Accuracy and stability improvements of integral equation modelsusing the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) approach

The partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) technique is a formulation which transforms an electric field integral equation (EFIE) into a full-wave equivalent circuit solution. In this paper, improvements are made to the PEEC model through the development of a refined method of computing both the partial inductances as well as the coefficients of potential. The method does not increase the number of unknowns. In addition, damping is added to the PEEC model in order to further reduce nonphysical resonances which may occur above the useful frequency range, The observations and solutions presented in this paper are especially important for time domain solvers. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated with several examples     

Impact of edge effects on charge-packet-splitting accuracy

The dependence of charge-packet splitting on signal charge-packet size has been investigated. Error sources that affect the accuracy of the splitting techniques have been identified. Dummy barriers are effective in compensating for some of these error sources. The contribution of these error sources to the splitting accuracy has also been determined by modeling the cross section of a CCD along the width of the register. Simulations show that the channel width modulation due to signal charge-packet size and process bias is a substantial error source.     

暗电流对短波红外偏振测量精度的影响

探测器暗电流及其测量不确定度是影响短波红外偏振测量仪器测量精度的最重要因素。首先,结合红外探测器的工作原理,分析并建立了暗电流影响下的红外探测系统噪声模型。根据分析结果设计实验获得短波红外探测器G5853-21暗电流与温度和反向偏压关系。然后,以分孔径偏振探测系统为例,推导了斯托克斯参数误差模型和偏振度误差模型。最后,重点分析空间环境应用背景下,针对暗电流影响的改进措施,提出了探测器精确温控的暗电流影响改进方案,并给出了短波红外探测器工作温度指标要求。结果表明:通过对探测器进行精确的温度控制以降低暗电流数值,可以将包含暗电流测量不确定度和其他噪声引起的偏振度测量误差控制在0.42%(=0.3时)以内。     

基于多台北斗接收机的测姿精度对目标定位精度影响分析

飞机姿态测量是无人机系统目标定位的重要环节。该文拟采用多台北斗天线测姿,分析了北斗接收天线测姿精度对机载光电平台目标定位精度的影响。为此,本文建立机载光电平台目标定位系统模型,用蒙特卡洛法分析目标定位误差,并对飞机姿态测量误差在0.05°~1°范围内以及飞行高度在1 000~8 000 m时的垂直下视和斜视目标定位误差进行比较。实验结果表明,在姿态测量误差及飞行高度范围内,垂直下视目标定位高程误差在20 m左右,平面定位误差为23~65 m;斜视定位（-60°斜视,俯仰轴以水平向前为0°）大地高误差为20~30 m,平面定位误差为24~71 m。同时分析了天线摆放及基线长度对测姿精度的影响。目标定位误差主要与飞机姿态角测量误差、北斗系统误差、光电平台方位角和高低角测量误差有关,还与目标与飞机之间的斜距有关。飞行高度越大,光电平台高低角越小,斜距越大,则目标定位误差越大。基线越长,测姿精度越高,当基线垂直时,横滚角误差最小。     

PEEC Modeling of Dispersive and Lossy Dielectrics

In this paper a general formulation is presented for the time-domain partial element equivalent circuit method in a general dispersive medium. The formulation is based on Debye and Lorentz models where the resulting model is passive. The incorporation of such models into a partial element equivalent circuit solver is described by both convolution techniques and equivalent circuits. The new circuit models can be applied in the frequency as well as the time domain. Numerical examples are given to validate the proposed formulation and to show that the proposed method is accurately capturing the physics of dispersive and lossy dielectrics.      

A PEEC with a new capacitance model for circuit simulation ofinterconnects and packaging structures

In this paper, a modified partial-element equivalent-circuit (PEEC) model, i.e., (L_p, A&oarr;, R, ϵf)PEEC, is introduced. In such a model, no equivalent circuit, but a set of state equations for the variables representing the function of circuit, are given to model a three-dimensional structure. Unlike the original (L_p, P, R, ϵf) PEEC model, the definition of vector potential A&oarr; with integral form and the Lorentz gauge are used in expanding the basic integral equation instead of the definition of the scalar potential φ with integral form. This can directly lead to the state equations, and the capacitance extraction can be replaced by the calculation of the divergence of A&oarr;, which is analytical. For analysis of most interconnect and packaging problems, generally containing complex dielectric structures, the new model can save a large part of computing time. The validity of the new model is verified by the analysis in time and frequency domain with several examples of typical interconnect and packaging structures, and the results with this new method agree well with those of other papers     

Phase accuracy and stability of quadrature IF demodulators

Baseband signal processing involves the provision of quadrature channels if phase information is of importance. A technique of producing extremely well matched quadrature phase detectors over a 40 dB dynamic range is described, together with a scheme to measure the resulting phase errors to an accuracy of less than 1 min.     

Stability of discretized partial element equivalent EFIE circuitmodels

The instabilities associated with integral equation techniques for-the solution of electromagnetic problems in the time domain are well known. Instabilities may be due to either the numerical technique used for the time integration, or problems created by the discrete representation for the numerical solution of the problem. In this paper, we concentrate on the discretization issue. The stability problem occurs for various discretizations and formulations. Here, we use the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) formulation of the electric field integral equation (EFIE) in the circuit domain. This leads to a better understanding of the issues at hand. We show why the discretized model can be unstable and we suggest a circuit motivated technique to stabilize the solution     

含虚元件谐振腔的约束稳定性

本文讨论了腔内含虚元件的激光谐振腔,根据非稳腔的放大率和点源位置必须是实数这一结论,求出了腔内含虚元件的谐振腔的非稳条件。     

PEEC在LTCC电路分析中的应用

应用一种准静态的电磁场分析方法——部分元件等效电路方法对低温共烧陶瓷电路进行分析。作为实际应用的例子,对一个低通滤波器分别用PEEC算法和权威3-D软件HFSS进行了仿真计算,结果表明,两者S参数的幅度和相位十分吻合,而PEEC算法的计算速度却提高了一百多倍。     

PCB板EMC问题的PEEC仿真分析

目前EMC问题的仿真技术发展迅速,各种方法有着不同的适用性,应根据仿真对象来选择不同的方法.介绍了PEEC的仿真方法,应用PEEC法对PCB板的EMC问题进行了仿真,并与测试结果进行了比较.比较结果表明,仿真结果与测试结果具有一致性.     

Impact of applying pre-processing techniques for improving classification accuracy

Image denoising is a procedure aimed at removing noise from images while retaining as many important signal features as possible. Many images suffer from poor contrast due to inadequate illumination or finite sensitivity of the imaging device, electronic sensor noise or atmospheric disturbances. This paper proposes a hybrid directional lifting technique for image denoising to retain the original information present in the images. The primary objective of this paper is to show the impact of applying preprocessing techniques for improving classification accuracy. In order to classify the image accurately, effective preservation of edges and contour details of an image is essential. The discrete wavelet transform-based interpolation technique is developed for resolution enhancement. The image is then classified using support vector machine classifier, which is well suitable for image classification. The efficiency of the classifier is analyzed based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The quantitative performance measures peak signal to noise ratio and ROC analysis show the significance of the proposed techniques.     

Analysis of 3-D interconnect structures with PEEC using SPICE

This paper discusses the possibilities of using the circuit simulation program, simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) for the simulation of partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) models. After an introduction into the PEEC method, the simulation of quasi-stationary models is considered. An enhancement of SPICE is described, allowing the simulation of retarded PEEC models. This enables the computation of electric fields radiated from an interconnection structure. With the modified SPICE simulator it is possible to use existing SPICE models and combine them with full wave PEEC models     

强L波段太阳射电暴对GNSS性能和定位误差的影响

以2006年12月13日射电爆发事件为例, 利用国际GNSS服务(international GNSS service, IGS)观测台网数据, 结合L波段太阳射电流量和幅度闪烁指数监测数据, 研究了向阳面地基台站对这次射电暴的响应.重点分析了我国境内几个典型地区台站载噪比的变化特征, 并评估此次事件对不同地区GNSS服务和定位精度的影响程度.结果表明, 太阳射电暴期间:1)GNSS信号受到严重干扰, 几乎所有向阳面IGS台站都受到影响, 影响程度呈现出明显的随太阳入射角变化特征; 2)此次事件造成多个IGS台站锁定卫星数目小于4颗, 大面积连续性失锁、间歇性失锁和导航信号完全中断现象发生; 3)中国境内多个台站的定位误差显著增加, 伪距单点定位误差高达40~60 m, 精密单点定位(precise point positioning, PPP)误差达到2 m左右, 一些台站发生短时定位服务中断; 4)这次事件给日下点附近的台站造成非常严重的影响, PPP误差超过10 m, 而且还出现长达约10 min的定位服务中断.文中结果能为第三代北斗导航卫星系统在评估空间天气威胁方面提供借鉴和参考.     

降压式DC-DC电源稳定性模型的研究

随着电子技术的发展,电源管理芯片的应用越来越广泛,其中DC-DC电源管理芯片应用的设计技术更是得到了广泛的关注。在DC-DC变换器的设计过程中,芯片稳定性是最开始就需要考虑的几个问题之一。本文利用一种新型的内部频率补偿技术,使得芯片的整个控制环路有着良好的相位裕度和单位增益带宽,从而增加了芯片稳定性和瞬态响应速度。并通...     

Nonlinear two element active antenna array stability analysis

Closed form analytical equations for the stability condition for the two modes available within a two element active antenna linear array as the element separation is increased are presented for the first time. A mathematical explanation to the mode swap characteristics first reported by Stephan and Young (1988) is given with a prediction of within which mode the array will operate as a function of element separation. This knowledge is imperative since the array far-field radiation pattern is different depending on the operating mode, and so a prediction method is desirable (i.e. boresight null or peak). The identical element case is considered, although the analysis can be extended to incorporate similar though non-identical elements     

The effect of geometric and topologic differences in boundary element models on magnetocardiographic localization accuracy

This study was performed to evaluate the changes in magnetocardiographic (MCG) source localization results when the geometry and the topology of the volume conductor model were altered. Boundary element volume conductor models of three patients were first constructed. These so-called reference torso models were then manipulated to mimic various sources of error in the measurement and analysis procedures. Next, equivalent current dipole localizations were calculated from simulated and measured multichannel MCG data. The localizations obtained with the reference models were regarded as the "gold standard." The effect of each modification was investigated by calculating three-dimensional distances from the gold standard localizations to the locations obtained with the modified model. The results show that the effect of the lungs and the intra-ventricular blood masses is significant for deep source locations and, therefore, the torso model should preferably contain internal inhomogeneities. However, superficial sources could be localized within a few millimeters even with nonindividual, so called standard torso models. In addition, the torso model should extend long enough in the pelvic region, and the positions of the lungs and the ventricles inside the model should be known in order to obtain accurate localizations.     

Modelling of Microstrip Circuit Using a Hybrid PEEC/FDTD Approach

Currently available electromagnetic analysis methods are showing their limitations when large complex circuit structures, such as modern printed circuit boards and their environments, need to be analyzed. Two methods which may be used for the purpose are the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) approach and the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Each of these has their own advantages and limitations. In this paper, a hybrid method is described which overcomes many of the limitations of PEEC and FDTD while retaining their strengths. Results using the method for low-pass and bandpass microstrip filters are presented.     

On the numerical accuracy of the boundary element method [EEGapplication]

The numerical accuracy of the boundary element (BE) method used to solve the volume conduction problem of nested compartments, each having a homogeneous conductivity, is studied. The following techniques for improving this accuracy are discussed: the handling of the auto solid angle element omega ii, the overall refinement of the level of discreteness, the use of a locally refined discrete grid, the isolated problem approach, and an adaptive refined computation of the discrete surface integrals involved in the BE method. The effects of these techniques on the numerical accuracy of the computed electrical potentials are illustrated by taking a volume conductor consisting of four concentric spheres representing the head since for this model an analytical (exact) solution is available. The techniques are of importance for numerically computed electroencephalograms (EEG's) since the numerically computed surface EEG's are severely affected by the relatively low conductivity of the compartment representing the skull.