国产SA-335P92钢的焊接工艺性能

新型马氏体耐热钢SA一335P92以其卓越的抗高温蠕变性能被广泛用于超超临界机组中。文中对国产SA-335P92钢的焊接性进行了试验研究,通过斜Y形坡口焊接裂纹试验和再热裂纹试验等确定了国产SA-335P92钢的预热温度和焊后热处理温度。然后选择合适的焊接材料和焊接工艺进行焊接试验,通过焊接接头的力学性能等试验证明国产SA-335P92钢能够满足使用性能的要求。     

小直径SA-335P92钢管细丝埋弧焊工艺及性能

分析小直径SA-335P92钢管焊接工艺方案,阐述目前焊接工艺中存在的问题,提出一种新组合焊接工艺——手工氩弧焊+细丝埋弧焊用于小直径SA-335P92钢管的焊接。以SA-335P92钢管为试验材料进行新焊接工艺试验,并对焊接接头进行力学性能试验和宏观、微观组织分析。结果表明,焊接接头的抗拉强度、冲击、硬度等性能均能满足SA-335P92母材的要求,焊缝和热影响区的微观组织与SA-335P92母材的组织同为回火马氏体。     

SA-335P122在超超临界锅炉中的应用

通过斜Y坡口裂纹试验和热模拟试验,确定了SA-335P122的预热温度和热处理规范,并通过对SA-335P122焊接性能分析和焊接材料的合理选用,成功地完成了玉环1000MW超超临界锅炉主蒸汽管道φ559mm×102mmSA-335P122的焊接。     

X80管线钢的焊接冷裂纹试验

为了实现焊接时焊缝金属的纯净化与晶粒细化,减小焊缝的裂纹率.通过碳当量计算公式,判断X80管线钢的淬硬倾向;通过小铁研试验计算了在25℃、50 ℃、100 ℃和150 ℃的预热温度下X80管线钢的焊接裂纹率;利用金相方法分析了裂纹的性质和不同预热温度时焊接接头熔合区的金相组织.结果表明:X80管线钢淬硬倾向较小,焊后一般不需要热处理,小铁研试验出现的裂纹为冷裂纹;随着预热温度的升高,裂纹率显著降低;焊接接头熔合区显微组织为粒状贝氏体 板条贝氏体 铁索体,随着预热温度的升高,线能量的降低,晶粒粗化现象得到缓解,粒状贝氏体组织增加,降低了冷裂纹敏感性.     

SA-335 P91马氏体耐热钢焊接工艺研究

介绍了SA-335 P91马氏体耐热钢的化学成分及力学性能、冶金性能以及正火+回火热处理温度对材料性能的影响。对SA-335 P91钢的焊接性以及焊缝马氏体组织转变进行了分析。焊接工艺评定试验根据产品制造的需求,进行GTAW+SAW焊接试验,根据焊材熔敷金属中镍+锰元素的含量,确定合理的焊后热处理工艺,最终经力学性能试验,得到了力学性能良好的焊接接头,焊接接头硬度值满足标准的要求,焊缝微观组织为回火马氏体。     

超超临界机组SA335-P92钢焊接工艺方案和焊接工艺评定实践

本文分析了SA335-P92钢的焊接性,阐述了P92钢焊艺评定方案的制定、实施及工艺试验.根据试验结果对P92钢的焊接工艺进行了总结,找出了提高P92钢焊奈电孤焊焊缝冲击韧性的方法,并提出了工程焊接与工艺试验存在的差别及焊接时需要注意的问题.     

30CrMnSiNi2A钢的焊接冷裂纹小铁研试验研究

采用小铁研试验测试了20℃,250℃,320℃和400℃的预热温度下退火热处理状态30CrMnSiNi2A钢的焊接裂纹率,采用金相方法分析了裂纹的性质和不同预热温度时焊接接头熔合区的金相组织。结果表明:30CrMiSiNi2A钢小铁研试验出现的裂纹为冷裂纹;随着预热温度的升高,小铁研试验裂纹率显著降低;焊接接头熔合区显微组织为马氏体 下贝氏体 残余奥氏体,随着预热温度的升高,熔合区冷却速度降低,下贝氏体组织增加,降低了冷裂纹敏感性。     

超超临界火力发电机组SA-335P92钢焊接质量控制

超超临界机组在我国运用得越来越多,作为超超临界机组主蒸汽、再热蒸汽热段管道、高温过热器集箱以及高温再热器集箱最常用的钢材SA-335P92,由于其首次运用于国内电站锅炉,其焊接质量控制受到了各大电厂及各大电建单位的重视。文中主要从SA-335P92钢焊接前的工艺评定准备、焊工培训、技术准备、坡口加工等方面简单介绍了从SA-335P92钢焊接前的准备工作,同时简单介绍了超超临界机组安装过程中,SA-335P92钢现场焊接的主要方法及主要焊接工艺,列出了SA-335P92钢现场焊接过程中热输入控制、层间温度控制以及层间清理等方面应该注意的问题。文中还简单介绍了SA-335P92钢焊后热处理工艺、热处理时机、现场常用的热处理方式以及热处理过程中应注意的一些问题。此外,文中还根据超超临界机组现场安装的特点,简单介绍了SA-335P92钢焊缝在无损检测、硬度测试、金相分析等方面应注意的一些问题。     

电站锅炉SA335-P91高温高压蒸汽钢管焊接工艺

SA335P91钢属改良型9Cr-1Mo高强度马氏体耐热钢,与传统的Cr-Mo耐热钢相比,具有高温强度高、抗蠕变性能和抗氧化性能好等优点。SA335P91钢焊接性的主要问题是冷裂纹敏感性较强以及冲击韧性下降。针对上述问题进行焊接工艺评定试验,选择GTAW+SMAW焊接方法,制定了合理的焊接工艺:氩弧焊封底时其预热温度为100℃～150℃,焊条电弧焊的焊前预热温度为200℃～300℃;焊条电弧焊层间温度应为200℃～300℃;焊接线能量在25～30 kJ/cm以下,GTAW在12～15 kJ/cm;焊后热处理温度750℃～770℃,保温4～6 h,升降温速度小于150℃/h。根据现场环境条件,采取有效的工艺控制措施,获得了较好的焊接质量,综合性能良好。     

预热与焊后退火对T24钢焊接接头力学性能的影响

在不同焊前预热与焊后热处理配合工艺条件下,对SA-213 T24(以下简称T24)钢管对接接头的力学性能进行了对比试验。结果表明,T24钢管具有优良的焊接性能,在焊接工艺控制合适的情况下,可不进行焊前预热及焊后热处理,是700℃参数超超临界机组锅炉水冷壁用钢管的优选材料。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.