我国石油石化工业发展现状及趋势

石油石化工业是我国国民经济的基础,是振兴我国民族工业、保持国民经济持续稳定发展重要支柱产业。本文通过对我国石油石化工业的发展实力和发展过程中存在的问题、不足两大方面概括和总结了我国石油石化工业的发展现状;通过对以炼油和乙烯为龙头的石油化工、农用化工、精细化工等石油石化工业的一些重要领域进行分析,阐述了我国石油石化工业的未来发展趋势。     

我国石油石化工业发展现状及趋势

石油石化工业是我国国民经济的基础，是振兴我国民族工业、保持国民经济持续稳定发展重要支柱产业。本文通过对我国石油石化工业的发展实力和发展过程中存在的问题、不足两大方面概括和总结了我国石油石化工业的发展现忧通过对以炼油和乙烯为龙头的石油化工、农用化工、精细化工等石油石化工业的一些重要领域进行分析，阐述了我国石油石化工业的未来发展趋势。     

世界在变迁——我国石化工业面临的挑战与对策

阐述了世界石油天然气资源状况及石油产品、石化产品供需状况与发展趋势,分析了我国石化工业发展概况与趋势,以及我国石化工业发展面临的制约因素与挑战,提出了促进我国石化工业持续有效发展的对策与措施。     

全球石油石化产业结构调整现状及其对我国石油石化工业的影响(一)

半个世纪来 ,世界石油石化工业的三次产业结构调整推动了世界石油石化工业从粗放经营向资本集约经营 ,再走向技术集约经营的发展。文章简要回顾了全球石油石化工业前二次产业结构调整情况 ,详细阐述了正在进行中的第三次产业结构调整的背景、主要内容和特点以及该次调整对我国石油石化工业的影响。     

我国石化工业的现状与展望

1 我国石化工业的现状 我国石油化学工业包括石油加工和以石油、天然气为原料的化学工业(简称石化工业)。石化工业是国民经济中的能源和原材料工业,已被国家列为国民经济的支柱产业之一。 建国40多年来,我国石化工业迅速发展,已有了相当基础。截至1992年底,炼油厂(包括石油化工联合企业)已达60多个,原油加工能力已达1.6亿t/a以上(其中中国石化总公司     

新形势下中国石油石化工业的机遇和挑战

回顾了2007年中国石油石化工业所取得的成就,探讨了中国石油石化工业发展面临的机遇和挑战,提出了进一步发展我国石油石化工业的措施。     

全球石油石化工业的世纪回顾与展望

全面扼要地回顾了20世纪世界石油石化工业的发展历程和取得的成就；分析了在全球经济发展和工业化进程与社会进步中石油石化工业的巨大作用，简要总结了百年来石油石化工业发展的基本经验；宏观全面地展望了21世纪全球石油石化工业的发展前景和基本方向。     

积极向石油工业上游拓展是石化工业发展的重要战略之一

众所周知,石化工业是指把石油和天然气等烃类物质经化学反应转化成为初级石油产品、中间体或者最终化学品的一切活动。也就是说,石油和天然气是石化工业必不可少的原料,因此,首先解决好石化工业必须依赖的石油和天然气资源问题,是发展石化工业的关键所在。     

石油石化工业发展与对材料装备业的需求

阐述了中国石油石化及煤化工工业的发展现状与发展趋势,重点分析了石油石化工业发展与钢铁行业之间的密切联系,提出了石油石化工业发展对材料装备业的需求。     

探析我国石油石化装备制造业的发展

随着我国经济的发展,石油石化工业为我国经济进步发挥的作用越来越明显,因此着重分析了中国石油石化装备制造业发展问题以及解决措施。     

The Influence of Glow and Afterglow Cold Plasma Treatment on Biochemistry,Morphology, and Physiology of Wheat Seeds

Cold plasma (CP) technology is a technique used to change chemical and morphological characteristics of the surface of various materials. It is a newly emerging technology in agriculture used for seed treatment with the potential of improving seed germination and yield of crops. Wheat seeds were treated with glow (direct) or afterglow (indirect) low-pressure radio-frequency oxygen plasma. Chemical characteristics of the seed surface were evaluated by XPS and FTIR analysis, changes in the morphology of the seed pericarp were analysed by SEM and AFM, and physiological characteristics of the seedlings were determined by germination tests, growth studies, and the evaluation of α-amylase activity. Changes in seed wettability were also studied, mainly in correlation with functionalization of the seed surface and oxidation of lipid molecules. Only prolonged direct CP treatment resulted in altered morphology of the seed pericarp and increased its roughness. The degree of functionalization is more evident in direct compared to indirect CP treatment. CP treatment slowed the germination of seedlings, decreased the activity of α-amylase in seeds after imbibition, and affected the root system of seedlings.     

高黏度、高黏度指数和低凝点聚α-烯烃润滑油基础油的合成

在Al Cl3催化剂作用下,将癸烯与1-n C18按不同比例合成高性能聚α-烯烃基础油,考察反应温度、反应时间和C10与C18质量分数对混合齐聚反应的影响,采用响应面法设计实验,并对实验条件进行最优选择。结果表明,在实验条件下,用癸烯与1-n C18烯烃混聚可制备高性能的润滑油基础油。响应曲面法分析中,对黏度交互影响最显著的因素是时间A和温度B,最佳取值为3 h和50℃;对黏度指数交互影响最显著的因素是时间A和温度B,最佳取值为3 h和75℃;对倾点交互影响最显著的因素是时间A和温度B,最佳取值为3 h和25℃;对收率交互影响最显著的因素是时间A和C10与C18质量分数C,最佳取值为3 h,C10与C18质量分数分别为100%和15%。     

大豆7S球蛋白与葡聚糖共价键合纳米凝胶的制备与表征

基于蛋白质与多糖的Maillard反应与自组装制备一种新型的绿色的具备核壳结构的纳米凝胶。利用干热反应制备大豆7S球蛋白与葡聚糖的共价接枝物（soy β-conglycinin-dextran conjugates,SDC）,通过对SDC热处理使其自组装成大豆7S球蛋白-葡聚糖纳米凝胶（soy β-conglycinin-dextran nanogels,SDN）,对其形貌、结构及性质进行分析,并利用多糖的空间位阻效应抑制蛋白质宏观过度聚集的理论指导,探讨尺寸均一SDN的形成机制。形貌学与zeta电位分析表明SDN为具备核壳结构的球状粒子,其外壳由亲水性的葡聚糖构成,内核由凝胶化的蛋白构成;表面疏水性分析表明内核蛋白的三级结构发生转变,疏水基团暴露,从而形成多个疏水空腔;稳定性分析表明SDN具有高度的pH稳定性与储存稳定性,对疏水活性物质的输送载体构建具有重要的借鉴意义。     

Nitric Oxide-Dependent Mechanisms Underlying MK-801- or Scopolamine-Induced Memory Dysfunction in Animals: Mechanistic Studies

MK-801, an NMDA receptor antagonist, and scopolamine, a cholinergic receptor blocker, are widely used as tool compounds to induce learning and memory deficits in animal models to study schizophrenia or Alzheimer-type dementia (AD), respectively. Memory impairments are observed after either acute or chronic administration of either compound. The present experiments were performed to study the nitric oxide (NO)-related mechanisms underlying memory dysfunction induced by acute or chronic (14 days) administration of MK-801 (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) or scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.). The levels of L-arginine and its derivatives, L-citrulline, L-glutamate, L-glutamine and L-ornithine, were measured. The expression of constitutive nitric oxide synthases (cNOS), dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH1) and protein arginine N-methyltransferases (PMRTs) 1 and 5 was evaluated, and the impact of the studied tool compounds on cGMP production and NMDA receptors was measured. The studies were performed in both the cortex and hippocampus of mice. S-nitrosylation of selected proteins, such as GLT-1, APP and tau, was also investigated. Our results indicate that the availability of L-arginine decreased after chronic administration of MK-801 or scopolamine, as both the amino acid itself as well as its level in proportion to its derivatives (SDMA and NMMA) were decreased. Additionally, among all three methylamines, SDMA was the most abundant in the brain (~70%). Administration of either compound impaired eNOS-derived NO production, increasing the monomer levels, and had no significant impact on nNOS. Both compounds elevated DDAH1 expression, and slight decreases in PMRT1 and PMRT5 in the cortex after scopolamine (acute) and MK-801 (chronic) administration were observed in the PFC, respectively. Administration of MK-801 induced a decrease in the cGMP level in the hippocampus, accompanied by decreased NMDA expression, while increased cGMP production and decreased NMDA receptor expression were observed after scopolamine administration. Chronic MK-801 and scopolamine administration affected S-nitrosylation of GLT-1 transport protein. Our results indicate that the analyzed tool compounds used in pharmacological models of schizophrenia or AD induce changes in NO-related pathways in the brain structures involved in cognition. To some extent, the changes resemble those observed in human samples.     

Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Molecular Network Driving Stromal Cell Differentiation: Implications for Corneal Wound Healing

The differentiation of keratocytes to fibroblasts and myofibroblasts is an essential requisite during corneal wound closure. The aim of this study is to uncover factors involved in differentiation-dependent alteration in the protein profile of human corneal stromal cells using quantitative proteomics. Human corneal fibroblasts were cultured and differentiated into keratocytes in serum-free media and myofibroblasts through treatment with TGF-β. The protein cell lysates from the donors were tryptic and were digested and labeled using a 3-plex iTRAQ kit. The labeled peptides were subjected to LCMS analysis. Biological functional analysis revealed a set of crucial proteins involved in the differentiation of human corneal stromal cells which were found to be significantly enriched. The selected proteins were further validated by immunohistochemistry. Quantitative proteomics identified key differentially expressed proteins which are involved in cellular signaling pathways. Proteins involved in integrin signaling (Ras-RAP1b, TLN and FN) and SLIT-ROBO pathways (PFN1, CAPR1, PSMA5) as well as extracellular matrix proteins (SERPINH1, SPARC, ITGβ1, CRTAP) showed enhanced expression in corneal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts compared to keratocytes, indicating their possible role in wound healing. Corneal stromal cell differentiation is associated with the activation of diverse molecular pathways critical for the repair of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Identified proteins such as profilin 1 and talin could play a tentative role in corneal healing and serve as a potential target to treat corneal fibrosis.     

Effects of Three Different Doses of Inter-Alpha Inhibitor Proteins on Severe Hypoxia–Ischemia-Related Brain Injury in Neonatal Rats

Hypoxia–ischemia (HI)-related brain injury is an important cause of morbidity and long-standing disability in newborns. We have previously shown that human plasma-derived inter-alpha inhibitor proteins (hIAIPs) attenuate HI-related brain injury in neonatal rats. The optimal dose of hIAIPs for their neuroprotective effects and improvement in behavioral outcomes remains to be determined. We examined the efficacy of 30, 60, or 90 mg/kg of hIAIPs administered to neonatal rats after exposure to HI for 2 h. Postnatal day 7 (P7) Wistar rats were exposed to either sham-surgery or unilateral HI (right carotid artery ligation, 2 h of 8% O₂) brain injury. A placebo, 30, 60, or 90 mg/kg of hIAIPs were injected intraperitoneally at 0, 24 and 48 h after HI (n = 9–10/sex). We carried out the following behavioral analyses: P8 (righting reflex), P9 (negative geotaxis) and P10 (open-field task). Rats were humanely killed on P10 and their brains were stained with cresyl violet. Male extension/contraction responses and female righting reflex times were higher in the HI placebo groups than the sham groups. Female open-field exploration was lower in the HI placebo group than the sham group. hIAIPs attenuated these behavioral deficits. However, the magnitude of the responses did not vary by hIAIP dose. hIAIPs reduced male brain infarct volumes in a manner that correlated with improved behavioral outcomes. Increasing the hIAIP dose from 30 to 90 mg/kg did not further accentuate the hIAIP-related decreases in infarct volumes. We conclude that larger doses of hIAIPs did not provide additional benefits over the 30 mg/kg dose for behavior tasks or reductions in infarct volumes in neonatal rats after exposure to severe HI.     

Proteolytic Cleavage of Bioactive Peptides and Protease-Activated Receptors in Acute and Post-Colitis

The protease activity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome has been studied extensively using synthetic fluorogenic substrates targeting specific sets of proteases. We explored activities in colonic tissue from a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis rat model by investigating the cleavage of bioactive peptides. Pure trypsin- and elastase-like proteases on the one hand and colonic tissue from rats with TNBS-induced colitis in the acute or post-inflammatory phase on the other, were incubated with relevant peptides to identify their cleavage pattern by mass spectrometry. An increased cleavage of several peptides was observed in the colon from acute colitis rats. The tethered ligand (TL) sequences of peptides mimicking the N-terminus of protease-activated receptors (PAR) 1 and 4 were significantly unmasked by acute colitis samples and these cleavages were positively correlated with thrombin activity. Increased cleavage of β-endorphin and disarming of the TL-sequence of the PAR3-based peptide were observed in acute colitis and linked to chymotrypsin-like activity. Increased processing of the enkephalins points to the involvement of proteases with specificities different from trypsin- or chymotrypsin-like enzymes. In conclusion, our results suggest thrombin, chymotrypsin-like proteases and a set of proteases with different specificities as potential therapeutic targets in IBD.     

基于Py-GC×GC-qMS的玉米芯热解产物在线检测

利用热裂解-全二维气相色谱-质谱联用（Py-GC×GC-qMS）仪对玉米芯不同温度下热解产物进行在线分析。研究结果表明：玉米芯在550℃下热解18 s,GC×GC-qMS共检测到191种化合物,包括醇、酸、醛、酮、酯、呋喃类、碳氢化合物、酚类、含氮类和糖类等。主要化合物包括2,3-二氢-苯并呋喃、1,6-脱水-β-d-吡喃葡萄糖和糠醛,其GC含量分别为9.15%、8.80%和5.21%;而GC-qMS仅检测到58种化合物,且未检测到糖类化合物。玉米芯热解产物的种类随着温度的升高逐渐增加,在550℃时达到稳定值。温度对醛类、酮类和呋喃类化合物的影响并不明显,GC含量分别在450、550和500℃时达到最大,分别为4.80%、13.57%和21.01%;醇类、酸类和酯类化合物易在低温条件下形成;碳氢化合物易在高温条件下形成,600℃时GC含量为10.77%;酚类呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,450℃时GC含量最大为23.77%;温度的升高对含氮类和糖类GC含量的影响并不明显。     

微波热解制备g-Fe2O3催化剂及其SCR脱硝性能

以FeSO₄·7H₂O[Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O]为铁源,采用新型微波热解法制备γ-Fe₂O₃[a-Fe₂O₃]催化剂样品,通过XRD、N₂等温吸附-脱附、压汞法等实验手段对催化剂样品晶相、微观孔结构等进行表征;考察两种催化剂样品的NH₃-SCR脱硝性能,通过归一化处理得到两种催化剂在不同温度下的本征脱硝反应速率,同时对比研究了γ-Fe₂O₃与钒系催化剂的脱硝活性;研究氨氮比、氧浓度等运行参数对γ-Fe₂O₃催化剂NH₃-SCR脱硝性能的影响规律,并对其抗硫抗水性能进行考察.结果表明:采用新型微波热解法可得到纯度较高的γ-Fe₂O₃催化剂,其介孔分布合理且大孔数量丰富;同时γ-Fe₂O₃催化剂表现出优于a-Fe₂O₃催化剂的脱硝性能,400℃时最大NO_x转化率达到96%,300、325、350℃下单位面积脱硝速率达到a-Fe₂O₃催化剂的3倍左右;γ-Fe₂O₃催化剂具备优良的抗硫抗水性能,其最佳氨氮比为1、最佳氧体积分数为3.5%.     

重松节油合成倍半萜烯树脂的研究

以蒸馏提纯后长叶烯和β-石竹烯含量较高的重松节油为原料、甲苯为溶剂、无水三氯化铝和引发剂P为催化剂,经聚合反应生成倍半萜烯树脂。考察了不同条件对反应的影响,结果表明优化的聚合反应条件为:以长叶烯与β-石竹烯总GC含量85%以上的重松节油为原料,溶剂与原料质量比为0.8:1,催化剂用量(以原料质量计)4%,反应时间4h,反应温度-5~0℃。此条件下,树脂得率为83.7%,软化点为105℃,加纳色号为4,长叶烯与β-石竹烯的转化率达99%以上。