FeCrBSiNb粉芯丝材电弧喷涂的弧区动态行为

电弧喷涂粉芯丝材是由金属外皮包覆金属或非金属的复合粉末组成,喷涂过程中在弧区发生冶金反应并雾化成熔滴,大量熔滴沉积在基体表面最终形成涂层。粉芯丝材的电弧喷涂是一个高度动态的传热传质过程,采用高速摄像技术研究了喷涂过程中两根粉芯丝材交汇处的电弧、丝材熔化与熔滴形成等行为。另外,通过高速摄像试验分析了喷涂电流和电压对电弧形态及丝材熔化的影响规律。结果表明:喷涂时间歇出现燃弧、熄弧、再燃弧的循环变化;不同于实心丝材,粉芯丝材在阴阳极上的电弧都发散,这有利于丝材外皮和粉芯间的冶金反应;阴极丝材主要表现为抽吸作用下以细小熔滴或片状挤出物等形式形成熔滴,阳极丝材主要以片状液带的形式脱离并雾化成小熔滴。     

[例15]高速电弧喷涂技术在机件再制造中的应用

正高速电弧喷涂是在普通电弧喷涂枪的基础上,通过特殊设计的高压气体喷嘴产生的超音速气流将熔化的金属材料雾化成微滴,并高速沉积到工件表面形成致密涂层的表面工程技术。喷涂铁基熔滴速度在喷枪出口附近由传统喷涂的100m/s,提高到250m/s,结合强度平均提高约10MPa。该技术     

碳钢高速电弧喷涂的电弧特征及材料过渡行为

高速电弧喷涂过程中两根丝材交汇处电弧的形成、丝材受热熔化与熔滴过渡等过程具有高度动态性,直接影响喷涂涂层的组织与性能.使用Hispec 5高速摄像机观测了高速电弧喷涂碳钢丝材时弧区的动态冶金过程.发现喷涂过程中阴极上的电弧收缩,阳极上的电弧发散;而且电弧的燃烧是不连续的,不断经历引弧、燃弧、熄弧、再引弧的循环过程.电弧的这些特点导致了阴、阳极丝材的非对称加热和熔化,并且熔化金属脱离丝材形成熔滴的雾化形式、大小等特征差异显著.基于高速摄像的试验结果,系统分析了喷涂过程中电弧和熔滴的形成与过渡机理.     

金属喷涂、堆焊与修复——金属喷涂工艺与设备

富氧条件下电弧喷涂反应合成纳米氧化铝粉末;高速电弧喷涂FeCrNi／CBN复合涂层的组织与性能;含碳化物陶瓷粉芯丝材电弧喷涂层的结构和性能;应用于反应釜的超音速电弧喷涂涂层的耐蚀性;高速电弧喷涂涂层的结合强度与结合方式研究;等离子喷涂纳米团聚体粉末的熔化特性研究;等离子熔覆铁基涂层开裂行为研究。     

电弧喷涂设备及其发展趋势

主要介绍了电弧喷涂设备的最新发展状态。电孤喷涂设备由喷涂主电源、喷涂枪和送丝机构3部分组成。喷枪介绍了目前国内外最常用的敞开式喷枪、改进的敞开式喷枪、封闭式喷枪以及超音速电弧喷涂枪的结构和它们的特点。主电源介绍了常规的变压器抽头式电源以及单丝电弧喷潦系统陡降特性主电源的结构和它们的优缺点。送丝机构介绍了目前采用的送丝设计的方案，同时也说明了使用开关电源驱动送丝电机的优点。     

超音速电弧喷涂粒子速度的测定

在电弧喷涂中,喷涂粒子的速度是影响涂层质量的重要因素,超音速电弧喷涂系统利用超音速气体雾化,加速喷涂粒子,增加喷涂粒子的速度,从而改善了涂层质量,采用Ｋｏｄａｋ１０１２型高速运动分析仪对喷涂粒子的速度进行了测定,结果表明,喷涂φ２．２ｍｍＴ８钢丝时,喷涂粒子的平均速度可达到２９１ｍ／ｓ。     

异质金属丝电弧喷涂工艺的试验研究

本文主要介绍利用电弧做热源,通过电弧喷涂的工艺方法,使不锈钢丝和铝丝瞬间同时熔化后喷射粘附在基体金属表面上,得到一种复合材质涂层。试验中通过改变送丝速度和电弧电压等参数,制备一些涂层试样,并对涂层进行了宏观和微观组织结构检测、X射线衍射分析和显微硬度测量。由试验分析结果可以得到以下结论: (1)通过调节送丝速度和电弧电压等参数,铝和钢的异丝喷涂是可以实现的;(2)涂层的颗粒大小可以通过改变工艺参数来控制;(3)铝和钢异丝喷涂层中有Fe-Al化合物生成,其硬度高于铁、铝纯金属;(4)利用电弧喷涂装置有望使异质金属丝同时熔化并发生冶金反应,从而制备具有特殊性能的金属化合物涂层。     

金属喷涂、堆焊与修复——金属喷涂工艺与设备

氩弧钎焊工艺对镀锌钢板表面锌层影响研究;电弧喷涂NiCrAIY在航空发动机零件上的应用研究;应用于反应釜的超音速电弧喷涂涂层的耐蚀性;高硬度耐磨损电弧喷涂涂层研究;钛-铝双丝超音速电弧喷涂层显微硬度特性研究;     

异质双丝电弧喷涂制备复合涂层的工艺优化

异质双丝电弧喷涂是利用两根不同材质金属丝制备复合涂层的一种工艺. 对于熔点相差较大的丝材组合,常出现高熔点材料熔化不完全、频繁断弧的现象. 为此文中提出了异步送丝的电弧喷涂方法,并对碳钢丝—铝丝双丝组合喷涂的电弧区行为展开了研究. 结果表明,异步送丝的电弧喷涂设备可有效解决熔点差别较大的异质双丝电弧喷涂时的稳定性问题. 最后使用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪对Fe-Al复合涂层的组织进行表征,表明异质双丝电弧喷涂过程中阴阳两极材料间基本不发生冶金反应,形成的是一种铝软质颗粒和碳钢硬质颗粒交错叠加的机械混合涂层.     

电弧喷涂电弧燃烧过程分析

借助数字高速摄像技术,分析了电弧喷涂时电弧的引燃、燃烧和断弧过程.电弧喷涂时电弧遵循"引弧-燃烧-熄灭-再引弧"的过程,有两种原因造成电弧喷涂时熄弧,一是喷涂丝材短路,电弧自然熄灭;另一种情况是未完全熔化金属"拉长"电弧后突然从丝材端部脱开,从而造成电弧熄灭.当电弧处于正常燃烧时,呈椭圆状,有利于延长熔化粒子在电弧中运...     

Modelling of the short-circuiting transfer process in GMA welding. A numerical model for metal transfer phenomena in GMA welding

During gas metal arc (GMA) welding, such as MAG welding, the welding wire serves as a welding system electrode. The electrode wire is melted by arc heat to form a metal drop on the wire tip. Under the effects of forces such as gravity and electromagnetic force, the metal drop detaches from the wire and transfers to the base metal. Despite welding wire being continuously supplied, molten metal is intermittently transferred to the base metal. For this reason, various factors affecting the progression of GMA welding, such as the arc length and shape alongside the heat source and so-called arc initiation position, fluctuate in time and space. That is to say, metal transfer phenomena control arc stability and are moreover closely related to welding quality itself as well as to operability factors such as generation of spatter and welding defects. To clarify the corresponding mechanisms, it is necessary to undertake theoretical investigations in conjunction with observations by high-speed imaging.     

Effect of nozzle configuration, gas pressure, and gas type on coating properties in wire arc spray

Wire arc spraying is a coating process in which minor modifications of the configuration and spray parameters can have a strong impact on coating characteristics. A study on the effects of the fluid dynamics of the atomizing gas on the coating properties is presented. Different types of nozzles, shrouds, and gases have been used to provide various flow velocities and reactive environments in the metal atomization region. The effects on particle velocity, coating density, composition, and interface characteristics between the coating and the substrate have been evaluated. It is clear that higher gas velocities improve practically all coating properties, but also increase oxide content in the coating. However, the oxidation can be drastically reduced if nonoxidizing gases are used for atomization in combination with a shroud. A discussion on the physical effects contributing to the observed adhesion improvements and interfacial properties is provided.     

焊丝熔化方式对激光焊接过程的影响

研究了两种焊丝熔化方法(电弧预熔丝激光焊、激光填丝焊)激光焊接过程对匙孔稳定性以及焊缝成形的影响,进一步研究了焊丝熔化方法对焊接接头质量的影响,并对比分析了两种焊丝熔化方式对焊接速度的适应性. 结果表明,电弧预熔丝激光焊过程中,熔池表面匙孔开口尺寸变化不大,匙孔较为稳定;激光填丝焊方法由于熔化的液态金属距离匙孔边缘很近,焊接过程中熔池表面匙孔开口尺寸变化较大,而且容易出现熔池表面匙孔的闭合. 与激光填丝焊相比,电弧预熔丝激光焊熔化的焊丝端部可以沿熔池边缘流入,与匙孔边缘的距离较远,匙孔稳定性较好,焊缝气孔数量较少. 当焊接速度为8 m/min时,电弧预熔丝激光焊的焊缝成形良好;而激光填丝焊焊缝背面成形不连续,并且出现了未焊透的缺陷.     

Microtomographic Analysis of Splat Formation and Layer Build-Up of a Thermally Sprayed Coating

Thermal spraying is a material processing technique, which is based on the combination of thermal and kinetic energy. The used feedstock is melted in a hot flame. The melt is atomized and accelerated by means of atomization or process gases. As the formed particles hit a pre-treated substrate they are rapidly solidified and consolidate to form splats. The splats pile one-on-top-of-other forming lamellas creating the final coating. In the work presented here a combination of cored wire (WC as filling powder) and massive wire (copper) were simultaneously sprayed using the twin wire arc spraying process. 3D micro tomography was used in order to gain knowledge about splat formation and layer build-up. Due to the high attenuation coefficient of tungsten in comparison with copper and carbon, tungsten-rich particles and splats can easily be spotted in the tomogram of the coating layer. It turns out that besides irregular formed flat splats also ball-shaped particles exist in the coating layer which suggests that the spherical particles impacted on the substrate in an un-molten state. By 3D data processing tungsten-rich particles were visualized to analyze their spatial distributions and to quantify their geometric parameters. This work aims at contributing to the understanding of spraying processes.     

Microstructural analysis of the anode in gas metal arc welding (GMAW)

The nature of the applied shielding gas has a strong influence on arc stability and transfer metal mode of the welding process. In particular, increase of the percentage of carbon dioxide in argon induces the increase of the transition current value from the globular to spray metal transfer mode. This work shows that these effects are linked to the chemical and microstructural modifications of the anode tip during the gas metal arc welding process. The microstructure of the anode is investigated for various experimental conditions. Transition between the two transfer modes is linked to the existence and disappearance of a rather insulating oxide “gangue” at the wire extremity whose nature depends of the shielding gas. Chemical reactions at high temperature such as oxidation–reduction reactions between shielding gas and melted metal govern the transition of the spray-arc to globular transfer mode.     

无镀铜焊丝熔滴过渡形态与工艺质量的关系

综述了镀铜和无镀铜焊丝熔滴过渡形态与工艺质量的关系。两种焊丝GMAW焊接时,熔滴有大滴过渡、喷射过渡和短路过渡3种形态。在富氩混合气时都存在滴状向喷射过渡的转变电流。无镀铜焊丝在不同保护气体时的电弧改善、熔滴细化、转变电流均低于镀铜焊丝。焊接电流和电弧电压的正确匹配是获得满意过渡形态的重要条件。焊丝的工艺质量除了受焊丝和涂层成分及母材焊接性控制之外,主要受焊接工艺条件控制。通过工艺参数匹配的变化建立了熔滴过渡形态与焊丝工艺质量间的关系,其内在联系主要是熔滴尺寸和转变电流的变化。     

Recent developments in single-wire vacuum arc spraying

Reactive materials such as titanium and tantalum are not suitable for the manufacture of pure and corrosion-resistant layers by atmospheric spraying processes, and thus are normally processed by vacuum plasma spraying. However, because of the large specific area of the feedstock, large amounts of previously adsorbed oxygen and nitrogen are included in the coating, often resulting in unsatisfactory corrosion behavior. This can be avoided by vacuum arc spraying using a single wire. The spraying material is a cathodic poled wire that is led without contact through a nonconsumable, water-cooled nozzle. The wire is melted by a high-frequency arc that burns between the wire and the nozzle. The process gas (argon) at-omizes the wire and accelerates the particles onto the component being coated. The process parameters strongly influence the stability of the process and the resulting microstructure of the deposit.