铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接缺陷的研究进展

搅拌摩擦焊接技术是一种利用高速旋转的搅拌探头与工件摩擦产生的热量使被焊材料局部塑化的新型固相连接工艺.为提高铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头质量,对工艺参数的波动、装配和表面状态等原因产生的铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接特有的缺陷(包括缺陷的种类、特征及形成原因)进行分析.总结了缺陷对接头拉伸、疲劳性能的影响以及焊接缺陷的检测和修补方法.对改善铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头性能和提高焊接生产效率具有重要的理论意义和实际参考价值.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头根部缺陷控制

通过对铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头根部缺陷形成机理的探析,提出对搅拌头和工艺参数进行优化,抑制搅拌摩擦焊接头根部缺陷的产生,避免因根部缺陷而导致接头的弯曲和拉伸等力学性能下降,同时使接头的强度系数由71%提高到81%以上。     

搅拌摩擦焊接头形成过程分析

基于搅拌摩擦焊三维模型的切面分析方法,建立了焊接过程中接头切面的演变行为,将搅拌摩擦焊接头形成过程分为挤出阶段、迁移阶段、回填阶段和轴肩作用阶段四个阶段,对搅拌针作用下材料迁移过程进行了分析,指出挤出阶段将原始对接面及其表面氧化物迁移到后退侧,迁移阶段实现洋葱环层状组织的形成,并实现氧化物的碎化、弥散,回填阶段完成洋葱环形貌的最终成形.结果表明,采用切面分析法建立的接头形成过程四阶段能够较好地解释搅拌摩擦焊接头形成机制以及"S线"等缺陷的产生原因.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦与MIG焊接接头疲劳性能对比试验

根据疲劳S-N曲线试验结果,对5A06铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和MIG焊接接头的疲劳性能进行了初步比较,分析讨论了搅拌摩擦焊过程中所产生的焊接缺陷对其疲劳性能的影响.结果表明,在焊态下由于焊接接头几何形状等的影响,FSW的疲劳强度明显高于MIG焊接接头;对FSW焊缝根部的"吻接"缺陷(kissing-bonds)是降低FSW焊接接头疲劳寿命的主要因素,旋转搅拌工具在焊缝表面形成的多余飞边将对疲劳行为产生明显影响.     

中厚板铜／钢搅拌摩擦焊焊接缺陷分析

用搅拌摩擦焊焊接了紫铜和低碳钢板,对铜／钢焊缝接头的表面缺陷以及内部缺陷进行了研究。结果表明：在焊接工艺参数选择不合理时,铜／钢搅拌摩擦焊焊缝容易产生缺陷。典型的表面缺陷包括表面沟槽、飞边、裂纹及疏松;内部缺陷包括隧道型孔洞缺陷、针状型孔洞缺陷、未焊透和弱连接。因此,选择合适的焊接工艺参数是保证铜／钢搅拌摩擦焊获得优质焊缝的前提。     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊搭接焊的研究概述

对搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头特征、缺陷、接头的防腐蚀密封等方面的研究进展进行了综述,并指出搅拌摩擦焊搭接焊接在航空制造应用方面待解决的问题.     

基于神经网络的搅拌摩擦焊接头质量预测系统研究

通过正交试验在不同的试验参数下对铜-铜进行搅拌摩擦焊接得到覆盖面较广的试验数据．形成神经网络质量预测体系的训练样本。以搅拌摩擦焊的工艺参数(旋转速度、横向速度、压力)作为神经网络的输入，以焊接接头的拉仲强度或接头优异性(1接头质量合格、O为接头质量不合格)为神经网络的输出，用剔除畸变样本后的试验样本对人工神经网络进行训练，然后用训练好的网络对搅拌摩擦焊接头质量进行预测。利用MATLAB语言编制用户界面，并建立了搅拌摩擦焊的人工神经网络预测系统，实现了对工艺参数的优化。     

7xxx高强铝合金搅拌摩擦焊研究进展

针对7xxx高强铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊研究现状，主要从焊接缺陷、搅拌针形状的选择、接头软化、疲劳性能及耐蚀性等方面详述了7xxx高强铝合金焊接过程中存在的问题。对于7xxx高强铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊（FSW），焊接缺陷及焊缝成形质量差都会导致接头软化、疲劳寿命降低及耐蚀性变差等问题；优化FSW焊接工艺参数，减少焊接缺陷，改善焊缝成形质量，有利于降低接头软化程度、提高接头的疲劳寿命及耐蚀性；选择合适形状的搅拌针对7xxx高强铝合金进行FSW，有利于改善接头的力学性能；对FSW接头进行表面机械滚压处理和超声冲击处理，改善接头表面的应力状态，有利于改善接头的疲劳性能；对FSW接头进行适当的焊后热处理，改善接头中强化相的形态、分布状态及晶粒特征，有利于改善接头的耐蚀性。     

钛合金的搅拌摩擦焊探索

通过对钛合金热物理性能分析，比较了钛合金的搅拌摩擦焊特性；针对钛合金的特点特别设计和使用了可以满足钛合金搅拌摩擦焊的搅拌头、垫板、冷却和保护装置等；并且对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的搅拌摩擦焊焊缝和接头进行了观察分析，还对接头力学性能进行了测试，初步试验结果表明搅拌摩擦焊可以实现钛合金焊接，接头强度可以达到母材强度90％以上，但是搅拌摩擦焊工艺、参数、搅拌头还需要进一步优化，性能指标还可以进一步提高。     

5A06铝合金静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊T形接头组织与性能

采用静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊方法实现了10 mm厚5A06铝合金T形接头的焊接. 通过低主轴转速匹配高焊接速度与高主轴转速匹配低焊接速度两组不同的焊接参数,结合拉伸试验、宏观与微观金相分析、电子背散射衍射(electron backscattered diffraction,EBSD)分析与扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)断口分析,研究了热输入对焊接接头力学性能与组织的影响. 结果表明,在两组焊接参数下均可获得无孔洞缺陷的全焊透T形接头,焊缝表面光滑平整,几乎无减薄发生;热输入不同会改变搅拌针与周围材料的摩擦形式,引起焊缝出现弱结合缺陷,并影响接头抗拉强度; 在高主轴转速匹配低焊接速度时,焊缝中心重叠区顶部易产生弱结合缺陷,导致接头抗拉强度较低,为198 MPa,拉伸试样断裂在筋板. 在低主轴转速匹配高焊接速度时,焊缝无缺陷存在,接头抗拉强度为287 MPa, 拉伸试样断裂在底板.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接缺陷分析

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法对6mm厚的2A12及3A21铝合金进行焊接。对其焊接速度、旋转速度及压入量等工艺参数选择不当所产生的接头缺陷进行了分析;焊接缺陷的产生与焊接热输入及焊缝塑性金属的软化相关。当热输入不足或者塑性金属的软化程度较差时都会导致焊接缺陷的形成。     

搅拌摩擦固相修复技术研究现状及发展方向

金属结构件在生产和使用过程中易出现裂纹、孔洞和沟槽等缺陷,搅拌摩擦焊具有热输入量小、焊接变形小和焊接效率高等优点,在金属材料修复领域具有巨大的发展潜力。首先总结了搅拌摩擦焊修复的修复性能和特点。由于搅拌摩擦焊修复仅能修复裂纹及体积较小的沟槽等缺陷,对于其他类型缺陷难以有效修复。针对搅拌摩擦焊修复的局限性,介绍了基于搅拌摩擦焊原理的搅拌摩擦点焊修复和搅拌摩擦增材修复。搅拌摩擦点焊修复分为回填式搅拌摩擦点焊修复、填充搅拌摩擦焊修复和摩擦塞焊修复,主要用于匙孔等孔洞类缺陷的修复。阐述了各类搅拌摩擦点焊修复的工作原理、修复接头性能和强化方式,并对比分析了各类工艺的不足之处。搅拌摩擦增材修复分为复合增材修复和增材搅拌摩擦沉积修复,主要用于大面积、大体积类表面缺陷的修复,论述了各类搅拌摩擦增材修复的作用机制、沉积层性能和工艺特点。最后对搅拌摩擦点焊修复和搅拌摩擦增材修复存在的问题及未来发展方向进行了展望。     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接缺陷分析

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法对6mm厚的2A12及3A21铝合金进行焊接。对其焊接速度、旋转速度及压入量等工艺参数选择不当所产生的接头缺陷进行了分析；焊接缺陷的产生与焊接热输入及焊缝塑性金属的软化相关。当热输入不足或者塑性金属的软化程度较差时都会导致焊接缺陷的形成。     

Repair welding process of friction stir welding groove defect

The groove defect formed in the friction stir welding dramatically deteriorates weld appearances and mechanical properties of the joints owing to its larger size and penetration. Therefore, the friction stir repair welding was utilized to remove such a groove defect, and the focus was placed on the mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of the repair joints so as to obtain an optimum repair welding process. The experimental results indicate that the groove defect can be removed by friction stir repair welding, and the offset repair welding process is superior to the symmetrical repair welding process. In the symmetrical repair welding process, a large number of fine cavity defects and an obvious aggregation of hard-brittle phase Al2Cu occur, accordingly the mechanical properties of the repair joint are weakened, and the fracture feature of repair joint is partially brittle and partially plastic. A good-quality repair joint can be obtained by the offset repair welding process, and the repair joint is fractured near the interface between the weld nugget zone and thermal-mechanically affected zone.     

搅拌摩擦焊接缺陷的补焊方法

搅拌摩擦焊接方法在某些条件下也会造成焊接缺陷的产生,其中对接头性能有显著影响的缺陷包括沟槽、孔洞和未焊合.针对这三种类型的缺陷,用搅拌摩擦焊接方法进行补焊,以此研究补焊接头的焊缝成形和力学性能.结果表明,采用搅拌摩擦补焊方法能够消除沟槽、孔洞和未焊合等搅拌摩擦焊接缺陷;在优化的补焊工艺参数下,能够获得焊缝成形良好的补焊接头,其性能与优质原始接头的性能相当;补焊接头在拉伸测试中均在焊缝的后退侧发生断裂,拉伸断口具有明显的韧窝特征.     

Macrostructures and mechanical properties of ultrasonic-assisted friction stir welding joint of 2024-T3 aluminium alloy

In friction stir welding of aluminum alloys, tunnel defect may occur due to insufficient plastic material flow caused by lower heat input in the weld region. The inadequacy in heat input is due to improper selection of friction stir welding tool and process parameters. Ultimately, such defects degrade the properties of weld and may pose serious concerns towards the integrity and safety of the weld component. In order to improve the properties of weld joints, an ultrasonic-assisted friction stir welding device has been configured where ultrasonic energy is transferred from an ultrasonic unit directly into one of the workpieces near the tool. Using this configuration, ultrasonic-assisted friction stir welding was conducted on 6 mm thick 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheets. The macrostructure and mechanical properties of these welds were compared with the welds of this alloy prepared by conventional friction stir welding using identical process parameters. The results show that the welding speed can be increased while satisfactory weld quality is still ensured. The ultrasonic energy transferred in this configuration could enlarge the volume of weld nugget zone. Also, the influence of ultrasonic energy on the suppression or elimination of the tunnel defect is quite apparent. However, any beneficial effects of ultrasonic vibration on the tensile strength and the elongation of the joint were less obvious in this configuration.     

机器人搅拌摩擦点焊系统设计

搅拌摩擦点焊是一种新型固相焊接技术,机器人焊接是焊接制造业的主要发展方向,将搅拌摩擦点焊与机器人相结合,通过加工相应的焊接装置以及增加机器人的承载能力,设计完成机器人搅拌摩擦点焊装置,实现对搅拌针的精确控制。机器人搅拌摩擦点焊的控制系统是将机器人控制系统和搅拌摩擦点焊控制系统结合,在焊接过程中二者既能独立运行,又相互联系,实现搅拌摩擦点焊装置与机器人协同工作模式,从而实现无间断循环的焊接过程,提高焊接效率。通过实验对比分析机器人搅拌摩擦点焊与传统龙门式搅拌摩擦点焊焊接的工件表面成形和焊点力学性能,结果表明:机器人搅拌摩擦点焊系统实现了复杂结构工件的焊接,表面成形良好,无明显的焊接缺陷,且焊点结合强度与龙门式相当,机器人搅拌摩擦点焊系统具有良好的焊接性能。     

Evaluation of dissimilar friction stir lap joints using digital X-ray radiography

A digital X-ray radiography methodology is proposed for quality assessment of aluminium–zinc coated steel dissimilar lap joints produced by a friction stir welding process. This methodology uses digital frame integration for acquisition of data to reduce the image noise followed by high pass filtering to sharpen the image by gradient operation and contrast adjustments to detect micro defects in FSW joints. The effect of welding parameters such as rotational and travel speed of weld tool and penetration depth on quality of the weld is studied. The new methodology has resulted in three-fold increase in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with improved defect detection sensitivity. The present study clearly shows that the weld tool rotational speed, travel speed and plunger depth have a decisive role on the quality of the weld obtained by the friction stir welding process.     

Production of coatings of powders of self‐fluxing alloys by Shockwaves and heat treatment

The experimental results show that friction stir welding of aluminium alloys may be accompanied by the formation of defects in the form of discontinuities, delamination cavities, ‘sticking’ and also a specific ‘tunnel’ defect. The majority of these defects are associated with the welding conditions and are efficiently detected by X-ray inspection.