医药中间体丙酮缩氨基脲合成研究

以水合肼、尿素、丙酮为原料,直接反应合成丙酮缩氨基脲,分别研究了反应温度、反应时间、原料配比、溶剂用量等条件对合成反应的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件。该方法合成丙酮缩氨基脲的最佳工艺条件是:水合肼和尿素反应温度100℃,反应时间7 h;氨基脲与丙酮反应温度55℃,反应时间2 h;n(水合肼)∶n(尿素)∶n(丙酮)=1∶1.6∶3。丙酮缩氨基脲的收率达到97.19%,产品纯度达到98.5%。     

提高1氢-1,2,4-三氮唑收率及品质的研究

以甲酰胺与水合肼为原料,采用液面下滴加水合肼、引入乙二醇作为反应溶剂、应用结晶-过滤-漂洗-烘干的后处理方式,合成了1氢-1,2,4-三氮唑,并对其合成工艺条件进行了研究。优化的反应条件为:m(乙二醇)=50%m(水合肼),n(甲酰胺)∶n(水合肼)=2.1∶1.0,反应温度为168℃,反应时间为120min。优化条件下,三氮唑收率为86.8%(以甲酰胺计三氮唑)或91.1%(以水合肼计),产品含量为98%,m.p.120～121℃。副产氨水中甲酰胺的含量为0.2%,水合肼的含量为0.1%。     

相转移催化合成1-羟基苯并三氮唑

研究了在相转移催化剂聚乙二醇(PEG)800存在下,邻硝基氯苯和水合肼反应生成1-羟基苯并三氮唑的工艺过程。讨论了催化剂种类、原料摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间、搅拌速度等因素对目的产品收率的影响,得出适合的操作条件为:n(邻硝基氯苯)∶n(水合肼)∶n(PEG-800)=1∶4∶0.03、反应温度110℃、反应时间5h、搅拌速度500r/min,产品收率达98.1%。该合成方法具有工艺原料摩尔比小、反应时间短、操作简便、能耗小等优点。     

蔗糖苯甲酸酯的合成

摘 要∶蔗糖苯甲酸酯的合成是以苯甲酰氯和蔗糖为原料,氢氧化钠缚酸剂的作用下,以甲苯为溶剂进行O-酰化反应而得.通过正交实验,取得了较佳的反应条件∶n(C12H22On)∶n(苯甲酰氯)=9.2∶1,反应时间为5h,反应温度为5℃,pH为11.在此条件下合成的产品符合质量标准,产品的收率达95.7％.     

丁酮连氮水解制水合肼的工艺研究

以丁酮连氮和去离子水为原料,研究了在催化剂条件下丁酮连氮水解制水合肼的不同工艺条件;考察了催化剂种类、丁酮连氮用量、反应温度、转速各因素对反应收率的影响,结果显示,较佳的工艺条件是选用DK110型弱酸阳离子交换树脂为催化剂,n(丁酮连氮):n(水)=1:9比例进料,反应温度190℃,转速为700r/min.最终水合肼收率达到51.37%.     

N,N’-二硫代二吗啉的无水制备工艺研究

以吗啉和一氯化硫为原料,以固体氢氧化钠为缚酸剂合成了N,N’-二硫代二吗啉(DTDM),考察了反应条件和重结晶条件对产物收率的影响。结果表明,较佳的合成工艺条件为:n(吗啉)∶n(S2Cl2)∶n(NaOH)=2∶1∶2,反应温度30~40℃,反应时间8 h,粗产品收率可达93%;较佳的重结晶工艺条件为:溶剂乙酸乙酯,m(溶剂)∶m(产品)=4∶1,结晶温度0~5℃,重结晶收率可达93%,DTDM总收率可达86%以上,采用FTIR与1H NMR对产物结构进行了表征。     

2,2’-偶氮二异丁酸二甲酯的制备

以丙酮氰醇(ACH)、水合肼、Cl2、甲醇(CH3OH)和HCl为原料,经缩合、氧化、Pinner反应、水解反应制备2,2’-偶氮二异丁酸二甲酯,对反应条件进行了优化。确定反应的最佳工艺条件为n(ACH)∶n(水合肼)∶n(四甲基溴化铵)=1∶0.53∶0.0052、n(偶氮二异丁腈肼)∶n(Cl2)∶n(HCl)∶n(CH3OH)=1∶1.1∶0.8∶2.6、缩合反应温度25～30℃、反应2 h、氰醇化反应温度10～15℃、反应24 h,产品纯度在98%以上,总收率大于90%。     

苯并三氮唑溶液合成法的改进研究

以邻硝基氯苯和水合肼为原料,两步法合成了苯并三氮唑。第一步,采用溶液法合成了1-羟基苯并三氮唑(HBTA)。第二步,采用HBTA在盐酸存在下用铁粉还原成苯并三氮唑。对还原工艺进行了探讨与优化。综合考虑了各种因素对制备工艺的影响,得到的较佳工艺条件为:邻硝基氯苯:水合肼:异辛醇为1:4.5:1,反应温度110℃,反应5h,产品收率达95.2%,含量为99.4%。HBTA还原成苯并三氮唑最佳工艺条件:以工业铁粉作还原剂,n(HBTA):n(Fe)=1:3,还原温度80℃,反应时间5h,收率为82.3%。两步生成苯并三氮唑总收率为78.4%。     

三肼基均三嗪制备的研究

本课题采用一步合成法,以三聚氰氯和80%水合肼为原料,以无水乙醇为溶剂,反应得到三肼基均三嗪,符合绿色化学工业的发展方向。同时对影响产品产率的反应物的投料比、反应时间、反应温度等条件进行了探究,最终确定最佳反应条件为n(三聚氰氯)∶n(80%水合肼)=1∶9,反应时间为2 h,反应温度为50℃。     

2-甲基氨基硫脲的合成

以水合肼和亚磷酸二甲酯为起始原料合成甲基肼,再直接和硫氰酸铵反应两步制取2-甲基氨基硫脲。详细研究并得到两步反应的优化条件:甲基化反应以四丁基溴化铵为催化剂,反应温度为110-120℃,反应时间为2h;后一步反应原料配比n(甲基肼)∶n(硫氰酸铵)=1∶1.2,热重排温度为120℃左右,热重排时间为2h。在此条件下总收率达45.5%(以水合肼计)。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。