基于FLACS的食堂天然气泄漏爆炸事故后果模拟

针对食堂的特点,利用FLACS软件对某大学食堂进行三维建模,在考虑喷射方向、障碍物等因素的基础上,模拟天然气的泄漏及爆炸情况,研究了特定场景下气体云团的扩散过程、爆炸冲击波和温度的发展规律。结果表明,当天然气垂直向上泄漏时,因食堂屋顶的阻碍作用,天然气在小型摊位发生堆积;当天然气水平泄漏时,天然气在用餐区域体积分数较高;爆炸初期,首先出现以点火点为中心的爆炸压力冲击波,压力冲击波以圆弧形向外传递,泄漏方向对爆炸产生的最大超压影响较小;温度分布受泄漏方向的影响较大,垂直喷射时高温集中在小型摊位处,水平喷射时温度沿喷射方向由高到低分布。     

长持时爆炸冲击波产生方法

不同持时的爆炸冲击波对建筑结构及防护工程的作用显著不同,在试验或数值模拟中常需要得到长持时爆炸冲击波,延长爆炸冲击波正压作用时间是研究长持时爆炸荷载下结构响应的难点。在AUTODYN中建立长筒爆室小当量炸药多点延时起爆模型,分析爆炸冲击波在长筒爆室中的传播规律,研究管道长度、延时起爆时差、起爆顺序对冲击波波形的影响。结果表明：距离增加,超压峰值减小、正压持续时间增加;根据炸药量和爆室长度合理地选择起爆时差可以获得波形丰满且连续衰减的超压时程曲线;爆室底部起爆、合理控制延时间隔,可以形成类似于大当量远距离爆炸下产生的连续衰减的长持时冲击波。分别给出100、200 ms爆炸持时起爆方案,为长持时爆炸模拟装置的设计提供技术支持。     

煤尘爆炸冲击波传播规律及造成的伤害分区研究

为减少煤矿煤尘爆炸后冲击波对人的危害,为煤矿防爆、抑爆和安全评价以及事故应急救援等提供理论依据,研究了煤尘爆炸后冲击波的传播规律.基于粉尘爆炸理论,采用理论与实验研究方法,研究了爆炸空气冲击波超压在巷道内的传播规律及超压所造成的伤害规律.结果表明煤尘爆炸冲击波超压与传播距离、巷道断面面积的平方根成反比,理论与实验分析的结果基本吻合,在此基础上划分了冲击波超压所造成的不同伤害范围.     

密闭空间内爆炸冲击波超压特性试验研究

为探索实战条件下冲击波超压对水面舰艇舱室内人员的杀伤效果,采用穿爆试验对封闭空间内的爆炸冲击波超压宏观特性进行研究,对比和分析了舱内△Pm-t曲线形态及超压分布规律。结果表明:运动装药在水面舰艇舱内的爆炸冲击波△Pm-t曲线尖峰脉冲明显多于其他爆炸试验装置;随着装药运动速度增加,冲击波超压明显增强;起爆点距测试点越远与典型爆炸冲击波△Pm-t曲线相似度越高。     

牵引速度对装药水中爆炸冲击波的影响

为研究柱形装药牵引运动速度对冲击波超压的影响规律,运用动力学分析软件AUTODYN对柱形装药水中动爆过程进行了数值模拟,获得了柱形装药牵引速度和长径比对冲击波超压场的影响规律.结果表明,在牵引速度的影响下,不同长径比药柱爆炸冲击波超压在不同方位角θ上的差异相对于静态爆炸更为明显;药柱牵引速度V=0m/s时,长径比小的药柱爆炸所产生的轴向(方位角θ=0°)冲击波超压峰值相对较高,径向超压峰值较低,而长径比大的药柱轴向(方位角θ=0°)超压峰值较低,径向超压峰值较高;当牵引速度V由0m/s增加到200m/s时,轴线正向和径向的最大超压峰值相对于静态分别提高了7.8%和7%.     

不同切缝管材质下切缝药包爆炸冲击波传播特性研究

综合采用高速纹影实验系统和空气冲击波超压测试系统,对不锈钢管、PVC管、有机玻璃管材质的切缝药包爆炸冲击波与爆生气体的传播机制进行探讨研究,同时捕捉了沿切缝方向与垂直切缝方向的空气冲击波超压.结果表明:3种切缝管材质下爆炸冲击波与爆生气体的扩展形态基本相同,都保持着高度对称的形态.爆炸冲击波和爆生气体都是优先从切缝管中向外传播,这一特性不受切缝管材质的影响,爆炸冲击波优先沿切缝方向扩展,爆生气体主要沿切缝方向扩展.等距离对比分析3种材质的切缝药包空气冲击波超压,不锈钢管材质的切缝药包沿切缝方向与垂直切缝方向的超压比值最大,有机玻璃管的超压比值最小.数值模拟得出了切缝药包近区爆炸波动场的变化规律,与纹影实验结果在形态上基本一致.     

瓦斯煤尘爆炸巷道反射压力研究

为揭示瓦斯和瓦斯煤尘爆炸反射压力沿矿井巷道传播变化的规律,用管道爆炸实验系统模拟测试极弱爆炸和极强爆炸巷道超压与反射压力的定量变化关系.结果表明,瓦斯和瓦斯煤尘与空气混合爆炸,在弱爆炸条件下爆炸的反射压力均是峰值超压的1.8~2.0倍,強爆炸下瓦斯或瓦斯煤尘爆炸的反射压力大约是峰值超压的8~21倍.实验结果与理论计算基本吻合,表明巷道反射压力强度取决于冲击波在巷道空间内的反射过程,巷道内爆炸超压强度随爆炸传播距离的增加而降低,遇固壁则反射压力强度加大,加重了井下设备的破坏和人员伤害程度.     

可燃气体爆炸对刚壁冲击特性的实验研究

为研究可燃气体爆炸对石油化工设施及建筑结构的冲击荷载特性,利用可燃气体爆轰实验装置,通过乙炔/空气混合气体沿管道爆轰产生的冲击波对实验平台刚壁的冲击实验,分别测得壁面超压时程曲线以及刚壁和爆轰管道的振动加速度时程曲线.通过对超压和振动加速度时程曲线的分析,研究可燃气体爆炸对结构的冲击荷载及其引发结构振动响应的规律.实验...     

瓦斯爆炸火焰和冲击波在并联巷网的传播特征

为了研究瓦斯爆炸在并联巷网内的传播特征,利用并联管道系统模拟爆炸在实际巷道内的传播特征.结果表明:爆源点在掘进头时,并联管道两侧的火焰传播速度Sf和爆炸超压值△Pmax接近,火焰和冲击波叠加后,爆炸强度增加,△Pmax从0.38 MPa突跃到0.46 MPa.爆源点在工作面时,爆炸向邻近掘进头传播时测得的火焰速度和爆炸超压缓慢增大,而向较远的封闭端传播时△Pmax的值一直增大,而火焰传播分3个不同的区段;爆炸向邻近工作面传播时,在汇聚点附近测得的爆炸超压(0.44 MPa)明显高于两侧的超压值(0.39和0.38 MPa),但火焰传播速度会降低.煤矿瓦斯爆炸叠加地点附近是爆炸破坏较严重区域,故是设备和人员防护的重点区域.     

钢箱梁抗爆试验中冲击波超压测试方法研究

为了测定钢箱梁抗爆试验中冲击波超压值的大小,同时保证试验中传感器的安全及测量数据的准确性,采用了偏离炸药起爆点的超压测试方法,并通过误差分析,在经典理论公式的基础上,得到考虑钢箱梁变形破坏的冲击波超压反射系数为1.65,由该反射系数计算的超压理论计算值与实测值吻合度较好,最大误差不超过10%.同时对试验冲击波超压值进行了数值模拟,通过数值模拟验证了炸药参数的合理性,为今后研究钢箱梁爆炸动力响应与爆炸威力之间的关系提供了基础.     

Destruction mechanism of gas explosion to ventilation facilities and automatic recovery technology

In order to overcome the heavy casualties caused by gas explosion, we verified the propagation law of shock wave in pipeline and the overpressure distribution of gas explosion by similar experiments according to the analyses of reasons for casualty and ventilation system model destroyed by gas explosion in the mining face. We summarized the gas composition after the explosion and its danger, analyzed the effects of the gas explosion shock wave to ventilation system and facilities and the laws of toxic gas spread and diffusion in the ventilation network after the explosion. We presented a technical proposal to control the smoke and recover the ventilation system after a gas explosion and developed a reserve air door and control system that were embed in the lane, and could close automatically in conditions of no pressure and electricity. The results showed that the reserve air door normally opened and could close automatically controlling the smoke flow and resuming the ventilation system when the gas explosion shock wave destroyed the original shutting air door which resulted in the air short circuit.     

Experimental and Numerical Study on the Gas Explosion in Urban Regulator Station

Regulator station is an important part in the urban gas transmission and distribution system. Once gas explosion occurs, the real explosion process and consequences of methane gas explosion in the regulator station were not revealed systematically. In this study, a full-scale experiment was carried out to simulate the regulator station explosion process, and some numerical simulations with a commercial CFD software called FLACS were conducted to analyze the effect of ignition and vent conditions on the blast overpressure and flame propagation. The experimental results demonstrated that the peak overpressure increased as the distance from the vent increased within a certain distance. And the maximum overpressure appeared 3 m away from the door, which was about 36.6 kPa. It was found that the pressure-time rising curves obtained from the simulation are basically the same as the ones from the experiment, however, the time of reaching the peak pressure was much shorter. The numerical simulation results show that the peak overpressures show an increase trend as the ignition height decreased and the vent relief pressure increased. It indicates that the damage and peak overpressure of gas explosion could be well predicted by FLACS in different styles of regulator station. In addition, the results help us to understand the internal mechanism and development process of gas explosion better. It also offers technical support for the safety protection of the urban regulator station.     

燃气爆炸事故对住宅建筑的破坏

目前燃气爆炸事故灾后调查中,尚缺乏有关其破坏机理及特点方面的研究。介绍了发生于上海的2起燃气爆炸事故的概况及处理方案。运用理论计算、数值模拟等方法得出了2起事故中破坏较为严重的预制板和现浇板的抗爆能力,估算出2起事故的爆炸超压。分析了2起事故爆炸超压相差不大,但破坏后果却相差较大的原因。进而对燃气爆炸对房屋造成损坏的特点进行了分析,认为：1）双向现浇板的抗爆能力要远优于单向预制板;2）点火源所在房间直接受到超压波的冲击作用而破坏最为严重,周围房间的破坏则是由震动引起的,距离爆炸点越远影响越小。     

Simulation Analysis of Indoor Gas Explosion Damage

The influence factors and process of indoor gas explosion are studied with AutoReaGas explosion simula-tor. The result shows that venting pressure has great influence on the indoor gas explosion damage. The higher the venting pressure is, the more serious the hazard consequence will be. The ignition location has also evident ef-fect on the gas explosion damage. The explosion static overpressure would not cause major injury to person and se-rious damage to structure in the case of low venting pressure (lower than 2 kPa). The high temperature combus-tion after the explosion is the major factor to person injury in indoor gas explosion accidents.     

煤矿井下瓦斯抽采PVC管道爆炸原因分析及预防

针对煤矿瓦斯抽采PVC管道静电引起的瓦斯爆炸事故,分析了PVC管道中静电产生和静电放电的原因,提出了预防PVC管道中静电灾害的技术。由于瓦斯在PVC抽放管路中流动时产生静电并在管道内壁产生静电积聚,所以在PVC管路和铁质流量计连接处,因两者导电能力不同,致使PVC管路产生静电,恰巧这时的瓦斯浓度达到爆炸范围,静电放电火花点燃瓦斯,造成瓦斯在管道内发生爆炸。为此,采用降低瓦斯在管道中的流速,抑制静电的产生;在输气管道的法兰接头、PVC管两端、阀门等连接处应用金属线跨接,防止静电放电;在气流输送系统的管道中央,顺其走向加设两端接地的金属线,以降低管内静电电位等方法,为矿井瓦斯抽采PVC管道防治静电灾害提供理论依据。     

Analysis of vacuum chamber suppressing gas explosion

In order to suppress the harm of gas explosion, the current study researched on the body of vacuum chamber. The previous studies verified that it could obviously lower the explosion overpressure by reasonably arranging vacuum chamber on pipe. That is to say, the vacuum chamber has the effect of absorbing wave and energy. To further deeply analyze the vacuum chamber suppressing gas explosion, this research designed the L-type pipe of gas explosion, and compared the experimental results of gas explosion with vacuum chamber and without vacuum chamber. Besides, using the gas chromatograph, this study also investigated the gas compositions in the pipe before and after explosion. The results show that: (1) without vacuum chamber, the maximum value of explosion overpressure is 0.22 MPa, with 60 ms duration, and after explosion, the concentration of oxygen drops to 12.07%, but the concentration of carbon monoxide increases to 4392.3 × 10^?6, and the concentration of carbon dioxide goes up to 7.848%, which can make the persons in danger suffocate and die; (2) with vacuum chamber, explosion overpressure drops to 0.18 MPa, with 20 ms duration or less, and after explosion, the concentration of oxygen still remains 12.07%, but the concentration of methane is 7.83%, however the concentration of carbon monoxide is only 727.24 × 10^?6, and the concentration of carbon dioxide is only 1.219%, at the this moment the concentration ratio of toxic gas drops by more than 83% in comparison to be that without vacuum chamber. Consequently, the vacuum chamber can guarantee that most methane does not take part in chemical reaction, and timely quenches the deflagration reaction of gas and oxygen. Because of the two points mentioned above, it reduces the explosion energy, and lowers that the overpressure of blast wave impacts and damages on the persons and facilities, and also decreases the consumption of oxygen and the production of the toxic gas. Therefore, it is safe to conclude that the vacuum chamber not only absorbs wave and energy, but also prevents and suppresses explosion.     

Coal Dust Explosions in a Large Scale Experimental Tube

Coal dust explosion conducted in a 200 mm diameter, 29.6 m long tube is prese nted in this paper. 40 dust dispersion system sets were used to disperse coal du st into the tube. A constant temperature hot wire anemometer was used to measure the gas velocity during the dispersion process. Kistler piezoelectric pressure sensors were used to measure the propagation of the pressure wave during the exp losion process. The overpressure of coal dust explosion in the tube was 70 kPa and the velocity of pressure wave...     

半封闭受限空间煤尘与瓦斯耦合爆炸研究

煤尘参与的瓦斯爆炸事故具有很强的破坏性和伤害性,是煤矿的重大事故之一.用一端开口的半封闭管道爆炸实验装置,通过改变瓦斯与煤尘耦合爆炸浓度及点火条件,揭示受限空间瓦斯与煤尘耦合爆炸的规律.实验结果表明,封闭下的耦合体爆炸火焰传播速度较开口状态达到极值快,但极值点距点火位置较近,开口爆炸火焰传播距离是积聚耦合体长度的2倍左右;瓦斯参与的煤尘爆炸,爆炸相对强度随瓦斯浓度的增加而增加,传播距离更远;理论推导瓦斯与煤尘耦合爆炸超压传播距离与爆炸能量的平方根成正比,与巷道断面积的平方根成反比,研究结果为防治瓦斯爆炸、事故勘验以及阻隔爆装置的研制提供了可靠的实验数据.     

Effect of variation in gas distribution on explosion propagation characteristics in coal mines

In order to investigate the effect of variation in the distribution of gas on explosion propagation characteristics in coal mines, experiments were carried out in two different channels with variation in gas concentration and geometry. Flame and pressure transducers were used to track the explosion front velocity. The flame speed (Sf) showed a slight downward trend while the methane concentration varied from 10% to 3% in the experimental channel. The peak overpressure (Pmax) dropped dramatically when com-pared with normal conditions. As well, the values of Pmax and Sf decreased when the methane concentration dropped from 8% to 6%. The flame speed in the channel, connected to a cylinder with a length varying from 0.5 to 2 m, was greater than that in the normal channel. The peak overpressure was also higher than that under normal conditions because of a higher flame speed and stronger pressure piling up. The values of Pmax and Sf increased with an increase in cylinder length. The research results indicate that damage caused by explosions can be reduced by decreasing the gas concentration, which should be immediately detected in roadways with large cross-sections because of the possibility of greater destruction caused by more serious explosions.