Al2O3纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料的制备及其隔热机理

以正硅酸乙酯为先驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶工艺制备SiO2溶胶,将其与Al2O3纤维复合,经超临界流体干燥技术制得SiO2气凝胶复合绝热材料。采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、压力试验机、平板导热仪等测试手段对样品的微观形貌、抗压强度以及热导率等进行了研究。讨论了材料的绝热机理,并对进一步降低SiO2气凝胶热导率的途径进行了概述。结果表明:添加Al2O3纤维能够明显增强SiO2气凝胶的综合力学性能;经过1000℃热处理的复合材料仍保持SiO2气凝胶的纳米多孔结构,这赋予复合材料优异的绝热特性。当Al2O3纤维添加量为8%(质量分数)左右时,可使复合材料同时具有较低的热导率(λ=0.051W/(m.K),298K)和较高的抗压强度(σbc=1.977MPa)。     

预测纤维增强气凝胶复合材料热导率的研究进展

SiO2气凝胶复合材料具有纳米尺度结构和极低热导率,作为隔热保温材料在航天航空、建筑和其他工业领域具有重要的科学和应用价值。根据纤维在气凝胶基体中的不同分布方式,概述了预测 SiO2气凝胶复合材料的气固耦合热导率的研究进展;基于纤维和气凝胶的消光系数的不同计算方法,概述了预测 SiO2气凝胶复合材料的辐射热导率的研究进展。并提出了纤维增强气凝胶复合材料体系存在的跨尺度、多物相、分级及相互耦合等仍需进一步解决的难题,结合最新发展的格子 Boltzmann 方法(LBM),指出了预测 SiO2气凝胶复合材料等效热导率的可能发展方向。     

纤维增强二氧化硅气凝胶复合材料的制备和低温性能

以正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)为前驱体制备SiO2溶胶,并分别与玄武岩纤维和玻璃纤维复合,经超临界干燥工艺制备了疏水耐低温SiO2气凝胶复合材料。利用傅里叶红外光谱仪、接触角分析仪、激光法导热仪、万能试验机、氮气吸附法对SiO2气凝胶复合材料的结构和性能进行了表征。结果表明:两种纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料在常温及低温下均具有良好的疏水性能和隔热性能,玄武岩纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料和玻璃纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料的接触角分别为148°和142°,常温热导率分别为0.030 W·m-1·K-1和0.026 W·m-1·K-1,-50℃时的热导率分别为0.027 W·m-1·K-1和0.024 W·m-1·K-1,在低温条件下,体积无明显收缩。纤维的加入提供了力学支撑,两种材料不仅在常温下具有良好的力学性能,而且在低温下的力学性能有所增强。     

ZrO2纤维/莫来石轻质复合材料的凝胶注模制备及其增韧机理研究

采用凝胶注模成型工艺制备了ZrO2纤维增韧莫来石复合陶瓷材料.借助透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、平板导热仪、单边切口梁法(SENB)等测试手段对样品微观形貌、导热系数、断裂韧性等进行研究;研究了分散剂对凝胶注模浆料团聚体的影响;讨论了ZrO2纤维增韧莫来石复合材料的增韧机理;概述了同时获得高韧性和高强度材料的途径.结果表明:添加ZrO2纤维能够明显提高莫来石的断裂韧性;当ZrO2纤维添加量(体积分数)为25％左右时可使莫来石轻质耐火复合材料兼具较低的热导率(λ=0.35 W·m-1·K-1,298 K)和优异的综合力学性能(KIC=7.6 MPa·m1/2,σb=270 MPa).     

SiO_2溶胶配比对气凝胶隔热复合材料力学性能的影响

以无机陶瓷纤维为增强体,与SiO2溶胶混合,经超临界干燥制备了SiO2气凝胶隔热复合材料,研究了SiO2溶胶配比对气凝胶及其复合材料微观结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着SiO2溶胶中乙醇含量的增大,SiO2气凝胶的密度逐渐降低,平均孔径增大,气凝胶中含有的大孔、连孔数量增加,网络骨架结构强度降低。纤维与SiO2气凝胶复合后,气凝胶充满了纤维间的孔隙,形成较好的界面结合。当乙醇/正硅酸乙酯(EtOH/TEOS)摩尔比由2∶1增加到20∶1时,SiO2气凝胶基体传递载荷能力逐渐减弱,材料的力学性能逐渐降低,其拉伸强度、弯曲强度和压缩强度分别由1.9 MPa、2.7 MPa、1.73 MPa(10%应变)降低到0.17 MPa、0.12 MPa、0.04 MPa(10%应变)。     

石英玻璃纤维/气凝胶复合材料的热导率计算及优化

纤维含量和直径是影响纤维/气凝胶复合材料热导率的重要参数。采用常压干燥工艺实验制备了石英玻璃纤维/SiO_2气凝胶复合材料,基于材料微观结构表征结果建立了纤维/气凝胶复合材料总体热导率的计算模型,研究了纤维含量和纤维直径对复合材料热导率的影响规律。通过二元优化(即同时优化纤维体积分数和直径)获得了复合材料的最小总体热导率,与单一优化纤维含量或纤维直径相比总体热导率可分别减少50%和20%(以1000K为例);并探讨了在不同温度条件下复合材料中最优纤维含量和纤维直径的变化规律,发现随温度升高最优纤维含量增大而最优纤维直径减小。研究结果可用于指导纤维/SiO_2气凝胶复合材料的结构设计和性能优化,促进气凝胶复合材料在航空航天、工业、建筑等领域的节能应用。     

SiO_2气凝胶的力学性能增强研究

在硅浓度一定的前提下,分别采用莫来石纤维复合及六亚甲基二异氰酸酯单体(HDI)修饰两种方式对氧化硅气凝胶进行力学性能增强,并对其进行结构与力学性能的表征。结果表明,在力学性能方面,两种增强方式的SiO2气凝胶弹性模量分别为134.06MPa、116.78MPa,分别增加了16倍和12倍;有机物修饰后的气凝胶屈服强度远大于纤维增强的气凝胶。在微结构方面,纤维增强气凝胶的纳米多孔结构无明显变化,而有机物修饰气凝胶的比表面积略有下降,孔径尺寸变小。增强型气凝胶大大增加了其在多个领域的实际应用。     

遮光剂掺杂Al2O3-SiO2气凝胶/莫来石纤维毡复合材料的高温隔热性能研究

分别以TiCl₄和ZrOCl₂·8H₂O作为钛源和锆源, 经过溶胶-凝胶和超临界CO₂干燥过程, 将遮光剂粒子TiO₂和ZrO₂掺入到Al₂O₃-SiO₂气凝胶, 并进一步以莫来石纤维毡为增强相制备出具有一定力学性能的耐高温气凝胶复合材料, 分别探究了两种遮光剂粒子对复合材料的微观结构、力学性能和热导率的影响。结果显示: 遮光剂粒子的引入可以有效阻止气凝胶在高温下的塌陷和团聚, 保持气凝胶高孔隙率的特性; 复合材料呈现典型的气凝胶填充纤维结构, 并且具有轻质(0.21~0.24 g·cm^-1)和高强度(弯曲强度为0.98~1.26 MPa)的优异性能, 拓展了材料的实用性; 在 1050℃的高温下, 由于 TiO₂ 和 ZrO₂ 粒子对红外电磁波具有吸收和散射作用, 可以将复合材料的热导率由0.098 W·m^-1·K^-1分别降低至0.085 W·m^-1·K^-1和0.076 W·m^-1·K^-1, 从而有效提高材料的高温隔热性能。     

TiO2掺杂莫来石纤维/纳米SiO2隔热材料的制备和性能研究

以纳米SiO2粉体为基体材料,莫来石纤维为增强体,TiO2为红外遮光剂,采用热压成型法制备了具有一定强度的轻质隔热材料.研究了莫来石纤维添加和TiO2掺杂对隔热材料密度、强度及其在不同温度下的隔热性能的影响.研究结果表明添加莫来石纤维能提高隔热材料的常温耐压强度及其在高温下的隔热性能,遮光剂TiO2的掺杂可以进一步提高...     

SiO2/C/M气凝胶纳米复合材料的结构及吸波性能

本文在SiO2/M(M=Fe,Co,i)复合气凝胶骨架上采用气相催化裂解乙炔的方法合成出SiO2/C/M气凝胶纳米复合材料,用扫描电镜、比表面分析仪、激光导热仪等对材料的结构和物理性能进行了表征,并初步测试了其电磁吸波性能.结果表明,在SiO2/C/M气凝胶纳米复合材料中,碳元素一般以纤维形式均匀分布于气凝胶骨架中,该材料具有低密度,低热导率().05～0.2W/mk),在2mm厚度,8-18GHz的范围内有一定的吸波性能,且吸波性能随频率升高而增加.     

Carbon aerogel composites prepared by ambient drying and using oxidized polyacrylonitrile fibers as reinforcements

Carbon fiber-reinforced carbon aerogel composites (C/CAs) for thermal insulators were prepared by copyrolysis of resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) aerogels reinforced by oxidized polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber felts. The RF aerogel composites were obtained by impregnating PAN fiber felts with RF sols, then aging, ethanol exchanging, and drying at ambient pressure. Upon carbonization, the PAN fibers shrink with the RF aerogels, thus reducing the difference of shrinkage rates between the fiber reinforcements and the aerogel matrices, and resulting in C/CAs without any obvious cracks. The three point bend strength of the C/CAs is 7.1 ± 1.7 MPa, and the thermal conductivity is 0.328 W m(-1) K(-1) at 300 °C in air. These composites can be used as high-temperature thermal insulators (in inert atmospheres or vacuum) or supports for phase change materials in thermal protection system.     

Paraffin/carbon aerogel phase change materials with high enthalpy and thermal conductivity

Two kinds of carbon aerogels, graphene aerogels (GA) and carbon nanotubes-graphene aerogels (CGA), were prepared by modified hydrothermal method. The form-stable phase change materials (PCMs) were fabricated by adsorbing paraffin into carbon aerogels. Morphology, structure, form stability and thermal property were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), in situ X-ray diffraction (in situ XRD) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The results showed that GA presented wrinkled surface textures with curling edges, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were interspersed or attached to GA sheets. The phase transition temperature and the phase change enthalpy of the GA/paraffin PCM composite were 48.7 °C and 223.2 J/g, respectively. Thermal and mechanical properties of PCM composites achieved a qualitative leap with the adding of carbon aerogels. The PCM composites had a thermal conductivity of about 2.182 W/m K at the carbon aerogels loading fraction of 2 wt%. The form-stable PCM composites with high thermal conductivity and high enthalpy could be promising for thermal energy storage applications in construction field.     

Aramid fibers reinforced silica aerogel composites with low thermal conductivity and improved mechanical performance

Aramid fibers reinforced silica aerogel composites (AF/aerogels) for thermal insulation were prepared successfully under ambient pressure drying. The microstructure showed that the aramid fibers were inlaid in the aerogel matrix, acting as the supporting skeletons, to strengthen the aerogel matrix. FTIR revealed AF/aerogels was physical combination between aramid fibers and aerogel matrix without chemical bonds. The as prepared AF/aerogels possessed extremely low thermal conductivity of 0.0227 ± 0.0007 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ with the fiber content ranging from 1.5% to 6.6%. Due to the softness, low density and remarkable mechanical strength of aramid fibers and the layered structure of the fiber distribution, the AF/aerogels presented nice elasticity and flexibility. TG–DSC indicated the thermal stability reaching approximately 290 °C, can meet the general usage conditions, which was mainly depended on the pure silica aerogels. From mentioned above, AF/aerogels present huge application prospects in heat preservation field, especially in piping insulation.     

Preparation and properties of polyamide 6 thermal conductive composites reinforced with fibers

The majority of inorganic particles-filled thermal conductive composites highlight thermal conductivity in detriment of mechanical properties. In this work, magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂), alumina (Al₂O₃) and flake graphite-filed polyamide 6 (PA6) composites prepared by twin-screw extruder, were reinforced with carbon and glass fibers separately. Effects of fiber type and content on thermal conductivity, mechanical properties and heat deflection temperature (HDT) of the PA6-based composites were investigated. The results showed that the thermal conductivity of the composites improved with increasing carbon fiber content, while decreased slightly with glass fiber loading. Furthermore, strength, modulus and HDT of the PA6-based composites increased with the increase of fiber content. The reinforcing effects of the two fibers on the thermal and mechanical properties of the composites were compared and interpreted in this paper. By incorporating simultaneously high thermal conductive fillers and high-strength fibers, the combined composites hold a good potential in heat dissipation applications.     

陶瓷纤维增强氧化硅气凝胶复合材料力学性能试验

氧化硅气凝胶具有极低的热导率和密度,可作为很好的隔热材料,而脆弱的力学性能限制了其在隔热领域的应用。在不影响隔热效果的前提下,通过复合陶瓷纤维可增加氧化硅气凝胶的强度及韧性。试验探索了陶瓷纤维增强氧化硅气凝胶在室温下的拉伸、压缩和剪切等基本力学性能,分别研究了300℃、600℃和900℃下复合材料纤维铺层面方向的压缩性能,并采用扫描电子显微镜对高温试样微观结构进行了观察分析。结果表明：陶瓷纤维增强氧化硅气凝胶的性能表现出方向性,弹性模量在铺层面内方向与厚度方向的数值最大相差约28倍,强度极限亦然;在室温条件下,复合材料的拉伸和压缩弹性模量不同,X 、Y 和 Z 方向拉伸模量与对应的压缩模量之比分别为1.60、1.83和0.56;高温下复合材料沿厚度方向收缩,收缩量随温度升高而增大,900℃下的最大收缩量可达10.8%;高温下复合材料铺层面内方向压缩性能随温度升高而增强。     

耐高温氧化铝气凝胶隔热复合材料研究进展

氧化铝气凝胶是一种高孔隙率、低密度、高比表面积、耐高温和低热导的纳米多孔材料,在高温隔热领域(如航天飞行器热防护系统、工业窑炉保温材料等)具有广阔的应用前景.但是,纯氧化铝气凝胶因耐温性(1000℃以上)、力学性能和高温隔热性能相对较差难以直接应用,需要引入增强相和遮光组分制备成气凝胶复合材料以进行改善.本文对耐高温氧...     

Carbon fiber reinforced carbon aerogel composites for thermal insulation prepared by soft reinforcement

To overcome the brittleness and the pyrolysis shrinkage of carbon aerogels, carbon fiber reinforced composites were prepared by copyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile fiber reinforced resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogel composites (PAN/RFs). The PAN/RFs were obtained by impregnating the PAN fiber felt with RF sol and then supercritical drying. Upon carbonization the PAN fiber shrinks with the RF aerogel, thus reducing the shrinkage differences between the fiber and the aerogel, and results in crack-free carbon fiber reinforced carbon aerogel composites, with a thermal conductivity of 0.073 W/m K at 25 °C in air. Our new method may greatly expand the usage of carbon aerogels in general applications.     

BN/Al_2O_3/碳纤维填充MVQ导热复合材料的制备

以甲基乙烯基硅橡胶(MVQ)为基体,片层氮化硼(BN)、球形Al_2O_3、碳纤维为填料,通过共混的方法制备了导热硅橡胶复合材料。利用热重分析仪(TGA),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),电子拉力试验机以及导热系数仪对复合材料的结构和性能进行了表征。结果表明:复合材料的热导率、热稳定性、力学性能、交联密度随着填料量的增加而增加。填料量达50vol.%时,尤以片层BN对热导率增加的效果突出,热导率从0.168增至1.8W/(m·K);碳纤维对复合材料的力学性能贡献最大,拉伸强度从0.48增加到2.98MPa;片层BN在橡胶基体中以面-面接触的方式均匀分散,更易于形成有效的导热网链。