Biologically inspired design

This paper reviews research on biologically inspired design, and has three main parts. The first part surveys examples relevant to three groupings of manufacturing research. The second part presents general methods that support biomimetic design, including different approaches for the steps involved in identifying and applying relevant biological analogies for any given problem. The third part details examples that illustrate the use of a general biomimetic design method, which identifies analogies from natural-language biological information. Finally, insights and conclusions are drawn and synthesized.     

人工关节与仿生软骨材料的表面改性及其摩擦学研究进展

对患有严重关节疾病的患者进行人工关节置换手术,是临床上有效的治疗方案.现有的人工关节及仿生软骨制作材料主要以金属、陶瓷、聚合物材料及强韧水凝胶等为主,然而在苛刻的关节负载摩擦剪切环境下,上述材料均面临着一个共性技术问题——表面磨损严重,进而影响其使用寿命.因此,利用表面改性技术和仿生学材料设计理念,制备具有"低摩擦-高承载-长耐磨"功能一体化的新型人工关节具有重要的实际意义和工程价值.首先总结了金属、陶瓷、聚合物基硬质人工关节材料的研究和发展历程,并阐述了不同表面改性技术在提升硬质人工关节材料表面润滑和抗磨性能方面的优势.进一步,详细介绍了近年来以水凝胶基材料为代表的新型仿生关节软骨润滑材料的最新研究进展,具体包括高性能本体水凝胶与水凝胶软骨材料的表面改性,从承载和抗磨角度,强调了仿生层状结构化水凝胶材料作为新型关节软骨替代物的潜在优势.此外,结合国际上生物润滑领域最新动态,系统概述了在天然骨组织和硬质人工关节材料表面键合水凝胶润滑涂层这一新兴研究方向.最后,从材料仿生学设计和表面水润滑改性两方面,提出了新型人工关节材料未来的研究重点和发展方向.     

启迪自然的多层级多孔材料研究现状

本文主要介绍了自然界中几种具有多层级多孔结构和优异力学性能的生物材料,其宏观性能与其表面的多层级微纳米结构有着密切的联系。通过多层级多孔结构的构筑,生物材料不仅大幅度降低了自身的密度,同时也往往保持了优异的力学性能,即轻质高强、吸音降噪等。通过对生物材料多孔结构的模仿,有望为开发具有仿生多孔结构和优异性能的人工材料提供重要启示和帮助。     

极端环境下自愈合仿生材料的研究进展

自愈合材料是受动物天然皮肤的启发,可识别损伤并自我修复的一种新兴材料。这类材料可应用于工程装备的表面或智能设备的基底,修复开裂与机械损伤,延长设备的工作寿命。而在极端环境（低温、水下、强酸、强碱等）下可以自主愈合的材料更具工业应用前景,但同样也是材料领域的难点。梳理了目前可在极端环境下实现自主愈合的本征型弹性体材料的研究情况。首先,深入总结了弹性体聚合物网络中动态共价键与超分子相互作用通过可逆断裂实现本征自愈合的机制,具体包括在自主愈合弹性体设计中应用最广的二硫键/二硒键、亚胺键、氢键和金属配位键;并梳理了弹性体在不同极端环境下自愈合的研究进展,主要介绍了它们的制备方法和自愈合性能。而后,总结了极端自愈合仿生材料在防护涂层、柔性电子、储能装置和密封元件等工程装备及智能设备领域的应用。最后,对该领域现存的挑战以及未来发展进行了分析。     

仿蝉翼超疏水疏油玻璃防指纹特性研究

目的 解决传统的全氟聚醚疏油防指纹涂层对提高触摸屏防指纹效果不明显的问题.方法 基于对蝉翼表面纳米阵列微观结构形貌的表征,通过金快速热退火模板法和反应离子刻蚀技术,制备了仿蝉翼超疏水疏油防指纹表面.基于指纹图像阈值算法和表面粗糙度因子模拟计算,评价分析了其防指纹特性.结果 仿蝉翼超疏水表面水接触角为(152±1)°,指纹油接触角为(118±2)°,十六烷接触角为(111±2)°,表面透光率为95.6％,展现出卓越的超疏水疏油特性和光学特性.同时,仿蝉翼超疏水疏油表面的抗指纹性相对于全氟聚醚改性平玻璃疏油表面提升了28.3％以上,表现出良好的防指纹特性.此外,按压指纹后的仿蝉翼超疏水疏油表面经过1次标准无纺布擦拭实验后,表面指纹率相对于擦拭前降低了40％,指纹降低率远高于改性平玻璃疏油表面,说明了其优异的指纹易擦洗特性.另外,经过20 min落砂实验后,仿蝉翼超疏水疏油表面仍然可以保持良好的抗指纹特性,说明其具有良好的耐机械磨损特性.结论 仿蝉翼超疏水疏油表面具有优异的超疏水疏油特性和光学特性,同时,表面致密的纳米阵列赋予了其良好的抗指纹特性.经测试发现,该表面具有优异的指纹易擦洗特性和机械耐久性,为未来防指纹玻璃的设计提供了新的思路.     

逆变式等离子切割机主变压器设计

介绍了逆变式等离子切割机主变压器常用的磁心材料的性能特点,提出了设计、制作主变压器的步骤、计算方法及示例。     

A paradigm for the integration of biology in materials science and engineering

The integration of biology in materials science and engineering can be complicated by the lack of a common framework and common language between otherwise disparate disciplines. History may offer a valuable lesson as modern materials science and engineering itself resulted from the integration of traditionally disparate disciplines that were delineated by classes of materials. The integration of metallurgy, ceramics, and polymers into materials science and engineering was facilitated, in large part, by a unifying paradigm based upon processing-structure-property relationships that is now well-accepted. Therefore, a common paradigm might also help unify the vast array of perspectives and challenges present in the interdisciplinary study of biomaterials, biological materials, and biomimetic materials. The traditional materials science and engineering paradigm was modified to account for the adaptive and hierarchical nature of biological materials. Various examples of application to research and education are considered.     

Multilayer Roll-Bonded Sandwich: Processing,Mechanical Performance,and Bioactive Behavior

Multifunctionality and improving the properties of materials make it necessary to use hybrid systems such as combinations of metals with polymers. Their applications can be found in all areas where light weight and improved and adapted mechanical properties as well as high functionality are needed. Moreover, tailored types of hybrids can be interesting for biomedical applications, as under specific conditions they show, e.g., good strength combined with high elasticity. Herein, we present preliminary tests on the biomimetic behavior of AISI SS316L/polypropylene copolymer/AISI SS316L sandwich. Biomimetic coatings were produced by inducing a calcium phosphate layer in a way similar to the process of natural bone formation. Knowledge of the formability of three-layered sandwich sheets and their biomimetic behavior is presented.     

Structural biological composites: An overview

Biological materials are complex composites that are hierarchically structured and multifunctional. Their mechanical properties are often outstanding, considering the weak constituents from which they are assembled. They are for the most part composed of brittle (often, mineral) and ductile (organic) components. These complex structures, which have risen from millions of years of evolution, are inspiring materials scientists in the design of novel materials. This paper discusses the overall design principles in biological structural composites and illustrates them for five examples; sea spicules, the abalone shell, the conch shell, the toucan and hornbill beaks, and the sheep crab exoskeleton.     

表面接枝仿生聚合物刷的润滑性能研究进展EI北大核心CSCD

关节软骨表面刷状的水溶性生物大分子赋予了人体关节优异的润滑性能。受此启发,表面接枝仿生聚合物刷被广泛研究,已经成为改善材料表界面润滑性能的有效手段。然而,目前依旧缺乏关于仿生聚合物刷提高润滑性能研究进展的综述研究。先介绍物理吸附和化学键合两种接枝仿生聚合物刷的表面修饰方法,并比较它们在改善表界面润滑性能方面的优缺点。然后详细论述三种带有不同电荷的仿生聚合物刷(中性聚合物刷、聚阴/阳离子刷和聚两性离子刷)的结构及其对润滑性能的调控作用,探讨其摩擦界面的润滑机制,并总结在构建高润滑性能表界面方面的最新研究进展。最后展望仿生聚合物刷在生物界面润滑领域的未来发展趋势。相关讨论可以为开发具有优异润滑性能的新型仿生材料提供参考。     

仿生取向结构表界面及其摩擦各向异性研究进展

在长期的进化和生存竞争中,自然界生物表界面形成了优异的取向结构来执行传播、攀爬、移动与粘附等诸多行为,而基于形态结构的摩擦各向异性在其中扮演了重要角色。研究自然界取向结构表界面,从而揭示其摩擦各向异性行为和规律,并从中获得灵感,采用物理、化学手段进行仿生构筑和研究,对现代许多科技领域发展新型仿生功能性表界面材料具有重要意义。以露珠草和猪殃殃的倒刺结构、蛇腹部鳞片微结构、壁虎脚掌刚毛微结构为例,详细阐述了具有代表性的自然生物表界面的取向微结构形态及其功能,并对生物表界面产生摩擦各向异性行为的两种机理做了解释。在此基础上,简介了模板法、增材制造等几种仿生取向结构的制备方法,以及基于仿生取向结构的表界面摩擦各向异性研究成果。最后,列举了以蛇的蠕动行进、壁虎的高粘附为仿生对象,构筑具有摩擦各向异性的取向结构表界面,及其在仿生驱动、攀爬和定向输运等方面的应用实例,并展望了仿生摩擦各向异性领域未来的研究重点和发展方向。     

新型环保海洋防污材料研究进展

简要论述了海洋防污材料的发展历史及其防污机理,评述了新型环保高性能海洋防污材料的最新研究进展。自有机锡自抛光防污涂料被禁用后,基于聚丙烯酸锌、聚丙烯酸铜和聚丙烯酸硅烷酯的无锡自抛光防污涂料得到了广泛应用。为进一步提升其防污性能和环保性能,接枝防污官能团防污材料、生物降解高分子基防污材料、主链降解型自抛光防污材料、减阻型防污材料以及仿生防污材料成为当今的研究热点。介绍了席夫碱、草甘膦、苯并异噻唑啉酮等几种防污官能团的接枝方法及其防污效果,指出这类方法可提高防污剂的利用率,使防污剂释放更平稳,但实用化还需解决防污剂接枝改性后防污能力下降以及合成工艺复杂等问题。重点介绍了生物降解高分子基防污材料,特别是主链降解-侧链水解型防污材料的结构和合成方法。由于该类可降解/水解树脂具有良好的力学性能和水解可调控性,所制备的防污涂料即使在静态下,防污剂也释放平稳,因此可用于开发新型主链降解型自抛光防污涂料,以提高涂层的静态防污长效性,具有良好的应用前景。还介绍了通过对高分子树脂改性等方法降低涂层水解后的表面粗糙度,该类防污涂层具有良好的减阻性能。最后介绍了仿生防污材料的研究进展。     

Concepts for the design of advanced nanoscale PVD multilayer protective thin films

Technological challenges in future surface engineering applications demand continuously new material solutions offering superior properties and performance. Concepts for the design of such advanced multifunctional materials can be systematically evolved and verified by means of physical vapour deposition. The classical multilayer coating concept today is well established and widely used for the design of protective thin films for wear and tribological applications. It has proven great potential for the development of novel thin film materials with tailored properties. In the past decade, the emerging new class of nanoscale coatings has offered to the material scientists an even more powerful toolbox for the engineering thin film design through a combination of the multilayer concept with new nano-coatings. Some examples are the use and integration of low friction carbon-based nanocomposites in advanced multilayer structures or the stabilization of a specific coating in another structure in a nanolaminated multilayer composite. This paper reviews the latest developments in hard, wear-resistant thin films based on the multilayer coating concept. It describes the integration of nanocrystalline, amorphous and nanocrystalline/amorphous composite materials in multilayers and covers various phenomena such as the superlattice effect, stabilization of materials in another, foreign structure, and effects related to coherent and epitaxial growth. Innovative concepts for future, smart multilayer designs based on an extremely fine structural ordering at the nanoscale are presented as well.     

Towards integrative computational materials engineering of steel components

This article outlines on-going activities at the RWTH Aachen University aiming at a standardized, modular, extendable and open simulation platform for materials processing. This platform on the one hand facilitates the information exchange between different simulation tools and thus strongly reduces the effort to design/re-design production processes. On the other hand, tracking of simulation results along the entire production chain provides new insights into mechanisms, which cannot be explained on the basis of individual simulations. Respective simulation chains provide e.g. the basis for the determination of materials and component properties, like e.g. distortions, for an improved product quality, for more efficient and more reliable production processes and many further aspects. After a short introduction to the platform concept, actual examples for different test case scenarios will be presented and discussed.     

Designing hybrid materials

The properties of engineering materials can be mapped, displaying the ranges of mechanical, thermal, electrical and optical behavior they offer. These maps reveal that there are holes: some areas of property-space are occupied and others are empty. The holes can sometimes be filled and the occupied areas extended by making hybrids of two or more materials or of material and space. Particulate and fibrous composites are examples of one type of hybrid, but there are many others: sandwich structures, foams, lattice structures and more. Here we explore ways of designing hybrid materials, emphasizing the choice of components, their shape and their scale. The new variables expand the design space, allowing the creation of new “materials” with specific property profiles.     

Employing Considerations of Criticality in Product Design

With no agreed-on definition of critical materials, product and process designers have been unable to systematically address the critical materials issue. Using a comprehensive methodology, we have determined the criticality of 62 metals and metalloids—approximately two-thirds of the periodic table. We illustrate how the analyses were performed, provide an overview of criticality at the global level for all elements, and then present examples of how the criticality information could be used in making material-related choices in product and process design.     

Mo-RE二元合金相图的热力学数据库

利用CALPHAD方法,选择和建立合理的热力学模型,并结合相平衡及热力学性质的相关实验信息,对Mo-RE (RE: Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu)各二元系相图进行了热力学优化与计算。其中,液相和端际固溶体相的Gibbs自由能采用亚正规溶体模型描述,气相的Gibbs自由能采用理想气体模型描述。计算结果与实验数据取得了良好的一致性,最终得到了一组自洽的合理描述Mo-RE二元系各相自由能的热力学参数,建立了Mo-RE (RE: Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu)二元合金相图的热力学数据库。该热力学数据库可以提供相平衡及热力学性质等多种信息,为外推计算三元以及更多组元体系的相平衡提供理论基础,并为相关体系的合金设计及制备提供重要的理论指导。     

仿生织构类型及其对表面摩擦性能影响

随着经济的发展,机械加工零件表面的减阻耐磨及抗黏等性能变得尤为重要,为了提高生产加工过程的高效性和节能性,针对零件的表面问题引入仿生织构的概念。 仿生织构是仿照生物体表特殊的纹理在摩擦副表面加工出能够实现减摩降阻润滑效果的微/ 纳结构。 介绍了多种具非光滑结构表面生物,综述了几种典型仿生织构类型,阐明了每种织构类型的摩擦磨损机理;从织构类型、结构设计和加工方法、压强分布、摩擦因数和机理分析、应用与展望等方面进行评述,对应用最为广泛的凹坑型和沟槽型织构结合实例分析其摩擦磨损性能并附以数据论证,通过摩擦因数和磨损机理判断织构的减摩降阻效果,从而进一步实现参数优化。 分析表明:仿生织构对改善摩擦性能具有重要影响,其中摩擦因数是判断摩擦性能的重要因素,加以磨损机理的深入研究,使得减阻耐磨效果较优的织构类型可大幅提高工业效率,结合工业、航天、 汽车等行业中对仿生织构的应用,展望未来仿生织构的广泛研究及在摩擦过程中性能的优化,实现织构化普及应用。     

仿生功能化骨修复材料研究

由肿瘤、炎症及各类创伤而导致的骨组织坏死、病变、缺失及骨折是临床多发病症,自体骨移植虽然是临床治疗的“金标准”,但由于供体受限而很难满足需求。通过对天然骨本身的成分、结构特性及矿化过程的模仿,应用先进材料制备技术,特别是纳米技术,对材料的组成、结构进行设计与凋控,获得仿生型骨修复材料或者对传统材料进行仿生功能化修饰,以满足临床对痫损或缺失的骨组织进行有效修复和功能重建具有重要意义。阐述了仿生功能化骨修复材料的相关研究,主要包括类骨钙磷纳米矿物的合成,有机分子摸板对纳米矿物尺寸和形貌的调控,以及仿生多孔结构支架的构建等。     

特种润滑材料研究进展简述

虽然有些情况下使用气体润滑,但一般认为润滑材料主要包括液体和固体润滑材料。根据使用环境和润滑材料特性,润滑材料可以划分为许多类。特种润滑材料顾名思义是指具有比常规润滑材料更为优异特性的润滑材料。通过分子结构、体相结构设计和复合提升润滑特性一直是制备新型润滑材料的主要途径。对于液体润滑剂和有机分子薄膜,常常将新型分子结构设计和摩擦化学机理探讨结合在一起以发展润滑材料。比如,作为可能的新型润滑剂,离子液体的评价主要通过考察不同官能团和摩擦过程中发生的摩擦化学机制,以指导合成新型离子液体。有机薄膜的摩擦学特性强烈依赖于薄膜分子结构和构造结构。对于经典固体润滑材料,常考虑体相结构设计和复合方法提高或调整摩擦磨损特性。类富勒烯结构的出现赋予类金刚石薄膜更高的弹性和更低的摩擦系数,而金属掺杂能够降低内应力并在有些情况下改善薄膜环境敏感度。由于合成新型聚合物润滑材料比较困难,因此,共混和无机纳米颗粒的添加成为制备良好力学性能和耐磨损特性聚合物润滑材料所采取的方法。高温润滑材料,特别是从室温到高温（1000℃及以上）均具有良好润滑特性的润滑材料的发展依然是一个大的挑战。具有高温稳定性的稀土和陶瓷填充金属是目前设计制备高温润滑材料的主流方法。通过摩擦磨损特性的考察可以获得对润滑材料的表观判断,而基于磨损表面反应物质的分析对摩擦过程中发生在表面的摩擦物理化学机制的探究则是了解润滑材料服役特性和机制的主要手段,也是设计制备新型润滑材料依赖的主要思想来源。