马氏体耐热钢大型管坯加热工艺模拟

为优化马氏体耐热钢G115大型管坯的加热制度,通过有限元模拟,分析了加热工艺对钢锭温度场分布的影响。结果表明,升温过程中钢锭端部截面边缘处与管坯长度1/2截面中心处温差较大,最大约为93 ℃,钢锭加热温度越高,各部位温差越小;钢锭端部截面边缘处温度最高且升温速率最快,管坯长度1/2截面中心处温度最低且升温速率最慢。通过本文研究,推荐G115钢大型管坯的加热制度为炉温由300 ℃升高到500 ℃保温4 h,再升温到850 ℃保温4 h,升温到1000 ℃保温4 h后升温到1230 ℃保温20 h,可为其它工序的加热过程提供参考。     

Д号钢锭穿孔工艺研究

分析了在周期式轧管机组上用580/565mm的Д号钢钢锭穿制φ337mm×10～12mm套管所用φ570mm×90mm毛管时,毛管尾端产生的“三角帽”缺陷原因。通过对钢的碳含量、钢锭加热时间、穿孔结束温度和钢锭高度的综合研究,找出了减少毛管尾端“三角帽”缺陷的工艺措施。     

成形工艺参数对触变成形AZ91D镁合金滑动磨损性能的影响

研究了模具温度、锭料加热温度和加热时间对触变成形AZ91D镁合金滑动摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明,随着模具温度的升高,合金的磨损率逐渐升高;随着锭料加热温度的升高,合金的磨损率先降低后升高;随着锭料加热时间的增加,合金的磨损率逐渐升高。不同的触变成形工艺参数对AZ91D镁合金的摩擦系数影响不大。     

Influence of heating and solidification conditions on the structure and surface quality of electron-beam melted Ti–6Al–4V ingots

Electron-beam cold-hearth melting is an emerging process used to eliminate high- and low-density inclusions during melt processing and to reduce the number of remelting steps for high quality titanium alloys. In the present work, the effect of ingot heating conditions on the evolution of ingot macrostructure and surface quality during solidification following electron-beam melting of Ti–6Al–4V was established via prototype production trials. Macrostructure observations correlated well with temperature gradients and solidification rates estimated from solidification calculations. These calculations also provided insight into the effect of melting conditions on ingot surface quality and hence associated product yield.     

多晶硅铸锭六面加热技术研究与应用分析

加热器作为多晶铸锭炉的核心部件,为硅料熔化和晶体定向生长提供热量。但是,随着多晶铸锭炉尺寸的不断扩大,传统五面加热方式已无法有效满足各阶段的热量供给。横向温差的增大,影响了晶粒的垂直生长,进而使得电池效率下降,同时能耗增加。六面加热技术即在传统五面加热的基础上,增加底部加热器,并且各加热器分开控制。通过热场建模,利用CGSim模拟软件,模拟对比分析了六面加热相比五面加热的差异和优势,并且以类单晶为例对比了实际的生产应用效果。     

高温扩散对2.25Cr-1Mo-O.25V钢组织分布的影响规律

铸态钢锭2.25Cr-1 Mo-0.25V属高纯净钢锭,杂质含量少,钢锭成型后晶粒特别粗大,经高温扩散试验后发现,提高加热温度、延长保温时间均可使钢锭组织均匀化、晶粒细化.     

Analysis of internal crack in a six-ton P91 ingot

P91 is a new kind of heat-resistant and high-tensile steel. It can be extruded after ingot casting and can be widely used for different pipes in power plants. However, due to its mushy freezing characteristics, a lack of feeding in the ingot center often generates many defects, such as porosity and crack. A six-ton P91 ingot was cast and sliced, and a representative part of the longitudinal section was inspected in more detail. The morphology of crack-like defects was examined by X-ray high energy industrial CT and reconstructed by 3D software. There are f ive main portions of defects larger than 200 mm~3, four of which are interconnected. These initiated from continuous liquid f ilm, and then were torn apart by excessive tensile stress within the brittle temperature range(BTR). The 3D FEM analysis of thermo-mechanical simulation was carried out to analyze the formation of porosity and internal crack defects. The results of shrinkage porosity and Niyama values revealed that the center of the ingot suffers from inadequate feeding. Several criteria based on thermal and mechanical models were used to evaluate the susceptibility of hot crack formation. The Clyne and Davies' criterion and Katgerman's criterion successfully predicted the high hot crack susceptibility in the ingot center. Six typical locations in the longitudinal section had been chosen for analysis of the stresses and strains evolution during the BTR. Locations in the defects region showed the highest tensile stresses and relative high strain values, while other locations showed either low tensile stresses or low strain values. In conclusion, hot crack develops only when stress and strain exceed a threshold value at the same time during the BTR.     

防止钢形成热脆的加热规范

对发生热脆锻裂的钢锭的加热规范进行了统计分析,发现现行的热锭加热规范有可能造成钢锭热脆。结合生产实例,分析了加热对热锭产生热脆的原因,得出了加热对有害相沿奥氏体晶界分布有重要影响的结论,提出了从加热规范上防止钢锭热脆的方法。     

Numerical Simulation of Macrosegregation in Steel Ingot CastingEI北大核心CSCD

Many key forging components of heavy equipment are manufactured by large steel ingots. Macrosegregation in steel ingots is a key defect formed during the solidification process. Over the past few decades, numerical modeling has played a more and more important role in the study of macrosegregation. Various models have been developed and applied to different ingot casting processes. This paper focused on the application of macrosegregation models to the steel ingot. Firstly, the formation mechanism and influencing factors of macrosegregation were introduced. Then, the existing macrosegregation models and their recent development were summarized. Macrosegregation models accounting for such mechanisms as solidification shrinkage- induced flow and mushy zone deformation were analyzed, respectfully. To model macrosegregation due to solidification shrinkage, the key was to solve the free surface. A simple derivation showed that the multi-phase (including gas phase) models were equivalent to the VOF-based segregation models in dealing with the shrinkage-induced flow. Finally, our recent research work on numerical modeling of macrosegregation in steel ingots was illustrated, including application of the developed multi-component and multi-phase macrosegregation model to a 36 t steel ingot, and numerical simulation of multiple pouring process. The carbon and sulphur concentrations at about 1800 sampling points, covering the full section of a 36 t ingot, were measured. By detailed temperature recording, accurate heat transfer conditions between the ingot and mould were obtained. Typical macrosegregation patterns, including the bottom-located negative segregation and the pushpin-like positive segregation zone in the top riser, have been reproduced both in the measurements and the predictions, The carbon and sulphur concentrations predicted by the three dimensional multi-component and multi-phase macrosegregation models agreed well with the measurements, thus proving that the model can well predict the macrosegregation formation in steel ingots. As for the multi-pouring process simulation, the results show a high concentration of carbon at the bottom and a low concentration of carbon at the top of the mould after the multi-pouring process with carbon content high in the first ladle and low in the last ladle. Therefore, the multiple pouring process could get the initial solute distribution with the opposite form of segregation. Such carbon concentration distribution would reduce the negative segregation at the bottom and the positive segregation at the top of the solidified ingot, thus proving the ability of the multiple pouring process for the control of macrosegregation.     

数值模拟技术在大型锻件生产中的应用

数值模拟技术在保证工件质量、减少材料消耗、提高生产效率、缩短试制周期等方面显示出无可比拟的优越性。在钢锭凝固方面,有限元模拟程序MIPS可以分析凝固过程中温度场的分布,确定不同时刻凝固前沿的位置,而且能预测缩孔和疏松的位置及尺寸。使用该程序对220吨钢锭的生产工艺进行优化,成功地解决了疏松进入锭身的问题。在锻造方面,已开发出了基于ANSYS的三维大变形弹塑性、弹粘塑性程序,可以分析复杂的三维金属塑性成形问题。热处理专用软件NSHT不仅可以分析加热、淬火及回火过程中温度场分布,而且可以给出应力的分布及相态的变化过程,并已在实际生产中取得了成功。     

钛合金TC4真空自耗熔炼工艺参数对宏观偏析影响

采用Fluent软件模拟了钛合金TC4真空自耗熔炼过程中温度场、流场和溶质场相互作用,研究了与铸锭直接相关的3个工艺参数(熔速、铸锭上表面温度和冷却强度)对铸锭宏观偏析的影响规律。结果表明：不同熔炼条件下,在铸锭1000 mm高度处的铁元素径向偏析均呈钟形分布,即铸锭芯部为正偏析,表面区域为负偏析,且负偏析程度均大于正偏析。熔炼速度对铸锭温度场和宏观偏析的影响最为明显：当熔炼速度由0.15 mm/s增加到0.18 mm/s时,铸锭达到稳定熔炼阶段时的高度由1200 mm增加到1600 mm,熔池深度由494 mm增加到738 mm。当距铸锭中心距离小于130 mm时,偏析随熔炼速度增加而减小,在熔炼速度为0.15 mm/s时达到最大值,为3.36%;当距铸锭中心距离大于295 mm时,偏析随熔炼速度增大而增大,在熔炼速度为0.21 mm/s时达到最大值6.23%。铸锭上表面温度和冷却强度对宏观偏析和熔池深度的影响不明显。通过正交分析得到3个主要工艺参数对宏观偏析影响程度为：熔炼速度>冷却强度>铸锭上表面温度,并得到最优工艺参数为熔炼速度0.15 mm/s、铸锭上表面温度21...     

Effect of homogenization treatment on microstructure and hot workability of high strength 7B04 aluminium alloy

The effects of homogenization treatment on microstructure, overbumt temperature and hot rolling plasticity of high strength 7B04 aluminium alloy were investigated. Under the condition of homogenization at 470 ℃, the starting melting temperature of the primary eutectics in ingot of non-equilibium solidified 7B04 alloy is 478 ℃. Using two-step homogenization processing at ultra-high temperature which comprises heating the ingots to 470 ℃ at 10 ℃/h and holding for 64 h, and then heating to 500 ℃ at 1 ℃/h and holding for 10 h, the ingots of 7B04 aluminium alloy could safely pass the sensitive overbumt zone between 480 ℃ and 495 ℃, and the ordinary burnt phenomena of the ingots between 480 ℃ and 495 ℃ does not occur because the excess low-melting point eutectic phases in the as-cast alloy dissolve into the matrix during the two-step homogenization processing. Consequently, the hot rolling plasticity of ingot of 7B04 aluminium alloy is greatly improved.     

SNCrW钢晶粒度及碳化物的控制研究

SNCrW钢属奥氏体耐热钢,固溶态的奥氏体晶粒度和碳化物的分布是影响其力学性能的主要因素。对该钢进行了热处理和热变形加工试验。结果表明,采用分段加热锻造,即钢锭或钢坯先高温加热,然后再于1150～900℃加热锻造,能有效控制该钢的奥氏体晶粒度和碳化物分布形态。     

42CrMo模铸钢锭凝固场数值仿真与超声检测分析

采用大型商业软件ProCAST建立了钢锭凝固传热数值仿真，钢锭模在凝固过程中的温度场是空间和时间的变化量，属于三维不稳定态传热。为了验证钢锭凝固过程温度场变化对钢锭冶金缺陷的影响，本文采用24寸42CrMo钢种钢锭模进行数值仿真。采取钢锭浇注过热度、断面温度梯度、液相线和固相线的分析，模拟了钢锭凝固过程中温度场、凝固分数、缩松率及Niyama的分布。通过仿真与实际操作工艺相结合，以及钢锭的超声检测和解剖验证的低倍检验，证明了仿真技术和超声检测可以提高钢锭的冶金质量。     

42CrMo模铸钢锭凝固场数值仿真与超声检测分析

采用大型商业软件ProCAST建立了钢锭凝固传热数值仿真,钢锭模在凝固过程中的温度场是空间和时间的变化量,属于三维不稳定态传热.为了验证钢锭凝固过程温度场变化对钢锭冶金缺陷的影响,本文采用24寸42CrMo钢种钢锭模进行数值仿真.采取钢锭浇注过热度、断面温度梯度、液相线和固相线的分析,模拟了钢锭凝固过程中温度场、凝固分...     

减少支承辊钢锭锻造裂纹的措施

针对支承辊钢锭出现的严重锻造裂纹问题,从成分、冶炼、铸锭、脱模、热送、加热和锻造方面分析影响钢锭表面质量的因素和造成锻造裂纹的原因,并提出了减少钢锭锻造裂纹的措施。     

Overheating temperature of 7B04 high strength aluminum alloy

The microstructure and overheating characteristics of the direct chill semicontinuous casting ingot of 7B04 high strength aluminum alloy, and those after industrial homogenization treatment and multi-stage homogenization treatments, were studied by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), optical microscopy(OM) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(SEM-EDX). The results show that the microstructure of direct chill semicontinuous casting ingot of the 7B04 alloy contains a large number of constituents in the form of dendritic networks that consist of nonequilibrium eutectic and Fe-containing phases. The nonequilibrium eutectic contains Al, Zn, Mg and Cu, and the Fe-containing phases include two kinds of phases, one containing Al, Fe, Mn and Cu, and the other having Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, Si and Cu. The melting point of the nonequilibrium eutectic is 478 ℃ for the casting ingot of the 7B04 alloy which is usually considered as its overheating temperature. During industrial homogenization treatment processing at 470 ℃, the nonequilibrium eutectic dissolves into the matrix of this alloy partly, and the remainder transforms into Al2CuMg phase that cannot be dissolved into the matrix at that temperature completely. The melting point of the Al2CuMg phase which can dissolve into the matrix completely by slow heating is about 490 ℃. The overheating temperature of this high strength aluminum alloy can rise to 500-520 ℃. By means of special multi-stage homogenization, the temperature of the homogenization treatment of the ingot of the 7B04 high strength aluminum alloy can reach 500 ℃ without overheating.     

电渣熔铸过程中金属熔池深度的数值模拟研究

利用前人关于熔滴在渣池中行为的研究成果和渣池中有关传热规律的实验资料。考虑到电渣熔铸过程始终有强电流介入,建立了包括金属熔池、两相区和凝固锭在内的电渣锭凝固传热数学模型,模型预测值与实验值吻合较好。运用此模型可预报金属熔池状况,便于现场调整工艺参数。     

Influence of coupling with calculation of phase diagrams on microsegregation forming simulation of Al-4.5%Cu alloy

The effect of coupling with calculation of phase diagrams on microsegregation forming simulation was investigated. The traditional simplified phase diagram and calculated phase diagram were introduced into the numerical models respectively and simulation on microsegregation forming of the Al-4.5%Cu alloy ingot was also presented. The simulation results were both compared with the experiment results. The results show that the calculated sencondary arm spacing with these two kinds of phase diagram are almost the same because relationship between the coarsening model and the information of phase diagram is not close. The calculated eutectic phase volume fractions of different locations in the ingot coupled with different phase diagrams are discrepant. The calculated volume fractions are consistent with the experiment results when calculated phase diagram couples, but are far from the experiment results and obviously inacceptable when traditional simplified phase diagram couples. So, coupling with accurate calculated phase diagrams is very significant for microsegregation forming simulation since much information of the phase diagram is used in the models and it can improve the precision of simulation results.     

铝铸锭凝固边界热交换规律及温度场模拟

研究铝铸锭凝固边界热交换的变化规律及数学模型,并对不同浇注温度下凝固过程的温度场进行模拟。利用实时数据采集系统获得凝固过程中铸锭和金属模温度变化历史数据,采用非线性反算法和一维传热差分法对试验数据处理,建立界面换热模型并将其应用于凝固温度场模拟中。结果表明：在铸锭表面凝固前后凝固界面热流密度可分段用指数函数来描述其变化规律,而所建立的热交换系数与边界温度的对应关系可更好地反映实际的传热情况。模拟结果与实验测温结果相符,验证了该铸件/铸型边界热交换规律的可靠性。