二级煤矿乳化炸药的高温性能研究

为研究二级煤矿乳化炸药在持续高温环境下的安全温度以及在不同燃烧温度下的性状变化特征,将炸药试样在2种温度梯度下进行试验。研究表明,在80~105℃时,正常使用临界温度为95℃;在170~210℃时,燃烧的临界温度为175℃。当高于燃烧临界温度时乳化炸药持续加热过程表现为:白色→白透明→表面出现白色颗粒→黄色透明→表面出现气泡→逐渐变黑→黑色焦状→放出大量的烟→燃烧,随着温度的升高,发生燃烧反应所需要的时间越来越短。试验结果对高温环境下的爆破安全生产具有指导意义。     

抑制无梯煤矿许用炸药爆燃倾向的尝试——无梯粉状硝铵炸药系列研究之三

本文通过对许用炸药的燃烧倾向及引燃机理的分析，在提高炸药轰感度的基础上，采取在炸药组份中加抑制燃烧的添加剂的途径，使无梯2号煤矿许用粉状硝铵炸药的抗爆燃能力可与相同安全等级的铵梯许用炸药相媲美。     

典型工业炸药爆炸灾害效应的数值模拟

为了评价典型工业炸药在空气中发生意外爆炸产生的灾害效应,利用非线性动力学软件AUTODYN,炸药产物选用JWL状态方程,分析1 kg铵油炸药、乳化炸药、2号岩石炸药在空气自由场中爆炸冲击波的传播特性和温度场分布情况,并与TNT炸药进行对比分析.计算结果表明,冲击波损害效应中,2号岩石炸药与TNT炸药爆炸产生的冲击波峰值相当,乳化炸药次之;温度灾害效应中,岩石炸药的温度峰值最高,铵油炸药温度峰值次之,乳化炸药温度峰值最低.为正确使用工业炸药和矿山安全提供了理论依据.     

时间-温度迭加原理在炸药分解研究中的应用

针对炸药分解研究所面临的困难,提出了运用时间-温度迭加原理将常温下炸药分解研究转化为较高温度下的研究,并结合某炸药分解试验数据,计算得到该炸药在20℃条件下贮存20年与48.2℃条件下贮存1年分解情况基本相同,最后经炸药热分解动力学计算验证该原理的可用性.     

时间-温度迭加原理在炸药分解研究中的应用

针对炸药分解研究所面临的困难,提出了运用时间--温度迭加原理将常温下炸药分解研究转化为较高温度下的研究,并结合某炸药分解试验数据,计算得到该炸药在20℃条件下贮存20年与48.2℃条件下贮存1年分解情况基本相同,最后经炸药热分解动力学计算验证该原理的可用性.     

菱铁矿热分解动力学研究

菱铁矿具有热分解特性,在一定温度与气氛条件下,经焙烧后放出CO2气体,并生成强磁性的磁铁矿,利于弱磁选富集.用TG和DTG(热重法和微商热重法)研究了大西沟菱铁矿的热分解过程,判定了发生热分解反应的温度范围,分析了热分解反应的动力学行为,采用微分法计算了大西沟菱铁矿的热分解动力学参数,并判定热分解过程所符合的动力学模型,用多种积分方法和非等温线性拟合法对计算结果进行了验证.结果表明:大西沟菱铁矿的热分解反应温度较低,在400-600℃之间.热分解过程符合F1模型.     

动压作用下乳化炸药析晶现象的实验研究

为了研究敏化方式和乳化剂的含量对乳化炸药析晶现象的影响,利用水溶法测量了乳化炸药在动压作用下析晶量,用析晶量的大小来表征乳化炸药的抗动压性能,对提高乳化炸药的抗动压性能起到重要的指导作用。实验结果表明,在相同的动压作用下,玻璃微球敏化的乳化炸药的析晶量小于膨胀珍珠岩敏化的乳化炸药;随着乳化剂含量从3%增加到4%时,乳化炸药的析晶量减小。因此,采用玻璃微球做敏化剂及适当提高乳化剂的含量可以提高乳化炸药的抗动压性能。     

高硫煤还原磷石膏的热分解动力学

研究高硫煤还原磷石膏的热分解动力学。在N2气氛下,利用热重分析技术,考察了磷石膏在升温速率分别为2.5℃/min、5℃/min、10℃/min、15℃/min下的热分解机理,采用Kissinger法和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法求取磷石膏热分解的动力学参数,Coats-Redfem法确定磷石膏热分解的机理函数。结果表明在温度1 050~1 180℃范围内,磷石膏热分解机理属于成核与生长机理(n=2)。     

聚乙烯热分解反应动力学处理方法比较

利用热重分析在不同升温速率 (5 ,1 0 ,2 0 ,40℃ /min)和氮气气氛下对聚乙烯的热稳定性进行研究 ,讨论了升温速率 β对热分解温度的影响 ,说明热分解温度随 β呈线性增加。根据热重实验曲线 ,采用 5种热分析处理动力学数据的方法 ,计算聚乙烯热分解反应活化能E、反应级数n及频率因子A ,并对处理方法进行比较。结果表明 ,采用不同的处理方法 ,得出的热分解动力学参数略有差别 ,分解活化能为 2 60～ 2 90kJ/mol,反应级数约为 1。为验证上述各方法的可靠性 ,采用二元回归法 ,对热重实验曲线直接计算 ,并以此为标准 ,对其它方法得到的结果进行误差分析。结果表明 ,在诸种处理方法中 ,以Coast-Redfern及Doyle法结果比较可靠 ,与实验值比较接近。     

聚乙烯热分解反应动力学处理方法比较

利用热重分析在不同升温速率（５,１０,２０,４０℃／ｍｉｎｈ）和氮气气氛下对聚乙烯的热稳定性进行研究,讨论了升温速率β对热分解温度的影响,说明热分解温度随β呈线性增加,根据热重实验曲线,采用５插足 热分析处理动力学的方法,计算聚乙烯热分解反应活化能Ｅ、反应级数ｎ及频率因子Ａ,并对自理方法进行比较。结果表明,采用不同的处理方法,得出的热分解动力学参数略有差别,分解活化能为２６０～２９０ｋＪ／ｍｏ。ｌ     

交联改性提高水性含氟丙烯酸树脂力学性能

丙烯酸树脂成本低、耐候性好、成膜性优异,被广泛应用于建筑、皮革化工等领域。但其表面能高,力学性能较差,使应用受到限制。为改善这一不足,以丙烯酸酯为主要单体,甲基丙烯酸十二氟庚酯为功能单体,三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯(TMPTA)为交联剂,采用核壳乳液聚合法合成了水性含氟丙烯酸酯树脂。对反应条件进行了考察,并对乳液的稳定性、粒径以及乳液膜的拉伸强度、硬度、疏水角、化学结构、热稳定性能进行了表征。结果表明,TMPTA的加入可以有效提高乳液膜的拉伸强度、硬度和热稳定性。TMPTA质量分数为2%时,乳液的平均粒径为157.2 nm,转化率为97.7%,乳液膜的综合性能最好。此时吸水率为12.3%,失重率50%时的分解温度为394 ℃,疏水角为98.9°,拉伸强度为3.5 MPa,硬度为71.2 HA,与含氟丙烯酸树脂相比拉伸强度提高了159.2%,热稳定性能提高了34.6 ℃。     

Wavelet analysis method of harmonics and electromagnetic interference in coal mines

In this study we propose an analytical method based on orthogonal wavelet transforms for detecting harmonic noise and Electromagnetic Interference(EMI)from power supply systems and equipment in coal mines. The method will separate interference from signals through wavelet packet decomposition and then accomplish wavelet packet synthesis towards decomposition results after filtering, to remove harmonic noise and electromagnetic interference. Detailed simulation experiments are presented to study, power harmonics and Electrical Fast Transient Burst(EFT/B)interference and to validate the effectiveness of our proposed method. The experimental results show that the proposed method, suitable for mutant and non-stationary signal detection, can accurately analyze harmonic interference and EMI in coal mines, as well as establish EMI source models and perform underground Electromagnetic Compatibility(EMC)prediction analyses.     

乳化液煤层液压钻马达结构研究

乳化液煤层液压钻可取代煤电钻而广泛用于煤壁钻孔作业,并且由于其本身无电源,消除了因电火花而引发的事故隐患,尤其适合于高瓦斯煤矿使用。乳化液液压马达是液压钻的关键部件,为了提高液压钻的综合性能,综合分析了乳化液煤层液压钻液压马达的性能参数,各种类型马达的结构形式及存在的问题,在此基础上提出了多齿轮液压马达的结构原理,分析了该液压马达的工作原理、平均扭矩和转速。乳化液煤层液压钻使用多齿轮液压马达作为其驱动元件,可有效解决普通齿轮马达扭矩不足以及乳化液对马达机体的腐蚀问题。     

Application of HEMS cooling technology in deep mine heat hazard control

This paper mainly deals with the present situation, characteristics, and countermeasures of cooling in deep mines. Given existing problems in coal mines, a HEMS cooling technology is proposed and has been successfully applied in some mines. Be-cause of long-term exploitation, shallow buried coal seams have become exhausted and most coal mines have had to exploit deep buried coal seams. With the increase in mining depth, the temperature of the surrounding rock also increases, resulting in ever increasing risks of heat hazard during mining operations. At present, coal mines in China can be divided into three groups, i.e., normal temperature mines, middle-to-high temperature mines and high temperature mines, based on our investigation into high temperature coal mines in four provinces and on in-situ studies of several typical mines. The principle of HEMS is to extract cold energy from mine water inrush. Based on the characteristics of strata temperature field and on differences in the amounts of mine water inrush in the Xuzhou mining area, we proposed three models for controlling heat hazard in deep mines: 1) the Jiahe model with a moderate source of cold energy; 2) the Sanhejian model with a shortage of source of cold energy and a geothermal anomaly and 3) the Zhangshuanglou model with plenty of source of cold energy. The cooling process of HEMS applied in deep coal mine are as follows: 1) extract cold energy from mine water inrush to cool working faces; 2) use the heat extracted by HEMS to supply heat to buildings and bath water to replace the use of a boiler, a useful energy saving and environmental protection measure. HEMS has been applied in the Jiahe and Sanhejian coal mines in Xuzhou, which enabled the temperature and humidity at the working faces to be well controlled.     

Synthesis and characterization of 3,4-dinitropyrazole

Nitro-heterocyclic compounds are good candidates for developing new insensitive high-energy explosives with low melting points.A new nitro-heterocyclic compound,3,4-dinitropyrazole (DNP),was synthesize...     

Fractal analysis of thermal conduction of loose coal

For deep mining engineering,heat transfer of coal mass is a vital factor in the thermal environment of coal mines.In order to study the thermal conduction mechanism,we obtained gray images of coal mass microstructure by scanning samples with a digital microscope.With the use of Matlab,these gray images were transformed into binary images,which were then transformed into a corresponding matrix consisting only of the values 0 and 1.According to the calculation method of box-counting dimension,we calculated the fractal dimension of the loose coal to be approximately 1.86.The thermal conductivity expressions of loose coal were derived based on the simulation method of thermal resistance.We calculated the thermal conductivity of loose coal by using a fractal model and compared the calculated values with our experimental data.The results show that the test data show an encouraging agreement with the calculated values.Hence fractal theory is a feasible method for studying thermal conductivity of loose coal.     

Temperature influence on macro-mechanics parameter of intact coal sample containing original gas from Baijiao Coal Mine in China

Investigation of temperature effect on mechanical parameters of coal is very important for understanding the mechanical response of coal bed at high temperature. It is especially beneficial for mitigating the thermal-induced disasters occurred in those coal mines suffering from heat hazard. In this work, coal samples, obtained from the No. 2442 working face of Baijiao Coal Mine, were subjected to uniaxial compression ranging from 20 to 40 °C with an interval of 5 °C. The apparatus used was designed to obtain deformation of a stressed sample, as well as the emission of gases desorbing from coal matrix. The adsorbed gas desorption caused by heating is measured during the entire testing. It is evident that the concentrations of releasing gas (containing methane, carbon dioxide and ethane) slightly rise with increasing temperature. Gas movement observed is closely related to the deformation of coal sample. Both uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of coal samples tend to reduce with temperature. It reveals that increasing temperature can not only result in thermal expansion of coal, but also lead to desorption of preexisting gas in coal which can in turns harden coal due to shrinks of the coal matrix. Even though desorption of adsorbed gas can contribute to the hardening effect for the heated coal, by comparison to the results, it could be inferred that the softening of coal resulted from thermal expansion still predominates changes in mechanical characters of coal sample with temperature at the range from 20 to 40 °C.     

Rheology of typical emulsifiers and effects on stability of emulsion explosives

Structure of emulsifiers or functionality and molecular weight determines its rheology,emulsification and stability of emulsion explosives.Rheology of typical emulsifiers was studied by automatic rheometer.Relations between rheology and structural properties of typical emulsifiers were analyzed.Experimental results show that viscosity of emulsifiers didn’t change with shear rate at room temperature and appeared properties of Newtonian fluid.Viscosity of different component emulsifiers declines with temperature in different modes.The change of strain doesn’t affect modulus of emulsifiers.Loss modulus increases linearly with the increase of frequency in oscillation and storage modulus does non-linearly.The higher the temperature is,the lower change amplitude of loss modulus with frequency will be.The emulsifiers with imide and amide functionality for emulsion explosives have better shear properties at high temperature and better shapingness and stability at room temperature than other emulsifiers with ester and Sorbin Monoleate(SMO)functionality.     

Thermal Decomposition Behavior and Kinetics of Composites from Coal and Polyethylene

A thermogravimetric analysis （TG） was conducted to study the thermal decomposition behavior and kinetics of composites from coal and high density polyethylene （HDPE）, linear low density polyethylene （LLDPE） or low density polyethylene （LDPE）. The results show that coal facilitates melting of the polyethylene before temperatures reach 700 K in nitrogen due to the exothermic effect of coal. Above 700 K, adding coal into the polyethylene will result in smaller maximum rates of mass loss and higher initial mass loss temperatures of the composites. Hence, some chemical interactions, occurring between liquid compounds released in the pyrolysis of the coal and polymer, depend on several factors, such as coal rank and the molecular structure of polymers. Synergetic effects in coal and polymers were also found. Both chemical interactions and synergetic effects control the entire thermal decomposition behavior of composites. The larger the amount of coal in the composites, the greater the decomposition temperature spans and the higher the maximum decomposition temperature, the smaller the devolatilization rates. The effect of coal on the thermal stability of composites lies in the hydrogen acceptor effect of the coals. Thermal decomposition of the coals, the polymers and related composites can be modelled via first order parallel reactions between 563 K and 763 K.