Sources of Cd,Cu, Pb and Zn in biowaste

Biowaste, the separately collected organic fraction of municipal solid waste, can be reused for soil conditioning after composting. In this way, environmentally harmful waste management strategies, such as landfilling or incineration, can be reduced. However, frequent application of composts to soil systems may lead to the accumulation of heavy metals in soils, and therefore legal criteria were laid down in a decree to guarantee the safe use of composts. The heavy metal content of biowaste-composts frequently exceeds the legal standards, and thus raises a conflict between two governmental policies: the recycling of solid waste on the one hand, and the protection of natural ecosystems and public health on the other hand. In this study, the heavy metal content (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) of biowaste was compared with the natural background content of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the different constituents of biowaste. For this, the physical entities of biowaste were physically fractionated by wet-sieving and subsequent water-elutriation. In this way, organic and inorganic fractions of different particle sizes were obtained and the content of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn and the organic matter content of the different fractions were determined. On the basis of particle size, density and visual appearance, the particle-size fractions were assigned to various indoor and outdoor origins of the biowaste. It was found that a large amount of biowaste was not organic, but over 50% was made up of soil minerals due to the collection of biowaste constituents from gardens. The heavy metal content of the various fractions in biowaste was compared with the natural background contents of heavy metals in the constituents of biowaste, i.e. food products, plant material, soil organic matter and soil minerals, by collecting literature data. The heavy metal content in the fractionated physical entities of biowaste corresponded with the natural background concentration of its constituents and indicated that biowaste was not contaminated by other sources. However, the natural background content of biowaste constituents will result in heavy metal contents for biowaste-compost that will exceed the legal standards. It is advised that the legal standards for composts should be critically re-examined. The protection of soil systems could be better guaranteed if the input of heavy metals was evaluated for all inputs of fertilisers and soil conditioners, i.e. animal manures, various types of compost and artificial fertilisers.     

European isotopic signatures for lead in atmospheric aerosols: a source apportionment based upon 206Pb/207Pb ratios

To investigate the capability of the lead isotope signature technique to support a source apportionment study at a Continental scale, atmospheric particulate matter was collected at Cap Gris-Nez (Eastern Channel, northern France), over one year (1995-1996). Four days retrospective trajectories of air masses were available during each sampling experiment. Twenty-eight samples, for which the origin of aerosols was unambiguously determined, were selected for isotopic measurements. Considering the Enrichment Factors, EF(Crust) of lead and its size distribution, we show that lead is mostly from anthropogenic origin and mainly associated with [0.4 < diameter < 0.9 microm] particles. The extent to which various Continental sources influence the lead abundance in aerosols is exhibited by considering both the lead concentration and the origin of air masses. Lead concentration is higher by a factor of approximately seven, when air masses are derived from Continental Europe, by comparison with marine air masses. Taking into account these concentrations and the vertical movements of air masses, we compare the different isotopic compositions using a statistical non-parametric test (Kolmogorov-Smirnov). We produce evidence that, for most of the cases, air masses originating from Continental Europe exhibit a more radiogenic composition (1.134 < 206Pb/207Pb < 1.172) than air masses coming from the United Kingdom (1.106 < 206Pb/207Pb < 1.124). Generally, lead isotopic compositions in aerosols are clearly distinct from the gasoline signatures in European countries, strongly suggesting that automotive lead is no longer the major component of this metal in the air. Gasoline and industrial isotopic signatures could explain the origin of lead in our aerosol samples. A source apportionment based upon 206Pb/207Pb ratios, suggests that the difference between British (206Pb/207Pb = 1.122 +/- 0.038) and Continental (206Pb/207Pb = 1.155 +/- 0.022) signatures may be largely explained by differences in the petrol lead content of aerosols (23-62% in Great Britain vs. 10-36% in Continental Europe).     

Pb/Cd污染固化底泥的pH特性研究

以水泥、矿渣、生石灰、沸石为固化剂,对重金属污染底泥进行固化处理,通过室内试验,分析了铅、镉离子浓度及龄期对固化土pH值的影响,并得到了固化土pH值的变化规律,有助于解决河道底泥的重金属污染问题。     

Trace metals: Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in gelatinous macroplankton from the Northwestern Mediterranean

Gelatinous macroplankton organisms were collected in May 1984 in Villefranche-sur-Mer Bay and analysed for cadmium, copper, lead and zinc. Analyses were carried out by polarography for Cd, Cu and Pb and by flame atomic absorption for Zn. Phosphorus was also measured in the samples as a biomass parameter due to difficulties inherent in measuring dry weight of gelatinous organisms. The samples belong to the Tunicates, the Cnidarians (Hydromedusae, Siphonophores and Scyphomedusae), the Ctenophores and the Molluscs. Crustaceans living on some Tunicates were also sampled.As regards cadmium, copper and lead, mean concentrations did not show significant differences among the phyla studied: especially for Tunicates with mean values of 0.1 ng Cd μg P⁻¹, 2.0 ng Cu μg P⁻¹ and 0.9 ng Pb μg P⁻¹ and for Cnidarians with mean values of 0.5 ng Cd μg P⁻¹, 2.0 ng Cu μg P⁻¹ and 0.9 ng Pb μg P⁻¹ and for Cnidarians with mean values of 0.5 ng Cd μg P⁻¹, 2.0 ng Cu μg P⁻¹, 1.0 ng Pb μg P⁻¹. On the other hand, mean zinc concentrations were significantly lower in Tunicates (7.9 ng Zn μg P⁻¹) than in Cnidarians (36.8 ng Zn μg P⁻¹).Zinc seems to be preferentially concentrated in organisms which are rich in collagen, constituting the mesoglea, such as the Cnidarians, the Ctenophore and the gelatinous Mollusc studied, rather than in organisms rich in tunicin such as the Tunicates.     

Assessment and biomonitoring of aquatic pollution by heavy metals (Cd,Cr, Cu,Pb and Zn) in Hammam Grouz Dam of Mila (Algeria)

Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were determined in water, sediment and tissues of fish (Cyprinus carpio and Barbus setivimensis) from November 2014 to August 2015, in order to estimate the aquatic pollution in Hammam Grouz dam, by the technique of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentrations of heavy metals in the water and sediment were higher than the WHO standards. The calculation of Bioconcentration factor showed that all fish species studied have accumulated heavy metals in their tissues (gill, liver, muscle and kidney). The concentrations of metals in B. setivimensis were higher than those in C. carpio. The highest concentration of heavy metals was recorded in the gill while the lowest was recorded in the muscle and kidney. Our study reveals that these fish species can be used as bioindicators in the biomonitoring of metallic pollution in aquatic ecosystem.     

原子吸收光谱法测定活性污泥中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni

采用微波消解技术消解城市污水处理厂污泥样品,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定Cu、Zn,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定Pb、Cd、Ni。通过测定国家标准参考物质和加标回收试验,对方法进行了验证,方法的精密度和准确度均能满足污泥环境样品的测试要求。在试验条件下,测定样品中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni的加标回收率在95.2%～103%之间,相对标准偏差<3%。     

The influence of soil characteristics on the extractability of Cd, Pb and Zn in upland and moorland soils

A study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of using existing data sets of total soil metal concentrations and soil parameters, such as pH, to predict available metal concentrations on a regional or national basis. The attraction of such an approach is that it would provide valuable data for initiatives requiring information on the availability and mobility of metals in soils without the need for costly soil sampling and analysis. Ninety-seven topsoil and subsoil samples were collected from 6 soil series in a catenary sequence in north Wales to provide data for the development of an empirical model. These were analysed for total, 0.01 M CaCl2-extractable and porewater metal concentrations and for a range of soil properties including pH, solid and dissolved organic matter and cation exchange capacity. Regression analysis showed that, of the soil parameters measured, pH was the most important predictor variable for the estimation of CaCl2-extractable Cd, Pb and Zn. pH accounted for up to 86% of the variance in the proportion of 'total' metals which were extracted by CaCl2, a reagent that is commonly used to estimate plant uptake of elements. However, the relationships recorded between soil parameters and Kd (total metal/porewater metal) were much weaker, indicating that porewater metal concentrations can less readily be predicted from total soil metal concentrations and soil properties.     

Monitoring for Pb and Cd pollution using feral pigeons in rural, urban, and industrial environments of Korea

This study was aimed at evaluating the lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contamination status using resident pigeons from rural (island), central urban (Seoul), and four industrial complex areas in Korea with varying traffic density as well as atmospheric metal pollution records. We also discussed the results with respect to metal exposure trends in urban area after introduction of lead-free gasoline in Korea. Mean concentrations of Pb and Cd in bone and kidney of pigeons from Seoul were comparable to those from industrial complex areas and were about 15-20 times those at the reference site. This suggests that exposure to metals in the urban environment is as high as in the industrial areas. Lead and Cd concentrations in lungs of pigeons from Seoul were significantly higher by more than three times in 2000 than in 1991 (p < 0.01), whereas the residues in liver, kidney, and bone remained at a similar level, despite the introduction of unleaded gasoline in 1993. The Pb and Cd concentrations in tissues of pigeons did not decrease as atmospheric metal levels decreased. Ingestion may be more important than inhalation in exposing pigeons to Pb and Cd in this study.     

Distribution of species of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in a water profile of the Yarra river estuary

The behaviour of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in a highly stratified estuary was examined. The distribution of ionic and ‘organically bound” forms of the metals was determined by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (dpasv) before and after u.v. irradiation. The two forms of the metals were compared with the water characteristics of salinity, temperature, turbidity, flow, and inorganic and organic carbon.Irradiation increased the concentration of all four elements detectable by dpasv. The greatest increase was for Cu in the 1 m depth river water which yielded 7.5 μg l⁻¹ before irradiation and 29 μg l⁻¹ after irradiation. Cu and Cd showed minimum concentrations in the seawater layer at 4 m depth, corresponding to the fresh seawater flowing upstream below the halocline. The concentrations of Cu and Cd were higher in the river water than in the underlying seawater. Zn concentration in the river water was lower than in the seawater. Relationships between the trace metal concentrations and the characteristics of the water column are not clear, but the direction of water movement is a major influence.     

Comparison of atmospheric pesticide concentrations measured at three sampling sites: local, regional and long-range transport

We present the comparison of atmospheric concentrations of eleven currently used pesticides (HCB, alpha-HCH, gamma-HCH, trifluraline, mecoprop, phosalone, atrazine, carbofuran, carbaryl, diuron and isoproturon) measured in remote (Aubure), rural (Colmar) and urban (Strasbourg) areas of Alsace and Vosges regions (cast France). Pesticides samples were collected simultaneously on two of the three sites during the summer season of 1993 and 1994, using a Hi-Vol sampler with Whatman filter paper and XAD-2 resin. The particle and gas phases were collected separately during 24 h. The relative importance of local emissions and local, regional and long distance transport on the contamination of the atmosphere in the three environments (remote, rural and urban) were investigated. To facilitate the interpretation of the results, the alpha/gamma-HCH ratio was used as a tracer of pesticide emissions.     

Biomonitoring of maritime pollution by heavy metals (Pb and Zn) in the coast of Jijel (Algeria)

This paper reports a study of pollution in the coastal waters of Jijel, Algeria, using algae Ulva lactuca and Corallina officinalis as bioindicators. Samples of seawater and algae were collected at four different stations from the coast of Jijel, during the period of April–June 2014. The heavy metal content (Pb and Zn) was determined in seawater and in the algae tissue by the technique of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In seawater, the contents of heavy metals vary from 0.017 to 0.03 mg/l (Pb) and 0.235 to 0.873 mg/l. In the algae tissues, metals concentrations vary between 1.88 to 6.25 μg g^?1 dry weight (Pb), and from 92 to 178.9 μg g^?1 dry weight (Zn). These levels differ by site and species. The calculation of the bioconcentration factor (BCF) leads us to conclude that algae bioaccumulate significant levels of Pb and Zn metals in their tissues. Our results shows that the species of C. officinalis bioaccumulate the metals Pb and Zn more than U. lactuca, where, high biosorption of Zn was observed with BCF values between 203.21 and 238.40. Zn content in seawater and algae tissues appear higher than standards set by USEPA and guides values of Certified Reference Materials, but Pb levels appear lower than this standard.     

Use of local Moran's I and GIS to identify pollution hotspots of Pb in urban soils of Galway, Ireland

Pollution hotspots in urban soils need to be identified for better environmental management. It is important to know if there are hotspots and if the hotspots are statistically significant. In this study identification of pollution hotspots was investigated using Pb concentrations in urban soils of Galway City in Ireland as an example, and the influencing factors on results of hotspot identification were investigated. The index of local Moran's I is a useful tool for identifying pollution hotspots of Pb pollution in urban soils, and for classifying them into spatial clusters and spatial outliers. The results were affected by the definition of weight function, data transformation and existence of extreme values. Compared with the results for the positively skewed raw data, the transformed data and data with extreme values excluded revealed a larger area for the high value spatial clusters in the city centre. While it is hard to decide the best way of using this index, it is suggested that all these influencing factors should be considered until reasonable and reliable results are obtained. GIS mapping can be applied to help evaluate the results via visualization of the spatial patterns. Meanwhile, selected pollution hotspots (extreme values) in this study were confirmed by re-analyses and re-sampling.     

粉煤灰及膨润土对Ni2+,Zn2+,Pb2+,Cd2+的吸附

研究了粉煤灰从溶液中去除有毒金属离子Ni^2 ，Zn^2 ，Pb^2 ，Cd^2 的能力，并与膨润土进行了对比．介绍了一种有效的求平衡吸附率的计算方法．试验结果表明：粉煤灰除了对Zn^2 的吸附能力和膨润土相当外，其余均大于膨润土．粉煤灰对Pb^2 (初始浓度为2000mg／L)的平衡吸附率达83％；对Ni^2 ，Zn^2 ，Cd^2 (初始浓度均为800mg／L)的平衡吸附率分别为61％．60％．94％．     

The use of Pb/210Pb ratios in lake sediments for estimating atmospheric fallout of stable lead in South-Central Ontario,Canada

The ratio of Pb concentrations (μg g⁻¹) to excess ²¹⁰Pb (²¹⁰Pb_exc) activities (dpm g⁻¹) in the surface (0–1 cm) sediments of lake cores, together with a knowledge of atmospheric ²¹⁰Pb fluxes, were used to estimate the atmospheric deposition of stable Pb in south-central Ontario, Canada. Between three and five cores were collected from each of 10 lakes, while in one lake (Red Chalk - Main Basin) a total of 25 cores were obtained.The average atmospheric ²¹⁰Pb_exc flux to the main basin of Red Chalk Lake was calculated to be 1.1 dpm cm⁻² year⁻¹, a value which compares favourably with literature estimates of ²¹⁰Pb deposition for Ontario. The surface Pb/²¹⁰Pb_exc ratios for 61 cores ranged between 1.26 and 3.44 μg dpm⁻¹(average 2.15 ± 0.45 μg dpm⁻¹). Therefore, the predicted atmospheric Pb deposition was 14–38 mg m⁻² year⁻¹ (average 24 ± 5.0 mg m⁻² year⁻¹). This estimate of stable Pb fallout is similar to those measured by alternate methods and indicates that elemental ratios in lake sediments might be useful for predicting the behaviour of other contaminants in lakes.     

The spatial and temporal trends of Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn in Seine River floodplain deposits (1994-2000)

Fresh floodplain deposits (FD), from 11 key stations, covering the Seine mainstem and its major tributaries (Yonne, Marne and Oise Rivers), were sampled from 1994 to 2000. Background levels for Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn were established using prehistoric FD and actual bed sediments collected in small forested sub-basins in the most upstream part of the basin. Throughout the Seine River Basin, FD contain elevated concentrations of Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn compared to local background values (by factors>twofold). In the Seine River Basin, trace element concentrations display substantial downstream increases as a result of increasing population densities, particularly from Greater Paris (10 million inhabitants), and reach their maxima at the river mouth (Poses). These elevated levels make the Seine one of the most heavily impacted rivers in the world. On the other hand, floodplain-associated trace element levels have declined over the past 7 years. This mirrors results from contemporaneous suspended sediment surveys at the river mouth for the 1984-1999 period. Most of these temporal declines appear to reflect reductions in industrial and domestic solid wastes discharged from the main Parisian sewage plant (Seine Aval).     

聚合氯化铝中铅、镉的测定新法

介绍了采用共沉淀－－火焰原子吸收法测定聚合氯化铝中铅、镉的新方法,试验结果表明其回收率和相对标准偏差（ｎ＝１０）均能满足对水处理剂－－聚合氯化铝分析检测的质量控制要求。     

污泥生物淋滤过程中Cd及Pb形态变化研究

对太原市污水处理厂的污泥进行了生物淋滤序批实验研究,采用5％接种量和底物浓度4g/L单质硫为工艺参数,采用顺序浸提法测定了生物沥滤中重金属形态之间的转化,通过淋滤前后重金属形态变化分析了其沥滤机制及浸出能力。结果表明,cd是通过间接机制沥出,Pb的沥出主要是由直接机制和间接机制的共同作用完成的。研究结果对预测污泥农用的环境风险有积极意义。     

Behavior of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb discharged from a wastewater treatment plant into an estuarine environment

To obtain information on the fate of trace metals discharged to an estuarine environment, analyses have been made on water and sediment samples from Back River, MD., and on effluent from the large wastewater treatment plant that discharges there. Within 2–3 km of the outfall, the concentration (in μg 1⁻¹) of all metals decreases as follows: Mn, > 120-90; Fe, > 570-300; Cu, 53-7; Zn, 280-9; Cd, 3.5-0.5 and Pb, 31-<4. Except possibly for Mn and Fe, these decreases are much greater than can be ascribed to simple dilution, so physical, chemical or biological processes must be removing metals to the sediments. Correspondingly, sediment concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb are approximately one order of magnitude higher than normally found in uncontaminated areas. After the initial decrease, concentrations of Mn and Cd in the water begin to rise again, suggesting remobilization from the sediments. Comparison of the estimated annual discharge of 8 trace metals to the Chesapeake Bay from wastewater treatment plants and from rivers suggests that the wastewater input may be within one order of magnitude of the fluvial input for Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. Of the metals studied, Cd presents the greatest potential for serious pollution because its input from wastewater probably exceeds fluvial input, it appears to be readily remobilized from sediments, and it is known to be toxic to many organisms.     

Uncertainty-based calibration and prediction with a stormwater surface accumulation-washoff model based on coverage of sampled Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd field data

A dynamic conceptual and lumped accumulation wash-off model (SEWSYS) is uncertainty-calibrated with Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd field data from an intensive, detailed monitoring campaign. We use the generalized linear uncertainty estimation (GLUE) technique in combination with the Metropolis algorithm, which allows identifying a range of behavioral model parameter sets. The small catchment size and nearness of the rain gauge justified excluding the hydrological model parameters from the uncertainty assessment. Uniform, closed prior distributions were heuristically specified for the dry and wet removal parameters, which allowed using an open not specified uniform prior for the dry deposition parameter. We used an exponential likelihood function based on the sum of squared errors between observed and simulated event masses and adjusted a scaling factor to cover 95% of the observations within the empirical 95% model prediction bounds. A positive correlation between the dry deposition and the dry (wind) removal rates was revealed as well as a negative correlation between the wet removal (wash-off) rate and the ratio between the dry deposition and wind removal rates, which determines the maximum pool of accumulated metal available on the conceptual catchment surface. Forward Monte Carlo analysis based on the posterior parameter sets covered 95% of the observed event mean concentrations, and 95% prediction quantiles for site mean concentrations were estimated to 470 μg/l ±20% for Zn, 295 μg/l ±40% for Cu, 20 μg/l ±80% for Pb and 0.6 μg/l ±35% for Cd. This uncertainty-based calibration procedure adequately describes the prediction uncertainty conditioned on the used model and data, but seasonal and site-to-site variation is not considered, i.e. predicting metal concentrations in stormwater runoff from gauged as well as ungauged catchments with the SEWSYS model is generally more uncertain than the indicated numbers.     

Pb and 206Pb/207Pb isotopic analysis of a tree bark pocket near Sheffield,UK recording historical change in airborne pollution during the 20th century

A section of tree trunk (beech, Fagus sylvatica) containing a bark pocket progressively enclosed at the junction of two branches was collected from a semi-rural location near Sheffield, UK. According to the annual growth rings, the bark pocket formed between ca. 1919 and 1998 (the date of felling). The bark pocket was divided into consecutive samples of differing radial depth (and thus age), that were analysed by ICP mass spectrometry. The Pb concentration varied from 7 to 78 mg kg (-1) and the 206Pb/207Pb isotope ratio from 1.11 to 1.15. In contrast, the current surface bark contained 46 mg kg(-1) Pb and recorded a 206Pb/207Pb ratio of 1.11. The changing elemental and isotopic composition of the bark pocket recorded historical change in the level and sources of airborne Pb pollution. An overall increase in Pb concentration with time was accompanied by a progressive reduction in 206Pb/207Pb from ca. 1935 to 1943. Mass balance calculations indicated that Pb additives in petrol contributed significantly to the rise in concentration, accounting for a maximum of 50% of the total Pb for ca. 1986-1998, but that other sources were generally dominant. The highest Pb concentrations were recorded from ca. 1951 to 1973, suggesting a high level of industrial pollution. A reduction in Pb concentration and reversal of the trend in 206Pb/207Pb was observed in the current bark.