小浪底工程地下厂房混凝土岩壁吊车梁施工

小浪底工程地下厂房区岩石属于层状砂岩，节理发育，在此类岩石中采用混凝土岩壁吊车梁在国内外尚属首次，对于大吨位吊车采用预庆力锚杆加固也是一个创举。本文系统介绍了小浪底工程地下厂房岩壁吊车梁的岩锚台开挖、混凝土浇筑、预应力锚杆的施工工艺和施工方法，为我国岩壁梁施工技术的发展积累了经验。     

棉花滩水电站地下厂房岩壁吊车梁施工质量控制

棉花滩水电站地下厂房岩壁吊车梁是由锚杆和钢筋混凝土联合构成的壁式受力结构，岩壁吊车梁的施工质量将直接影响到以后桥式起重机的安全运行。在厂房第Ⅱ层施工工期紧，岩壁吊车梁施工技术工艺复杂，质量要求高的情况下，采取一系列质量保证及控制措施，如在施工中尤其注意岩壁壁座角的开挖，超挖补强措施，钻孔及锚杆质量，混凝土浇筑及养护等问题，并对锚杆注浆过程和吊车梁混凝土浇筑过程实行旁站监理，确保了岩壁吊车梁施工质量     

南公1水电站地下厂房岩壁吊车梁锚杆施工质量控制

岩壁吊车梁是整个水电站地下厂房施工的关键部位,吊车梁锚杆的施工质量直接关系到岩壁吊车梁的安全性。介绍了南公1水电站地下厂房岩壁吊车梁锚杆施工质量控制采取的有效措施。通过过程控制,保证了岩壁吊车梁锚杆的施工质量。     

天荒坪抽水蓄能电站地下厂房岩壁吊车梁的施工

天荒坪地下厂房采用岩壁吊车梁施工，作者对岩锚梁岩台开挖、锚杆施工、岩锚梁混凝土浇筑及超挖等施工情况进行了介绍。     

仁宗海水电站地下厂房岩壁吊车梁开挖及质量控制

岩壁吊车梁是仁宗海水电站地下厂房施工的关键项目,岩壁吊车梁开挖最重要的是岩台开挖的成型质量,它的好坏直接关系到岩壁吊车梁的整体稳定和使用性能.主要介绍了仁宗海水电站地下厂房岩壁吊车梁的开挖技术及质量控制.     

四川省大渡河金川水电站地下厂房岩壁吊车梁岩台超挖处理措施及锚杆注浆时机研究

为了解决金川水电站地下厂房岩壁吊车梁岩台超挖严重问题,综合考虑现场地质状况、开挖现状、施工条件以及后续开挖可能进一步加剧围岩劣化等因素,对岩台超挖部分实施混凝土回填,并与岩壁吊车梁同期施工。通过建立岩壁吊车梁和回填混凝土及围岩三维有限元数值模型,计算分析了洞室下部开挖过程中的洞壁应力释放和桥机轮压、受拉锚杆注浆时机对岩壁吊车梁受拉锚杆应力以及壁吊车梁应力影响。结果表明：岩壁吊车梁锚固锚杆应力主要受洞壁应力释放影响,轴向拉应力最大值位于岩体中,桥机轮压影响幅度仅为0.32～3.15 MPa;岩壁梁锚固锚杆不宜与系统锚杆同时注浆。岩壁吊车梁运行状态良好,满足稳定要求。     

特大型地下厂房岩壁梁锚杆和混凝土施工技术及质量控制

岩壁梁是一种新型结构，为通过一定深度的锚杆将钢筋混凝土梁固定在地下厂房两侧的岩壁上，而吊车荷载则通过锚杆和钢筋混凝土与岩石接触面的摩擦力传到岩体上，形成岩壁梁和岩体共同受力的结构。岩壁梁是地下厂房施工和运行的核心建筑物，岩壁梁锚杆和混凝土的施工质量是直接关系到岩壁梁成败的关键，所以施工技术和施工质量均要求极高，是地下厂房系统施工的重点和难点。本文介绍了瀑布沟水电站地下厂房岩壁梁锚杆和混凝土施工的关键技术及质量控制经验，可供同类工程借鉴参考。     

白鹤滩水电站地下厂房岩壁吊车梁受力锚杆施工技术

白鹤滩水电站是目前已建和在建最大规模水电站工程,主厂房设计尺寸达地下厂房世界之最,地下厂房工程跨度大、埋深大、地质结构复杂,岩壁吊车梁(简称"岩壁梁")是主厂房中受力最大的结构,岩壁梁受力锚杆施工质量直接影响到岩壁梁结构稳定乃至桥机运行安全,确保岩壁梁受力锚杆施工质量意义重大。结合白鹤滩水电站左岸地下厂房岩壁梁受力锚杆施工情况,介绍大型地下厂房岩壁梁受力锚杆施工技术,以期对今后大型地下厂房岩壁梁受力锚杆施工提供经验借鉴。     

地下厂房岩壁吊车梁结构研究

在考虑西龙池抽水蓄能电站工程地形，地貌，地质条件，岩性，断裂带等因素的基础上，用非线性弹塑性有限元方法对岩壁吊车梁结构进行了系统的研究，并详细分析了岩壁吊车梁施工与运行期的围岩变形，应力以及稳定性，研究结果表明：西龙池抽水蓄能电站地下厂房的开挖施工引起的围岩变形符合一般的地下硐室开挖规律，岩壁吊车梁施工与运行没有异常的变形；岩壁吊车梁施工及运行对围岩应力以及屈服域均不构成影响，岩壁吊车梁锚杆对吊车梁稳定起决定性作用；像西龙池抽水蓄能电站这样围岩以Ⅲ类为主的地下厂房也可采用岩壁吊车梁结构。     

地下厂房岩壁吊车梁设计

巴基斯坦苏基克纳里（SK）水电站地下厂房位于高地震区,吊车梁采用岩壁吊车梁结构,设计中需考虑地震荷载。岩壁吊车梁设计采用刚体极限平衡法进行设计,结合地下厂房开挖支护措施,岩壁吊车梁第二排受拉锚杆采用预应力锚索,经现场监测,预应力锚索可有效地减小上部锚杆的拉应力,提高岩壁吊车梁的安全度。针对该电站岩壁吊车梁部分地段地质条件较差的问题,设计中采用了混凝土置换等措施进行加强锚固。通过现场运行表明,岩壁吊车梁体型及锚固措施设计是合理的。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.