局限性。多级孔材料兼具通透性好、孔隙结构发达、体积密度小、比表面积和孔体积大等优点,打破了传统单级孔材料孔结构单一的局限,因此越来越受到研究人员的关注。然而,多级孔材料在制备中仍存在较多问题。例如,其合成过程通常会涉及到两种及两种以上的方法,制备工艺复杂;现有的多级孔材料的制备成本高,孔结构难以控制。因此,研究者们主要从优化多级孔材料的制备工艺以及降低生产成本等方面入手,制备出孔径均一且可控的多级孔材料。多级孔材料主要有大孔-介孔材料(Macro-mesoporous materials)、微孔-介孔材料(Micro-mesoporous materials)以及含有两种或多种不同孔径的介孔-介孔材料(Meso-mesoporous materials)。大孔-介孔材料常见的制备方法有模板法、发泡法、溶胶-凝胶法及熔盐法等;微孔-介孔材料的主要制备方法有化学活化法、模板法和水热法等;介孔-介孔材料的制备方法主要有水热法、模板法、溶胶-凝胶法及自组装法等。本文综述了近年来多级孔材料的最新研究进展,分别对大孔-介孔、微孔-介孔及介孔-介孔材料的制备方法进行了介绍,并简要分析了未来本领域研究的发展趋势。     

雷达吸收剂研究进展

综术字国内外雷达吸收剂的研究进展,较详细地介绍了铁氧体材料,高聚物吸收材料,陶瓷吸收材料,纳米吸收材料,手性材料和智能材料等及吸收剂的吸收机理和最新研究状况。     

隐身材料的研究进展

根据隐身原理，概述了隐身材料的研究现状和发展概况。重点介绍了雷达隐身材料、红外隐身材料、激光隐身材料，以及多波段复合隐身材料现状及研究进展。肯定了目前隐身材料方面取得的一些进展，指出今后隐身材料的发展会向着质轻、带宽、高效、耐久的方向发展，而且多波段兼容的隐身材料也会是未来隐身材料发展的趋势。     

Microporous and Mesoporous Materials

Progress reports are a new type of article in Advanced Engineering Materials, dealing with hot current topics, and providing readers with a critically selected overview of important progress in these fields. It is not intended that the articles be comprehensive, but rather insightful, selective, critical, opinionated, and even visionary. We have approached scientists we believe are at the very forefront of these fields to contribute the articles, which will appear on an annual basis. The article below describes the latest advances in Microporous and Mesoporous Materials.     

Microporous and Mesoporous Materials

Progress reports are a new type of article in Advanced Materials, dealing with the hottest current topics, and providing readers with a critically selected overview of important progress in these fields. It is not intended that the articles be comprehensive, but rather insightful, selective, critical, opinionated, and even visionary. We have approached scientists we believe are at the very forefront of these fields to contribute the articles, which will appear on an annual basis. The article below describes the latest advances in microporous and mesoporous materials.     

Metallopolymers: New Multifunctional Materials

Since the mid 1990s soluble, well‐characterized high molecular weight metal‐containing and metallosupramolecular polymers have become readily available for the first time, even in some cases, with narrow molecular weight distributions and controlled architectures such as block copolymers. This has led to a rapidly expanding interest in their properties and uses. The review provides a survey of the range of applications for these new materials, which combine the processing advantages of polymers with the functionality provided by the presence of metal centers.     

纳米纤维素在可降解包装材料中的应用

目的综述纳米纤维素在可降解包装材料中的应用研究。方法总结国内外纳米纤维素在包装领域的最新研究,简述纳米纤维素的制备方法与特性,详细介绍纳米纤维素在生物质薄膜材料、生物质发泡材料、缓释抗菌材料和纸张中的应用研究,以及纳米纤维素功能性材料在包装中的研究进展,并讨论纳米纤维素应用在食品包装中的安全问题。结果纳米纤维素性能优异、绿色环保,作为可降解包装材料的增强成分可以提高复合材料的力学性能和阻隔性能,并可赋予材料特殊的功能。结论纳米纤维素在包装领域有着巨大的应用潜力,利用农作物及其剩余物制备纳米纤维素拥有广阔的发展前景。     

关于多相材料的研究

多相材料是材料研究发展的必然结果。提出多相材料的研究,目的是要拓宽材料研究的视野,主张模糊各类材料的界限,运用纳米材料制备技术,博采和类材料制备工艺之所长,以使用上的要求为材料研究的准则,制作出低成本和高性能稳定性的材料。还强调在考虑材料研究中的问题时,始终以满足使用要求为目标,并不一味地追求材料的高性能,务求创新。提倡用逆向思维来考虑多相材料的研究,研究对象则针对于信息、能源、生物和环保领域的应     

Supramolecular-Macrocycle-Based Crystalline Organic Materials

Supramolecular macrocycles are well known as guest receptors in supramolecular chemistry, especially host−guest chemistry. In addition to their wide applications in host−guest chemistry and related areas, macrocycles have also been employed to construct crystalline organic materials (COMs) owing to their particular structures that combine both rigidity and adaptivity. There are two main types of supramolecular-macrocycle-based COMs: those constructed from macrocycles themselves and those prepared from macrocycles with other organic linkers. This review summarizes recent developments in supramolecular-macrocycle-based COMs, which are categorized by various types of macrocycles, including cyclodextrins, calixarenes, resorcinarenes, pyrogalloarenes, cucurbiturils, pillararenes, and others. Effort is made to focus on the structures of supramolecular-macrocycle-based COMs and their structure–function relationships. In addition, the application of supramolecular-macrocycle-based COMs in gas storage or separation, molecular separation, solid-state electrolytes, proton conduction, iodine capture, water or environmental treatment, etc., are also presented. Finally, perspectives and future challenges in the field of supramolecular-macrocycle-based COMs are discussed.     

无机材料的研究

本文通过某些无机材料的研究结果,讨论了单晶材料、玻璃与非晶态材料、多晶(陶瓷)材料、涂层材料以及粉体工程中的一些科学技术问题,以引起人们对无机材料研究的兴趣与关心。     

超级电容器电极材料研究进展

介绍了碳材料、过渡金属氧化物材料、导电聚合物及复合材料的研究现状以及各类材料的储能机理和作为超级电容器材料的基本要求,提出了未来超级电容器材料的研究方向。     

纳米材料在涂料中的应用

纳米材料在涂料中的应用尚处于起步阶段。本文讨论了纳米材料在涂料中的应用 ,并对纳米材料在涂料中的应用提出了一些建议。     

生物基材料产业化进展

在全球石油资源供给日趋紧张,环保问题日益突出,对低碳经济发展需求日益迫切的情势下,以可再生资源为基础的生物基材料迅速发展成为必然趋势。综述了目前国内外生物基材料产业化的最新进展,系统介绍和总结了乳酸、1,3-丙二醇、聚乳酸、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯、聚羟基脂肪酸酯、透明质酸、大豆蛋白、聚天冬氨酸、木塑复合材料等几种生物基材料产业化最新结果。对比了美国、日本和欧洲等国家生物基材料产业状况,分析了生物基材料产业化的发展趋势及前景。     

Bioinspired Materials with Self-Adaptable Mechanical Properties

Natural structural materials, such as bone, can autonomously modulate their mechanical properties in response to external loading to prevent failure. These material systems smartly control the addition/removal of material in locations of high/low mechanical stress by utilizing local resources guided by biological signals. On the contrary, synthetic structural materials have unchanging mechanical properties limiting their mechanical performance and service life. Inspired by the mineralization process of bone, a material system that adapts its mechanical properties in response to external mechanical loading is reported. It is found that charges from piezoelectric scaffolds can induce mineralization from surrounding media. It is shown that the material system can adapt to external mechanical loading by inducing mineral deposition in proportion to the magnitude of the stress and the resulting piezoelectric charges. Moreover, the mineralization mechanism allows a simple one-step route for fabricating functionally graded materials by controlling the stress distribution along the scaffold. The findings can pave the way for a new class of self-regenerating materials that reinforce regions of high stress or induce deposition of minerals on the damaged areas from the increase in mechanical stress to prevent/mitigate failure. It is envisioned that the findings can contribute to addressing the current challenges of synthetic materials for load-bearing applications from self-adaptive capabilities.     

纳米材料在涂料中的应用

纳米材料是近年发展起来的一种新型高性能材料，认识这种材料的性能和拓展其应用领域，是许多材料工作者非常感兴趣的课题，着重介绍了年年来国内外有关钠米材料在涂料中的应用和研究开发情况，并对其方向提出了一些建议。     

钱学森与材料设计

扼要地介绍了近20年来著名科学家钱学森积极倡导和有力推动的关于"材料设计"的思想、 理论、层次、方法和体系。经历届"八六三"计划专家组的努力,"材料设计"己列入国家 级新材料发展计划,并取得了可喜的成果。     

木质纤维素类生物基材料研究进展

木质纤维素类生物质作为重要的可再生资源,不仅可以转化为能源及化工品,还可以合成相关的生物基材料。本文综述了以木质纤维素类生物质各组分为原料合成的生物基材料的种类、方法和应用,发现生物质是很好的化石材料替代品。直接将生物质各组分进行生物基材料合成会缩小其应用范围,运用化学改性方法对生物质各组分进行化学改性后再合成生物基材料,可以优化材料的一些性能,其中,基于生物质绿色、可降解和无污染的天然特性,在污水处理和替代相关石油基材料的原料方面其将发挥更重要的作用。