基于蛋白质组学的植物多酚抗肿瘤作用机制研究进展

蛋白质组学（proteomics）作为一种大规模研究细胞蛋白质功能的重要技术和研究方法,广泛应用在揭示肿瘤发病分子机制、寻找生物标志物、筛选治疗新药物等方面。植物多酚作为一种天然活性物质,已经证实具有抗肿瘤潜力。本文对蛋白质组学及运用蛋白质组学技术和研究方法探讨植物多酚抗肿瘤作用机制进行了综述,以期为植物多酚保健食品、药品的开发提供一定的科学依据。     

Evaluation of pollen as a source of kaempferol in rosemary honey

The content of the flavonoid kaempferol in different experimental rosemary honey samples produced in Aragón (Spain) and in some commercial rosemary honey samples produced in different Spanish regions was evaluated by HPLC. The content ranged between 0·33 and 2·48 mg kg⁻¹ of honey. Nectar has been suggested recently as the origin of this flavonoid. Rosemary pollen contained kaempferol 3-diglucoside and 3-glucoside, and therefore could be an alternative source for the kaempferol found in rosemary honey. However, there was no correlation between the kaempferol present in honey and pollen content. This suggests that the contribution of pollen flavonoids to the pool of flavonoids found in honey is very small, and that the search for phenolic markers of the botanical origin of honey should be addressed to the identification of nectar flavonoids or other nectar constituents. © 1998 SCI.     

Phenolic compounds: evidence for inhibitory effects against obesity and their underlying molecular signaling mechanisms

Phenolic compounds are widely present in the plant kingdom. Many epidemiological studies have indicated that consumption of some plant-derived foodstuffs with high phenolic content is associated with the prevention of some diseases and that these compounds may have similar properties to antioxidants, antimutagenic agents, antithrombotic agents, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-HIV-1, and anticancer agents. However, obesity is an important topic in the world of public health and preventive medicine. Relationships between body mass index, waist circumference, or waist-to-hip ratio and the risk of development of some diseases (such as heart disease, dyslipidemia, hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, kidney failure, cancer, stroke, osteoarthritis, and sleep apnea) have been observed. Evidence that phenolic compounds have beneficial effects in fighting obesity is increasingly being reported in the scientific literature. These in vitro and in vivo effects of phenolic compounds on the induction of pre-adipocytic and adipocytic apoptosis and inhibition of adipocytic lipid accumulation are considered in detail here. This review presents evidence of their inhibitory effects on obesity and their underlying molecular signaling mechanisms.     

Geographical Differentiation of Rosemary Based on GC/MS and Fast HPLC Analyses

This paper focuses on characterization of target compounds of rosemary from 16 regions of Algeria in order to highlight the correlation between the samples composition and their origin. Essential oil was determined using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Phenolic compounds were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography based on two monolithic columns (HPLC-DAD). The analyses revealed that hydrodistilled essential oils content ranged from 0.33 to 1.47 %; the maximum amounts were observed in the National Institute of Agronomy. A total of 25 components accounting for 88.11–99.80 % of the total essential oil, according regions were identified. α-Pinene (20.13–72.58 %) and camphor (6.64–36.44 %) were identified as the main constituents on oils. Two chemotypes for this plant were proposed. The main antioxidants compounds (carnosol, rosmarinic and carnosic acid) in rosemary were determined at a concentration ranging from 0.27 to 2.49 % for rosmarinic acid, 0.01 to 1.77 % for carnosic acid and 0.17 to 0.94 % for carnosol, according to regions.     

New mechanisms and therapeutic potential of curcumin for colorectal cancer

Curcumin is a polyphenol derived from Curcuma longa. Over the last few years, a number of studies have provided evidence of its main pharmacological properties including chemosensitizing, radiosensitizing, wound healing activities, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungical, immunomodulatory, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. More recent data provide interesting insights into the effect of this compound on cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy. In fact, preclinical studies have shown its ability to inhibit carcinogenesis in various types of cancer including colorectal cancer (CRC). Curcumin has the capacity of interact with multiple molecular targets affecting the multistep process of carcinogenesis. Also, curcumin is able to arrest the cell cycle, to inhibit the inflammatory response and the oxidative stress and to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Likewise, it has been shown to possess marked antiangiogenic properties. Furthermore, curcumin potentiates the growth inhibitory effect of cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors and traditional chemotherapy agents implicating another promising therapy regimen in the future treatment of CRC. However, its clinical advance has been hindered by its short biological half-life and low bioavailability after oral administration. This review is intended to provide the reader an update of the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of curcumin and describes the recently identified molecular pathways responsible of its anticancer potential in CRC.     

Anticancer activity of essential oils: a review

Natural essential oil constituents play an important role in cancer prevention and treatment. Essential oil constituents from aromatic herbs and dietary plants include monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, oxygenated sesquiterpenes and phenolics among others. Various mechanisms such antioxidant, antimutagenic and antiproliferative, enhancement of immune function and surveillance, enzyme induction and enhancing detoxification, modulation of multidrug resistance and synergistic mechanism of volatile constituents are responsible for their chemopreventive properties. This review covers the most recent literature to summarize structural categories and molecular anticancer mechanisms of constituents from aromatic herbs and dietary plants. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

Cancer Prevention and Treatment by Ganoderma, a Mushroom with Medicinal Properties

Ganoderma, highly ranked in Oriental traditional medicine, has been used as a remedy for many types of chronic diseases, including hepatopathy, type II diabetes, neurasthenia, hypertension, and cancer. Various polysaccharides (i.e., β-D-glucans and glycoproteins) and triterpenoids are the major active constituents present in Ganoderma. In vitro and animal studies have indicated that Ganoderma exhibits cancer-preventive and anticancer activity. Data from a clinical study in cancer patients showed Ganopoly, a crude Ganoderma polysaccharide extract, enhanced host immune function, including increased activity of effector cells such as T lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells, despite the lack of striking objective antitumor activity. Several clinical studies revealed that treatment of prostate cancer patients with the Ganoderma-containing PC-SPES (a mixture of eight herbal extracts) gave a significant decrease in the prostate-specific antigen levels, which compares favorably with second-line hormonal therapy that has agents such as estrogens and ketoconazole. Currently available data from numerous in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that the cancer-preventive and tumoricidal properties of Ganoderma might be ascribed to its antioxidative and radical-scavenging effects, enhancement of host immune function, induction of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, and other biological effects. Although Ganoderma may represent a practical and promising approach for cancer prevention and cancer treatment, further experimental, epidemiological, and clinical studies are needed to identify unrevealed molecular targets, resolve the relationship between Ganoderma intake and cancer risks, and explore the optimum dosing, efficacy, and safety, alone or in combination with chemotherapy/radiotherapy.     

Limonoids as cancer chemopreventive agents

Nutritional research on the health benefits of substances in plant foods has recently advanced to a new stage. The research frontier has moved from study of classical vitamin deficiency diseases to study of the thousands of phytochemicals that may have important physiological effects. Recent research suggests that citrus fruit consumers may be getting another health benefit from orange juice and other citrus products called limonoids, which appear to possess substantial anticancer activity. Limonoids are highly oxidized triterpenes present in Rutaceae and Maliaceae families. Several citrus limonoids have recently been subjected to anticancer screening utilizing laboratory animals and human breast cancer cells. The experimental results described that citrus limonoids may provide substantial anticancer actions. The compounds have been shown to be free of toxic effects in animal models, so potential exists for the use of limonoids against human cancer in either natural fruits, in citrus fortified with limonoids, or in purified forms of specific limonoids. Although the initial studies are very promising they have been conducted primarily with in vitro cell culture and animal models. Thus, research is needed to determine whether the limonoids may be useful in preventing or treating cancer in humans. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

植物多酚通过MAPK信号通路调控肿瘤作用机制研究进展

肿瘤细胞的生物学过程(增殖、分化、侵袭、迁移)是癌症发生的标志,丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogenactivated protein kinase,MAPK)被证实是调节肿瘤细胞生物学过程的至关重要的信号通路。大量研究表明,天然植物多酚,如茶多酚、白藜芦醇、花青素等对肿瘤细胞有显著的调节作用,植物多酚介导的MAPK通路对肿瘤细胞的调节已经引起国内外学者的广泛兴趣。文章综述了植物多酚通过MAPK信号通路对肿瘤细胞的调控作用,分析了不同多酚对MAPK信号通路的4条途径(p38、ERK-1/2、ERK5、JNK)的响应机制,旨在为明确植物多酚的抗肿瘤活性及分子机制、开发抗肿瘤保健食品或药物提供参考。     

Anti‐inflammatory activity of rosemary extracts obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide enriched in carnosic acid and carnosol

The in vitro anti‐inflammatory activity of supercritical rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extracts (rosemary A and B) is been reported in this study. To achieve that, THP‐1 macrophages were activated using lipopolysaccharide or human ox‐LDL and secretion and gene expression of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6 and IL‐10 were evaluated, as well as COX‐2 gene expression. Results indicated that both rosemary extracts (A & B) exhibit high anti‐inflammatory activity although at a higher extent in case of rosemary B extract (5 μg mL^?1), representing a higher quantity of carnosic acid and carnosol than rosemary A. When comparing the activity of the extract to the standard itself, the anti‐inflammatory activity of standards of carnosic acid and carnosol was not as intense as that obtained with rosemary B. These data indicated that although carnosic acid content in the extracts is considered as the main anti‐inflammatory compound, a synergistic interaction with other compounds may play a significant role in enhancing its activity. Results provided the grounds for possible increase in the application of supercritical rosemary extracts in food formulations for mitigation or prevention of inflammatory diseases.     

Mycotoxin exposure and human cancer risk: A systematic review of epidemiological studies

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in investigating the carcinogenicity of mycotoxins in humans. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of data linking exposure to different mycotoxins with human cancer risk. Publications (2019 and earlier) of case–control or longitudinal cohort studies were identified in PubMed and EMBASE. These articles were then screened by independent reviewers and their quality was assessed according to the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. Animal, cross‐sectional, and molecular studies satisfied criteria for exclusion. In total, 14 articles were included: 13 case–control studies and 1 longitudinal cohort study. Included articles focused on associations of mycotoxin exposure with primary liver, breast, and cervical cancer. Overall, a positive association between the consumption of aflatoxin‐contaminated foods and primary liver cancer risk was verified. Two case–control studies in Africa investigated the relationship between zearalenone and its metabolites and breast cancer risk, though conflicting results were reported. Two case–control studies investigated the association between hepatocellular carcinoma and fumonisin B1 exposure, but no significant associations were observed. This systematic review incorporates several clear observations of dose‐dependent associations between aflatoxins and liver cancer risk, in keeping with IARC Monograph conclusions. Only few human epidemiological studies investigated the associations between mycotoxin exposures and cancer risk. To close this gap, more in‐depth research is needed to unravel evidence for other common mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A. The link between mycotoxin exposures and cancer risk has mainly been established in experimental studies, and needs to be confirmed in human epidemiological studies to support the evidence‐based public health strategies.     

A review of the dietary flavonoid,kaempferol on human health and cancer chemoprevention

Kaempferol is a polyphenol antioxidant found in fruits and vegetables. Many studies have described the beneficial effects of dietary kaempferol in reducing the risk of chronic diseases, especially cancer. Epidemiological studies have shown an inverse relationship between kaempferol intake and cancer. Kaempferol may help by augmenting the body’s antioxidant defence against free radicals, which promote the development of cancer. At the molecular level, kaempferol has been reported to modulate a number of key elements in cellular signal transduction pathways linked to apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, and metastasis. Significantly, kaempferol inhibits cancer cell growth and angiogenesis and induces cancer cell apoptosis, but on the other hand, kaempferol appears to preserve normal cell viability, in some cases exerting a protective effect. The aim of this review is to synthesize information concerning the extraction of kaempferol, as well as to provide insights into the molecular basis of its potential chemo-preventative activities, with an emphasis on its ability to control intracellular signaling cascades that regulate the aforementioned processes. Chemoprevention using nanotechnology to improve the bioavailability of kaempferol is also discussed.     

In vitro antioxidant activities of Rosmarinus officinalis extracts treated with supercritical carbon dioxide

The leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) were subjected to supercritical CO₂ extraction (SFE). Different sources of variability, including location (Izmir, Canakkale and Mersin) and harvesting time (December, March, June and September), were considered. Among active constituents of rosemary, carnosic acid, carnosol and rosmarinic acid were analyzed by HPLC. Variability of the amounts of active constituents appears to be due to different geographical locations of growth and seasonal variations. The levels of the constituents were higher in the months of December 2003 and September 2004. In addition to this, 12 SFE extracts were screened for their radical-scavenging capacities and antioxidant activities by various in vitro assays, namely total phenol assay, DPPH radical-scavenging activity and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC).     

辣根等十字花科蔬菜中硫甙水解产物异硫氰酸酯的生物活性

流行病学研究表明辣根及其它十字花科蔬菜(CFV)具有抗癌症和肿瘤的作用。研究表明CFV中硫甙的水解产物异硫氰酸酯(ITCs)具有高度的生物活性，是CFV是最主要的抗癌活性成分。ITCs能够有效的防止饮食中的多种致癌物如多环芳烃、杂环胺和亚硝胺所引起的DNA损伤和癌症。其机制是通过抑制I相还原酶活性和诱导Ⅱ相酶的产生来解毒和加速致癌物的排泄。同时，ITCs还具有如杀菌、抑制血小板聚集等许多生物活性。但高剂量的ITCs也具有基因毒性，可能引起哺乳动物细胞姐妹染色体交换和染色体失常，从而引起突变和致癌。     

Evaluation of the potential synergistic antimicrobial effects observed using combinations of nanoparticled and non‐nanoparticled agents on cheese‐derived micro‐organisms

The objective of this study was to determine whether a combination of agents could produce a synergistic antimicrobial effect, by either targeting a greater spectrum of micro‐organisms or reducing the concentration of antimicrobial required to cause inhibition. Five agents (nanoparticled solubilisates – sorbic acid, benzoic acid and rosemary extract, and non‐nanoparticled chitosans – of two different molecular weights) were selected based on promising antimicrobial activity and/or enhanced solubility. Combinations of these agents were examined against cultures derived from cheese. The study found the top‐performing antimicrobials contained chitosan and/or rosemary, individually or in combination. These findings encourage their use as active agents in cheese packaging.     

Anticancer and carcinogenic properties of curcumin: considerations for its clinical development as a cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent

A growing body of research suggests that curcumin, the major active constituent of the dietary spice turmeric, has potential for the prevention and therapy of cancer. Preclinical data have shown that curcumin can both inhibit the formation of tumors in animal models of carcinogenesis and act on a variety of molecular targets involved in cancer development. In vitro studies have demonstrated that curcumin is an efficient inducer of apoptosis and some degree of selectivity for cancer cells has been observed. Clinical trials have revealed that curcumin is well tolerated and may produce antitumor effects in people with precancerous lesions or who are at a high risk for developing cancer. This seems to indicate that curcumin is a pharmacologically safe agent that may be used in cancer chemoprevention and therapy. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown, however, that curcumin may produce toxic and carcinogenic effects under specific conditions. Curcumin may also alter the effectiveness of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This review article analyzes the in vitro and in vivo cancer-related activities of curcumin and discusses that they are linked to its known antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties. Several considerations that may help develop curcumin as an anticancer agent are also discussed.     

Oxidative stability of brined anchovies (Engraulis encrasicholus) with plant extracts

The effect of brining with plant extracts on the oxidative stability of anchovies was investigated during storage. The brining process was done in 15 g 100 mL⁻¹ of sodium chloride solution with water, and with myrtle, rosemary and nettle extracts. Brined anchovies were stored at 4 ± 1  ° C for 28 days. Brining with plant extracts slowed down the lipid oxidation of anchovies. The highest antioxidant effect was observed in brined anchovies with rosemary and myrtle extracts during storage as indicated by peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and oxidative rancidity (OR) scores. Furthermore, OR scores in brined anchovies were well correlated with thiobarbituric acid reactive substance ( r ² = 0.66, P  < 0.01) and POV ( r ² = 0.87; P  < 0.01). The fatty acid profiles were similar among the brined anchovies with plant extracts. These results suggest that brining with rosemary, myrtle and to a lesser extent, nettle extracts prevents development of oxidation in lipids of anchovies during storage.     

Identification of Anticancer Peptides from Bovine Milk Proteins and Their Potential Roles in Management of Cancer: A Critical Review

Cancer is the most widely recognized reason for human deaths globally. Conventional anticancer therapies, including chemotherapy and radiation, are very costly and induce severe side effects on the individual. The discovery of natural anticancer compounds like peptides may thus be a better alternative for cancer prevention and management. The anticancer peptides also exist in the amino acid chain of milk proteins and can be generated during proteolytic activities such as gastrointestinal digestion or food processing including fermentation. This paper presents an exhaustive overview of the contemporary literature on antitumor activities of peptides released from milk proteins. In addition, caseins and whey proteins have been evaluated for anticancer potential using the AntiCP database, a web‐based prediction server. Proline and lysine, respectively, dominate at various positions in anticancer peptides obtained from caseins and whey proteins. The remarkable number of potential anticancer peptides revealed milk proteins as favorable candidates for the development of anticancer agents or milk and milk products for reduction of cancer risks. Moreover, anticancer peptides liberated from milk proteins can be identified from fermented dairy products. Although current findings of correlation between dairy food intakes and cancer risks lack consistency, dairy‐derived peptides show promise as candidates for cancer therapy. This critical review supports the notion that milk proteins are not only a nutritious part of a normal daily diet but also have potential for prevention and/or management of cancer.