九江石化生活污水处理与回用装置投用效果好

<正>中国石化股份公司九江石化公司节水减排重点工程——450万t/a生活污水处理与中水回用装置于2009年6月份建成。处理后的生活污水替代新鲜水作为生产装置循环水系统补水使用,每年可节约新鲜水约260万t,大大减少从长江的取     

独石化乙烯厂深度水处理提高污水回用率

截至2007年12月7日,独山子石化公司乙烯厂深度水处理装置实现满负荷运行,达到设计生产能力,每小时处理污水319m^3。经过化验分析,各项指标达到国家深度水处理要求标准,处理后的污水供乙烯厂供排水装置和动力锅炉使用,提高了污水回用率,节约了新鲜水。     

己二酸装置节能环保系统的改造

在己二酸装置上利用制冷机生产冷冻水,经冷冻机回收后使大量的水循环使用,用间接换热的方式将真空系统中的热量移出,达到节约新鲜水、减少污水排放的目的.改造后,装置除每小时可以补充新鲜水25 t外,还可以将221 t冷却用水循环使用.可以提高生产负荷,为企业和社会多创效益.     

循环水排污水回用系统优化改造

结合吉林石化公司炼油厂供排水装置各循环水场的生产现状,对循环水排污水回用工艺进行分析,成功利用循环水排污水回用系统"微滤+反渗透"技术对水场进行节能改造,解决了生产耗水量大、溢流排水浪费等问题。在满足生产需求的前提下,对循环水排污水进行回收,在减少排污量的同时既降低了污水装置的处理负荷,又节约了新鲜水的使用。     

PTA污水处理厂中水回用长周期运行方案的研究

主要针对PTA污水处理厂中水回收利用进行实践研究,深度处理装置降解处理至国家污水综合排放标准GB 8978—1996第2类污染物最高允许排放质量浓度标准,回收用于循环水补水或脱盐水新鲜水补水及绿化使用.废水的回收利用对于环境保护和节能减排具有重大的影响.     

化工炼油企业二次污水再生利用系统

在炼油行业中,水处理技术的快速发展,使得企业一些装置用水量逐步增加,也伴随着污水的外排量增加,水资源的紧缺日益加剧。针对这一问题,设计了一种二次污水再生利用系统,减少外排水量,降低新鲜水用水量,充分回收循环利用水资源。为化工炼油企业如何提高二次污水的回用率提供一定的思路。     

电渗析深度处理炼化废水回用试验研究

为降低炼化企业新鲜水消耗量及污水排放量,开展了电渗析脱盐深度处理炼化废水的工程化应用试验研究。通过20 t/h电渗析脱盐中试装置的3个月连续运行,探讨了电渗析脱盐深度处理炼化废水回用于循环水补水的可行性,并优化电渗析脱盐装置运行参数,考察装置连续稳定运行性能,为该技术的工程化推广应用提供参考。     

乳聚丁苯橡胶污水的减排源头治理

乳液聚合丁苯橡胶装置生产的污水具有高COD、高磷、高氮的特点,在污水场处理中难度较大。论述了通过上游丁苯橡胶装置优化单体回收单元流程,改造苯乙烯脱气塔,增加苯乙烯与水分离设施等措施,使用环保型絮凝剂(CA-2)替代原高分子絮凝剂(CA),有效降低了丁苯橡胶外排污水COD 23%,总氮24.8%。     

燕山乙烯装置碱洗塔的操作优化

为降低乙烯装置碱洗塔的废碱液和含硫污水排放量,通过对比碱洗塔鲁姆斯碱洗法和长尾曹达法不同反应历程,优化调整了弱碱段氢氧化钠的浓度,降低了新鲜碱的补入量。通过分析碱洗塔水洗段作用及其含硫污水pH值控制指标,逐步降低碱洗塔水洗段的补水量,从而降低了含硫污水的排放量。     

醋酐装置节能减排技术改造

醋酐装置生产能力5.5万t/a.使用新鲜水100万t/a以上,消耗燃料气煤气约2.233×107m3,蒸汽消耗量也偏高.通过低温水技术改造、天然气管线改造、其它技术改造等手段降低新鲜水、燃料气消耗、节省了大量蒸汽.还降低了厂东10#线直排水的排水总量、减少了燃料气燃烧后产生的废气排放量.     

通用炼油厂水系统优化模型开发与应用

传统水系统优化往往只考虑了新鲜水用量,而忽视了除盐水、除氧水、各等级蒸汽、蒸汽冷凝水、循环冷却水等类型的水,缺乏对各类型水量关联性的研究。针对这种局限性,提出了包含多种类型水的通用用水过程模型,以及通用炼油厂水系统优化的超结构和相应的数学模型,模型中集成了各装置及各种类型水之间关联的物料衡算方程。利用商业软件GAMS对某炼油厂的水系统进行建模求解,案例分析结果表明,除盐水用量有所下降,回用水用量增加,在优化前后雨水量保持469.36 t·h^-1的情况下,系统的新鲜水用量从489.44 t·h^-1减小到283.94 t·h^-1,以系统新鲜水量和雨水量之和为基准,节水率达到21.4%。加工吨原油取水量从0.649 t减小至0.510 t,接近国内先进水平。案例研究表明,提出的优化模型能够有效地计算整个炼油厂水系统的新鲜水用量,验证了该模型的实用性。     

Water shortage in Jordan — Sustainable solutions

The large environmental challenge that Jordan faces today is the scarcity of water. Definitely, water is the significant feature in the population/resource equation where water resources in Jordan are limited and the country's population has continued to rise. A high rate of natural population growth, combined with massive influxes of refugees, has transformed into an imbalance condition between population and water. Jordan's water resources are limited to support population in a sustainable manner. The situation has been intensified by the fact that Jordan shares most of its surface water resources with neighboring countries; their control on water has partially disallowed Jordan of its fair share of water. Current use of water already exceeds its renewable supply. The deficit is covered by the unsustainable practice of overdrawing highland aquifers, resulting in lowered water tables and declining water quality.This paper focuses on the water shortage in Jordan, the primarily evaluation of this problem and the solution is contemplate. A true foundation of sustainable water solution requires awareness upon the part of the population, and a number of governmental and non-governmental organizations are actively involved in educating the populace about water shortage. The more essential and “doable” elements of a sustainable water solutions were discussed in this research, these elements are standing under, the development of new supplies of water, water harvesting, desalination, reuse of wastewater in the agricultural sector and reduction of water demands.Moreover, this article presents specific recommendations addressing water resource shortage in the kingdom and highlighting the importance of conservation of water and discussing the basics of sustainable solution.     

The investigation on states of water in different hydrophilic polymers by DSC and FTIR

The interaction between polymers and water in four hydrophilic polymer aqueous solutions were investigated by DSC and FTIR. DSC result shows that the different hydrophilic polymer/water mixtures have various water calorimetric behaviors in the melting temperature range of freezable bound water as well as free water. The melting temperature of freezable water and the amount of non-freezable water in the mixtures vary with the change of chemical structure of polymers. The melting point of the freezable bound water doesn’t change with the water content, revealing that water bound weakly to polymer chains can form a stable crystalline structure at high water content. For the three hydrophilic polymer/water mixtures with C=O group, the weight ratio of non-freezable water to polymers is constant, but varies with polymer chemical structures. The FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of the hydrogen bonds and it was found that there exist different states of water based on various strengths of hydrogen bonds. The OH stretching bands indicated the fraction of strongly bound water decreases with increasing water content. It was concluded that at least in hydrophilic polymer aqueous solutions with polar sites in polymer chains, the formation of non-freezable water is ascribed to the hydrogen bonds between hydrophilic polymers and water molecules. Different strengths of hydrogen bonds can affect the thermal behaviors of water in the hydrophilic polymer/water mixtures.     

烟台发电厂循环冷却排污水的深度处理及其回用

介绍了烟台发电厂投入运行的循环冷却排污水的深度处理系统,该系统由预处理、预除盐、一级除盐、深度除盐等部分组成,它以电厂的循环排污水作为水源制取除盐水,与原有的水处理车间的除盐水一起供应烟台市供热管网首站用水和电厂锅炉用水.系统投入运行后降低了循环水的浓缩倍数,改善了循环水的运行工况,解决了电厂中循环水排污水处理难的问题,实现了循环冷却排污水的回收利用,达到了循环水的零排放,提高了水利用率,降低了电厂的水耗.     

水在聚乙烯醇/水体系中的状态及氢键作用

水在聚乙烯醇(PVA)中的状态直接影响PVA的热塑加工.采用DSC和Raman光谱研究了水含量对其在PVA中的状态及氢键作用的影响.结果表明:水在PVA中以3种状态存在,随水含量增加,非冻结合水比例减小,可冻结合水和自由水比例增加.通过高斯分峰可将Raman光谱水的羟基伸缩振动峰分为5种羟基振动峰叠加,分别代表多氢键结合水分子的羟基对称与反对称伸缩振动,双氢键结合水分子羟基伸缩振动,单氢键结合水分子羟基伸缩振动,无氢键或弱氢键相互作用水分子的羟基伸缩振动.水含量增加,单氢键结合与多氢键结合水分子含量增加,而双氢键结合与无氢键结合水分子含量减少.     

宽流道反渗透膜耐污染性分析及其在电厂的应用

分析了宽流道反渗透膜的抗污染效果,并结合电厂应用案例,以煤矿井水为原水,对宽流道反渗透膜和混床工艺制备锅炉补给水的实际应用进行验证。结果表明,宽流道反渗透膜表现出较高的耐污染性,用于处理原水水质较为复杂的锅炉补给水的工艺可靠,产水水质满足电厂锅炉补给水的要求。     

浅谈氯碱企业用水和减排

说明了水资源的重要性和水污染的危害,列出了氯碱化工生产用水和排水的装置,介绍了陕西北元化工集团有限公司在原水、中间废水和最终污水的利用及治理过程的改进措施,提出应科学用水、保护环境。     

主成分分析法在东张水库水质污染特征分析与评价的应用

采用主成分分析法（PAc）对东张水库水质进行综合评价,分析了其水质的时间和空间变化特征及污染因子对水质的贡献,以揭示东张水库水质变化的时空分布规律和水质污染特征．分析评价结果表明：水质时间特征分析可由三个主成分反映。东张水库库心断面在2004-2009年时间跨度上表现为2005年水质污染综合评价排序最高。水质最好;20...     

交联羧甲基化水葫芦纤维研制及其吸水与保水性能考察

以水葫芦纤维为原料,在乙醇、KOH碱性溶液中,以氯乙酸为醚化剂,制备了羧甲基化水葫芦纤维.并用FeCl3作交联剂,制得交联羧甲基化水葫芦纤维基吸水剂.通过FT-IR,SEM进行化学和表面结构表征、通过滴定法测定羧甲基纤维素的含量、通过称量法测定水葫芦基吸水剂在蒸馏水和典型的化肥液中的吸水率.考察了KOH、氯乙酸、交联剂用量以及反应温度对吸水率的影响,并进一步考察了水葫芦基吸水剂对土壤的保水性能.结果表明:水葫芦纤维、氯乙酸及KOH的适宜质量比为1∶1.25∶1.05;在60 ℃醚化2.0 h,接着在22℃用0.45 ％(wt)的FeCl3(相对羧甲基化水葫芦纤维)交联,所得交联羧甲基化水葫芦纤维基吸水剂在蒸馏水中的吸水率可达78 mL·g-1,在弱电解质(尿素)溶液中的吸水率略有下降、而在强电解质(氯化钾和碳酸铵)溶液中的吸水率明显下降;含5％交联羧甲基化水葫芦纤维基吸水剂的泥土,其保水率明显提高.     

The role of desalination in bridging the water gap in Jordan

The water resources of Jordan have always been scarce. The demand for water in the country exceeds the available resources and the gap between the water supply and demand is continuously increasing. Furthermore, the quality of water resources has dramatically deteriorated in recent years, which prevented the utilization of some resources. To secure the economic sustainability of the country, it is important at this stage to consider non-conventional water resources, such as sea and brackish water desalination. This study examines the water resources of Jordan, projected water demand, and the gap between the demand and supply based on two scenarios. The possibility of closing this gap by water desalination was investigated. Both sea and brackish water desalination were considered. The analysis revealed that seawater desalination process is economically infeasible for domestic water uses at this stage. This is attributed to that Jordan is not an oil producing country and the location of sea shoreline in Aqaba is on the Red Sea, away from the consumption centers. However, seawater desalination may be a viable option for tourist and industrial enterprises that will be established as a result of the new Law of Aqaba Free Zone. The most convenient and realistic option for Jordan in the short term, is the desalination of brackish water by reverse osmosis (RO). The brackish water with total dissolved solids between 2000-10000 mg/l is available from many aquifers and springs of the country. The study concluded that Jordan is facing a severe water crisis. Until recently, the water planners have not given the water desalination the required attention as a potential source of water supply. Taking into account the progress that is being achieved in the field of desalination technology, Jordan has to consider the desalination option more seriously and to start building a national capacity in the field of water desalination. It was emphasized that desalination is not a substitute to traditional water resources, it is rather a supplementary source that can contribute in bridging the water gap of the country.