退火工艺对爆炸焊接钛-铝复合板组织与性能的影响

采用电阻炉对爆炸焊接钛-铝复合板进行退火处理,利用万能材料试验机、SEM、EDS和XRD研究了退火工艺对爆炸焊接钛铝复合板组织与性能的影响。结果表明,在400℃退火时,保温时间3~10 h对钛-铝复合板界面的剪切强度的影响不大;当退火温度≥450℃时,随着保温时间的延长,复合板的剪切强度开始逐渐上升,到达一峰值后,随着保温时间的继续延长,界面剪切强度开始下降。爆炸焊接钛-铝复合板在450℃、保温时间≥10 h和490℃、保温时间≥3 h退火处理时,界面结合区有中间化合物Al3Ti生成。爆炸焊接钛-铝复合板合适的退火工艺选为450℃保温3 h。     

耐高压钛-不锈钢爆炸复合过渡接头棒界面组织和性能研究

耐高压钛-不锈钢爆炸复合过渡接头的成功研制,使不可采用熔化焊的两种金属的连接变成为同种金属间的焊接,为工程应用解决了非常棘手的问题。通过金相、扫描电镜、透射电镜以及力学性能测试分析,结果表明耐高压爆炸复合接头棒界面为固态下的冶金结合,优化爆炸复合工艺后,接头棒界面无明显金属间化合物形成,钛侧孪晶数量与原工艺相比增多,不锈钢侧位错数量较原工艺相比明显减少,材料塑韧性得到改善,界面强度能够达到300 MPa以上,可以承受30 MPa的常温气压检验,并且70 MPa的液压试验无泄漏无变形。     

挤压态AZ31镁合金扩散焊及焊后热处理研究

以AZ31镁合金作为研究材料,首先对AZ31镁合金板材进行退火温度300℃、保温时间30min的焊前预处理,将预处理后的AZ31镁合金进行扩散连接,之后对焊接接头进行焊后热处理。结果表明:扩散连接工艺参数为真空度15Pa、压力l0MPa、温度470℃、保温时间90min时,接头剪切强度达到最大值41.32MPa。焊后热处理能显著提高AZ31镁合金焊接接头强度,将工艺参数为470℃×90min扩散焊接后的试样进行350℃×5h的焊后退火,接头的剪切强度进一步提高到49.29MPa,提升了20%左右。     

一种中温耐蚀钛材用钎料

研制了一种中温耐蚀钛材用钎料（Ag-Cu-Sn-Ni），钎料的固相线温度范围在510℃～626℃，液相线温度范围在550℃～587℃。钎焊接头的剪切强度达30MPa，试样在80℃，5％NaCl水溶液中耐蚀达到1039h。实验结果表明，添加Sn元素可以降低钎料的熔点，增强钎料的流动性；Ni元素可提高接头强度及耐蚀性能。     

带夹层材料的爆炸-轧制钛钢复合板工艺研究

为扩大钛-钢复合板的尺寸,采用一种新颖的组料方式,这种方法包括两个主要步骤,首先用爆炸焊接的方式将DT4夹层与钛板结合,然后按照对称方式组坯。研究轧制温度、退火温度对复合板剪切强度的影响。利用扫描电镜、光学显微镜和显微硬度试验机对复合板的微观组织和界面附近硬度进行分析。结果表明:复合板的结合强度取决于轧制温度和轧后退火温度,当轧制温度超过钛的α→β相变温度,并且退火温度超过750℃时,Ti/DT4界面脆性化合物明显增多,剪切强度显著降低;当退火温度超过900℃,Fe在钛中扩散速度快,显微硬度的峰值在钛侧出现;在550～650℃退火,复合板的结合强度略有升高。     

瞬间液相扩散连接镁/镍/钛接头微观组织及力学性能研究

以Ni箔为中间层,对镁合金AZ31B和钛合金Ti6Al4V进行瞬间液相扩散焊。结合能谱分析、X射线衍射谱、显微硬度测试和力学性能试验,研究了焊接过程中不同焊接温度(505~535℃)对镁/钛接头微观组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:当焊接温度为525℃、保温时间为20min、焊接压力为0.2MPa时,镁/钛接头达到最大剪切强度57MPa。此时,镁/钛接头界面形成Mg_2Ni、Mg_3AlNi_2等金属间化合物。在拉伸试验中,接头断裂发生在金属间化合物层。     

退火温度对TA2/Q235爆炸复合板组织性能的影响

对TA2/Q235爆炸焊接复合板在500～600℃进行了退火处理,分析了退火温度对TA2纯钛晶粒尺寸及复合板显微硬度的影响规律。结果表明:TA2/Q235爆炸焊接复合板在500～600℃退火时,TA2纯钛晶粒尺寸先增大后减小再增大,575℃退火可获得细小均匀的组织; TA2纯钛显微硬度先减小再增大再减小,575℃退火时TA2纯钛显微硬度最高;综合考虑退火温度对TA2纯钛晶粒尺寸和力学性能的影响规律,TA2/Q235爆炸焊接复合板在575℃下退火较合理。     

93W/Ni/Mo1接头的等离子活化扩散焊接研究

利用等离子活化技术对93W/Ni/Mo1进行真空扩散焊接,用剪切强度和显微硬度表征焊接接头的力学性能,对焊接界面和接头断口物相及微观结构进行表征分析。结果表明,焊接温度低于800℃时,焊接界面有孔洞,焊接温度高于800℃时,焊接界面良好。焊接接头的剪切强度随着焊接温度的升高先升高后降低,在焊接温度为800℃时接头强度最大为100.2 MPa。焊接温度低于800℃时,焊接界面发生扩散形成固溶体;焊接温度高于800℃时,Ni/Mo1界面生成MoNi高硬度金属间化合物,降低焊接接头结合强度。93W/Ni/Mo1焊接接头的断裂破坏主要发生在Ni/Mo1扩散界面。     

镁合金与钛合金的瞬间液相扩散焊

为实现镁合金AZ31B与钛合金Ti6A14V的可靠连接，研究了两者以Al为中间层的瞬间液相扩散焊接头的微观结构与连接强度。研究结果表明：当焊接时间为180min时，焊接温度是影响界面反应热力学与动力学的主要参数，其对接头的微观组织、接头界面新生相构成与连接强度有重要影响。保温温度低于450℃时，AZ3IB／AI界面无液相产生，无法实现AZ31B与Ti6A14V的可靠连接；保温温度在450℃～480℃变化时，温度对AZ31B／Al／Ti6A14V界面反应的动力学因素有明显影响，且直接决定了焊后接头新生相的构成与分布。470℃保温180min的接头剪切强度较高（72．4MPa），达到AZ31B母材（86MPa）的84．2％。     

汽车用铝合金/钢扩散焊接试验研究

用真空扩散焊接方法焊接铝合金和不锈钢。采用物相分析仪、描电镜、显微硬度计和万能试验机等对焊接接头结构和性能进行了分析。结果表明,通过扩散焊接能实现铝合金和不锈钢的焊接,获得的焊接接头界面结合良好。随着焊接温度升高,扩散层厚度增加,焊接温度550℃时扩散层出现裂纹。铝合金和钢界面处生成了高硬度相,主要为Fe2Al5和Fe4Al13金属间化合物。铝/钢焊接接头剪切强度随焊接温度增加呈先增加后减小的趋势,焊接温度500℃,保温时间3 h,得到接头剪切强度最大值为54 MPa,断裂方式为解理断裂。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.