Assessment of mercury level in commonly consumed marine fishes in Malaysia

Twelve species of common marine fish consumed by Malaysians were collected from local wholesale market in Malaysia; the mercury concentrations in muscle and liver samples were determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mercury concentration in the samples, expressed in μg g⁻¹ dry weight. It was 0.45 for short-bodied mackerel, 0.04 for scad, 0.04 for narrow-bodied Spanish mackerel, 0.13 for black pomfret, 0.50 for long tail tuna, 0.03 for greasy grouper, 0.09 for chacunda gizzard shad, 0.06 for yellow-banded scad, 0.05 for eastern little tuna, 0.09 for delagoa treadfish bream, 0.10 for giant perch and 0.00 for sardine’s muscle tissue. Among the fishes analyzed, long tail tuna had the highest level followed by short-bodied mackerel. Significantly lower levels (P < 0.05) of mercury were found in liver tissues. Total mercury concentration in liver tissues were as follow; 0.03 for short-bodied mackerel, 0.02 for scad, 0.05 for narrow-bodied Spanish mackerel, 0.10 for black pomfret, 0.49 for long tail tuna, 0.03 for greasy grouper, 0.03 for chacunda gizzard shad, 0.04 for yellow-banded scad, 0.02 for eastern little tuna, 0.09 for delagoa treadfish bream, 0.01 for giant perch and 0.01 for sardine. This study indicates that commonly consumed fish from Malaysia have concentrations of mercury below the permissible levels stated in the US FDA guidelines.     

世界石油石化业2007年回眸与2008年展望——2007年国际油价迅速上升，高油价对世界经济和石油石化业的影响已逐步凸显，成为世界关注的焦点

2007年对世界石油石化业来说，是难忘而不平凡的一年，值得回味的要闻事件接连不断，印象深刻的亮点、热点纷至沓来，回顾总结过去一年世界石油石化的发展，对于我们更好地把握2008年行业发展的走向，促进科学发展，是很有裨益的。     

复杂边界油气藏中水平井的产能公式——齐成伟公式的应用范围研究

针对复杂边界油气藏中分支水平井的产能预测问题进行了深入研究。将圆形油气藏径向等分,即将齐成伟建立的圆形油气藏中辐射状分支水平井拟三维产能公式中的Q替换为nQ后,得到了扇形油气藏中水平井的拟三维产能公式。将带形油气藏纵向等分,即将齐成伟建立的带形油气藏中横向水平井拟三维产能公式中的b替换为2b、L替换为2L、Q替换为2Q后,得到了带形油气藏中顶壁横向水平井的拟三维产能公式。将带形油气藏横向等分,即将齐成伟建立的带形油气藏中纵向双分支水平井拟三维产能公式中的Q替换为2Q后,得到了半带形油气藏中离壁纵向水平井的拟三维产能公式;进一步将si替换为0、so替换为L/2后,得到了半带形油气藏中顶壁纵向水平井的拟三维产能公式。     

修正的弹性二相法

天然气动态储量的计算方法很多，其中容积法和压降法计算天然气动态储量有很多优点，其计算可靠程度已被矿物实际证实，但它们都有各自限制的应用条件，弹性二相法是利用试井资料计算气藏或单井控制储量的，作为上述两种方法的补充是十分必要的，针对以往弹性二相法计算天然气动态储量在理论上存在一定的偏差，对该方法进行了合理的修正，使该方法适用范围更广，计算结果更可靠，对孔隙介质气藏，致密气藏具有更好的推广应用价值，通过对四川泸州地区广福坪嘉－气藏的原始地质储量及大庆升平气田升深1，升深2井单井控制储量进行的验证对比，说明修正的弹性二相法在理论上是合理的，通过实验验证是可行的。     

斜井抽油系统优化设计技术研究及应用

结合斜井井身轨迹特点,建立了斜井三维井眼中杆柱轴向载荷和侧向载荷计算数学模型,给出扶正器间距和加重杆配置的计算方法;应用系统工程分析方法,给出系统参数设计的步骤,形成了斜井有杆泵抽油系统抽汲参数优化设计方法,编制了相应的优化设计软件。现场应用实例表明,该优化设计方法理论正确可靠,根据本方法编制的斜井抽油系统优化设计软件用于现场设计,可达到有效降低管杆偏磨,减小悬点载荷,提高油井产量、泵效和井下系统效率之目的。     

对《预测油气田产量的一种新模型》一文的质疑

产量预测是油藏工程研究的核心问题之一,而简单、实用、可靠的预测方法也一直是人们追求的目标。《预测油气田产量的一种新模型》一文提出了Wang-Li产量模型,又相继在专著中对此模型广为介绍。但研究表明,Wang-Li产量模型存在着数学原理错误,严格地讲是不能成立的,原文作者给出的应用实例结果也是不可信的。为使预测研究深入发展,将一些有针对性的看法整理成文,以期引起业内人士的关注。     

海上油田分层测试分层防砂管柱的研制与应用

针对海上油田高速强采情况下,多个油层一次射孔,同时开采所出现的问题,为摸清各个层的地层情况,应实施分层测试分层防砂工艺。研制的分层测试分层防砂管柱上部接有悬挂丢手封隔器,每层之间用层间封隔器分开,中间接有夹壁滤砂管使每一层形成一独立的封闭单元,每一层单元有一微电脑智能开关,用以控制每一层的开启和关闭,由于有些疏松砂岩油层出砂较严重,还须配以防砂工艺来达到其既能测试又能防砂生产的目的。分层测试分层防砂一体化管柱及测试工艺对于油田细分层系的合理开发以及注水工作的开展具有重要的意义。     

本布图油田Y2井区断层封堵性分析

介绍了断层封堵分析的步骤,应用断层封堵分析方法对本布图油田Y2井区断层的封堵性进行了分析,将断层封堵性分析与评价手段应用到已完钻的与断层有关的圈闭或油藏评价中,可以解决一些困扰勘探与开发的实际问题;应用到即将上钻的与断层有关的圈闭,可以提高对勘探风险的预测水平,正确评价圈闭风险,提高探井成功率,减少勘探成本,达到少打井、多拿储量的目的。     

石油化工企业变电所消防及排烟探讨

石油化工企业变电所的消防及排烟设计,由于不同的设计单位依据的规范不同,采用的设计方案也不同,并且各地消防部门审查时依据的规范也不一定相同,导致最终的实施方案不同,而规范中的某些条文也有不完善或不合理之处。如何在遵守各种规范的前提下确定最佳的设计方案,是设计人员及消防审查和消防管理人员非常关心的问题。根据《石油化工企业防火设计规范》(GB 50160—2008)、《建筑设计防火规范》(GB 50016—2006)以及《建筑灭火器配置设计规范》(GB 50140—2005)、《火力发电厂与变电站设计防火规范》(GB 50229—2006),结合石油化工变电所的防火设计的特殊性,给出了石油化工变电所防火及排烟的设计内容及方法,并对规范的不完善和不合理之处提出了修改建议。     

Analytical Solutions for Steady and Transient Temperatures in Oil Pipelines

This paper presents three analytical solutions to the heat transfer problem where an insulated pipe transports fluids in an environment with a longitudinal temperature gradient. The first solution is for steady fluid flow condition. Closed form equations for temperature profile in the longitudinal direction and total heat transfer across the insulation are presented. The second solution is for fluid flow start-up process. A transient solution for temperature distribution in the pipe is presented. The third solution is for the process of changing flow rate (shutting-down is a special case). Again a transient solution for temperature distribution in the pipe is presented. An example application of the steady fluid flow solution is also shown in this paper. In this case, the mathematical model was used for prediction of temperature distribution in an oxidation reactor installed in a space station.     

Turbulent froth equipment for cooling compressed gases

Results are considered for an experimental study of turbulent froth heat exchange whose construction is protected by an RF patent. Limits are established from test data for equipment stable operation with different methods for feeding liquid into the contact device. Generalized relationships are presented in dimensionless form for heat and mass transfer and also for the hydrodynamics of flows in the equipment. The results obtained are used for improving the construction of turbulent froth equipment intended for intermediate cooling of a piston compressor without lubrication.     

用流量剖面资料确定产层渗透率

本文以流体流动方程为基础,导出了平面径向对称流动方程,并在假设油藏有限厚度的多孔介质中的流体为不可压缩时,解出了生产层的总流量方程。文中提出了采用累积流量图读取两层间的渗透率比值的方法,讨论了用总流量方程求渗透率的方法。本文为在油田开发期间对生产层动态渗透率的研究提供了一种方便的方法。     

普光气田大湾区块高含硫水平井完井管柱优化设计

为实现高含硫气藏“少井高产、安全高效”的开发目的,对四川盆地普光气田大湾区块碳酸盐岩储层采用了以水平井为主的开发模式。根据大湾区块气藏及流体特点,综合考虑国内外高含硫水平井完井工艺技术现状,选择一次管柱多级卡封,逐级投球打开各层滑套改造储层作为本区块水平井完井工艺,进而开展了管柱参数和结构设计,优化设计出高含硫水平井完井管柱：套管完井分段酸压管柱、裸眼完井分段酸压管柱、套管监测水平井分段完井管柱。该管柱通过8口井现场应用,首次实现了国内高含硫水平井分段储层改造,增产效果明显,为气田的安全高效开发提供了有力的技术支撑,也为类似气田的开发提供了借鉴。     

要素匹配成藏模式在塔里木盆地的应用

塔里木盆地志留系分布面积广,是主要的油气产层之一。该目的层油气来源多样,油气藏经历多期成藏和调整改造,类型复杂,导致该层系油气藏分布预测十分困难。根据国家973项目"中国典型叠合盆地油气形成富集与分布预测"中提出的叠合盆地多要素匹配成藏模式(T-CDMS),预测塔里木盆地志留系为有利成藏领域。首先建立各主控因素与油气藏之间的数学模型,然后定量评价4大主控因素(区域盖层C,沉积相D,古隆起M,烃源岩S)单独作用时的控藏范围和概率,在此基础上,按照多地质要素匹配模式原理预测了四大要素综合作用下的油气成藏概率和成藏范围。结果表明:志留系最有利区为孔雀河斜坡、英吉苏凹陷西部和满加尔凹陷周缘;有利区主要分布在塔北隆起英买力构造带和塔中隆起部分地区;巴楚隆起部分地区成藏可能性相对较小。     

Effect of Nanoclay on Heavy Oil Recovery During Polymer Flooding

Polymer flooding for improving sweep efficiency has been studied extensively in laboratory and tested in fields for conventional oils. A novel nanofluid based on polyacrylamide clay has been developed and its properties have been experimentally tested as a suitable candidate in polymer flooding for oil field projects. This authors review the polymer flood fundamentals as they are applied to heavy oil recovery. In this study, they focus on roles of clay nanoparticles on polymer viscosity and improve recovery in heavy oil recovery. The theory is supported with coreflood and physical model results for several oils ranging in viscosity from 200 to 4200 mPa.sec. For some of these coreflood tests the nanopolymer flood was able to increase the oil recovery in comparison to a baseline polymer flood. These laboratory results will be helpful for the planning of nanoclay polymer flooding for heavy oil reservoirs. Also flooding test showed a 5% increase in oil recovery for nanoclay polymer solution in comparison with polymer solution after one pore volume fluid injection.     

Key Economic Indexes of China‘s Three Oil Giants in 2001

Based on the statistical figures provided by CNPC,Sinopec and CNOOC, three oil giants in the countryCNPC generated 430.1 billion yuan for the salesincome, 53 billion yuan for the profits and 64.8billion yuan for the taxes in 2001. Sinopec generated360 billion yuan for the sales income, 12.81 billionyuan for the profits and 34.19 billion yuan for thetaxes. CNOOC generated 30.38 billion yuan for thesales income and 9.6 billion yuan for the profits.All the three companies saw a stable grow…     

水平井分段压裂工艺发展现状

水平井分段压裂可以有效降低地层中油气的渗流阻力,提高单井产量,实现低渗致密储层中油气的高效开发。在调研国内外水平井分段压裂改造工艺技术的基础上,重点阐述了国内外水平井技术发展概况以及水平井分段压裂工艺,并简要概括了水平井压裂存在的主要问题以及水平井压裂技术发展趋势,为低渗致密油气藏的改造提供了参考。     

常规与非常规油气资源评价技术规范体系建立及意义

依托《中国石油第四次油气资源评价》专项,分别建立了油气资源与储量分类体系、常规与非常规油气资源评价方法体系、常规油气资源评价技术规范、非常规油气资源评价技术规范、类比刻度区解剖技术规范、致密油资源评价技术规范、致密砂岩气资源评价技术规范、页岩气资源评价技术规范、煤层气资源评价技术规范、油页岩油资源评价技术规范、运聚与可采系数取值技术规范、常规与非常规油气资源评价成果图编制技术规范,共12项;形成了现阶段我国油气资源评价较为完善的技术规范体系。该资源评价技术规范体系的建立,不仅继承了我国油气资源评价的优良传统,且实现了评价结果的可比性与国际接轨,为政府与石油公司开展大规模常规与非常规油气资源评价提供重要评价标准、技术规范,意义重大,将确保我国油气资源评价的方法统一、标准统一、技术统一、成果统一。     

管输企业科技创新管理体系建设

近年来,中国石油管道公司内外部环境发生明显变化,市场竞争日趋激烈,安全生产形势严峻,管道运行风险凸显,公司面临着保障安全平稳运行、保持技术领先优势和持续发展的问题,为此公司加强了科技创新及其管理体系的建设,包括科技创新组织体系、管理体系和保障支持体系。在科技创新组织体系建设中,完善组织体系、搭建研发平台、开辟对外交流平台;在科技管理体系建设中,树立全新科技管理理念、完善顶层设计方法、严格实施过程监督管理、构建特色技术服务体系、开展后评价及知识产权管理、加强科技投入产出研究;在保障支持体系建设中,整合综合应用平台、营造鼓励创新的良好氛围和创新人才扶植政策机制。通过实施科技创新管理体系建设,科技攻关取得重大突破,技术集成效果显著,科研条件得到改善,科技人才队伍壮大,自主创新能力与核心竞争力明显增强,为公司发展提供了技术支撑。     

Study on Lumped Kinetic Model for FDFCC I. Establishment of Model

According to the process features and the reaction mechanism of FDFCC technology, its two reaction subsystems, one for heavy oil riser reactor, the other for gasoline riser reactor, were respectively studied. Correspondingly, a 12-lump kinetic model for heavy oil FCC and a 9-lump kinetic model for gasoline catalytic upgrading were presented. Based on this work, mathematical correlation of the lumps in the feeds and products involved in the reaction subsystems and those of the overall reaction system were analyzed in detail. Then, a combined kinetic model for FDFCC, which was based on the data recovered from a commercial unit, was put forward. The reaction performance embodied by the kinetic constants for the combined model of FDFCC was in accordance with catalytic cracking reaction mechanism. The model-calculated values were close to the data obtained in commercial scale. The model was easy to be applied in practice and could also provide some theoretical groundwork for further research on kinetic model for FDFCC.