高煤级煤储层渗透率在煤层气排采中的动态变化数值模拟

针对高煤级煤储层渗透率尤其是其动态变化规律极少开展研究的现状，基于现代测试技术和沁水盆地排采效果较好的煤层气井实测排采数据，利用目前国际上较为先进的煤层气数值模拟软件CINET2，采用分段拟合的方法对煤层气井的产气、产水过程进行历史拟合和修正，进而对高煤级煤储层渗透率在开采中的动态变化规律进行了探讨．研究结果表明，煤层气并工作制度的变化会引起煤层气井采动状况发生变化，导致煤储层渗透率产生波动．煤储层渗透率随着煤层气井排采时间呈指数规律缓慢衰减，与物理模拟实验结果显示的渗透率与有效应力的关系具有相似的结论．     

沁南地区潘庄区块煤层气井产能主控因素研究

研究煤层气井产能的主控因素对煤层气高效开发具有重要意义.以潘庄区块煤层气勘探开发资料为基础,从资源条件、水文地质条件、钻完井工艺和排采工作制度4个方面对煤层气井产能的影响进行分析,得出了在资源丰度差别不大的情况下,煤储层含气饱和度和临储压力比对该区煤层气井产能贡献大,其中临储压力比贡献最大,煤储层含气饱和度次之,而水文地质条件以及排采工作制度对煤层气井产能影响不明显.     

沁水盆地南部煤层气井网排采压降漏斗的控制因素

以平面径向渗流理论及压降叠加原理为基础,依据沁水南部煤层气生产区块15口排采井生产数据,建立了井网排采条件下排水阶段至产气初期煤层气井压降漏斗的计算模型,应用Matlab数学软件实现了煤层气井压降漏斗的可视化模型.在分析了排水阶段至产气初期煤层气井压降漏斗的形状及演化特征的基础上,提出了单井压降漏斗形状的界定方法和压降漏斗叠加程度的评价方法,讨论了压降漏斗形状的控制因素.研究结果表明：排水阶段至产气初期,煤储层渗透率小于8×10-3μm2、地下水位高度高于680m、日排水量低于3m3/d时,产气量一般高于250m3/d,泄流半径与压降漏斗深度的比值一般小于40,泄流半径较小,煤储层压力降幅较大,压降漏斗属于第1种类型;煤储层渗透率大于8×10-3μm2、地下水位高度低于680m、日排水量小于3m3/d时,产气量一般低于250m3/d,泄流半径与压降漏斗深度的比值一般大于40,泄流半径较大,煤储层压力降幅较小,压降漏斗属于第2种类型;叠加区最大半径与井距的比值越大,压降叠加程度越高,叠加区域的面积越大,压降漏斗范围内煤储层压力的下降幅度也越大.排水阶段至产气初期,渗透率越低、地下水流体势越大、排水量越小、压降叠加程度越高,泄流半径与压降漏斗深度的比值就越小,越有利于产气初期煤层气产出.     

地层供液能力差异对煤层气合层排采的影响——以大宁—吉县地区古驿背斜西翼为例

对煤层气合层排采井之间产气效果的差异性进行研究.基于排采数据和产出剖面测井解释结果,对大宁—吉县地区古驿背斜西翼5#,8#煤的供液能力差异及其对合采井产气效果的影响进行了研究分析,认为5#,8#煤之间存在的较大供液量差异在排采过程中有利于减轻低产水层应力敏感效应和速度敏感效应对渗透率的伤害,供液量大的8#煤对供液量低的5#煤起到了间接保护作用.研究结果表明:与层间供液量差异小的井相比,层间供液量差异大的井水量相对较大,投产4a后井底压力才降至2 MPa左右,气量缓慢增加至1 000m3/d以上,井底压力下降速度和产气速度均较缓慢,降低了应力敏感效应和速度敏感效应对煤层渗透率的伤害,利于保持高产稳产;由于层间供液能力及供液量的差异,排采过程中近井地带的压降传递速度不一致,井筒内的少量液量会倒灌进5#煤,使5#煤近井地带压力获得一定恢复,降低应力敏感伤害的同时,上、下煤层近井地带压降速度重新恢复一致,井筒内液面和压力继续维持现有的下降速度,利于压降范围继续扩大.     

煤层气直井排采过程中渗透率变化规律研究

基于煤层气储层地质参数的差异对排采过程中煤储层内部应力状态、力学结构性质、能量系统变化的影响,采用孔隙结构、弹塑性、损伤力学,能量平衡转化理论等方法,构建了排采过程渗透率变化的数理模型.提出了"回升系数"的概念,量化了不同条件下渗透率变化规律的差异.结果表明:排采过程中渗透率总体呈现"先降低后增大"的趋势,储层参数不同,渗透率降低幅度和回升能力存在较大差异,埋深越浅,渗透率回升至初值所需的弹性模量越小.当埋深在400m以浅,煤体弹性模量只需4~5GPa渗透率即可回升至初值,当埋深增至600m时,弹性模量需达到7~8GPa渗透率才能回升至初值,当埋深超过800m时,煤体弹性模量在8GPa内渗透率基本不能回升至初值.排采过程渗透率变化的临界地质参数值的确定,为现场的工程实施或渗透率理论研究提供了理论依据.     

水平井与非均质盒式油藏耦合模型

运用Green函数和Newman积原理,建立盒式油藏水平井产量计算模型.模型考虑井筒内的沿程摩擦阻力和加速度压力损失,引入拟表皮系数表征储层非均质性造成的物性差异.实例计算结果表明,该模型与有限差分数值模拟模型计算结果吻合较好,证实了该方法的可靠性;储层非均质性和沿程压降对水平井产量剖面影响较大,渗透率高的区域,流入量较大;在早期,原油的流动为非稳态时,井筒压降对计算结果影响很大,当水平井较长时,井筒压降对产量影响不可忽略;由于井筒流量从趾端到跟端逐渐增加,井筒压降逐渐增大.     

高煤级煤储层条件下的气体扩散机制

为了研究高煤级煤储层煤层气排采中气体的扩散行为,采用扫描电镜和压汞法对不同煤级煤的孔隙进行了观测和测试,根据气体分子运动理论和扩散理论,探讨了沁水盆地无烟煤储层煤层气排采的不同阶段气体扩散模式的动态演化.研究表明,煤层气排采过程中,孔隙内气体的扩散模式是动态变化的:相同排采阶段,同一孔径范围内的孔隙的扩散方式因压降不同而存在差异.不同排采阶段,同一孔隙可能会经历不同的气体扩散模式.对于无烟煤储层,Knudsen型扩散很弱,过渡型扩散贯穿于排采的整个过程.Fick型扩散主要发生排采初期,在排采末期主要出现在距离井筒较远地段.     

排采连续性对煤层气开采的影响

排采连续性对煤层气开发至关重要.但是,在排采过程中关井现象不可避免,重新开井后如何排采、制定合理的排采制度是提高产量的关键.通过对煤层气生产阶段理论进行分析,结合关井前后矿场数据,同时借助数值模拟方法,对关井过程中储层参数变化进行了研究.结果表明,关井明显改变储层物性参数,造成井筒附近煤层含水饱和度增加,井底压力升高,...     

砂砾岩油藏储层非均质性及对剩余油分布影响——以柴达木盆地昆北油田切12区为例

以柴达木盆地切12区冲积扇砂砾岩油藏为例,针对制约油藏开发的关键地质因素——储层非均质性,运用地质、测井及生产动态等资料,深入剖析砂砾岩储层非均质特征及其对剩余油分布的影响,认为沉积组构差异控制形成的储层孔隙结构差异是储层微观非均质性的主因,冲积扇沉积构型单元时空分布是储层宏观非均质性的主控因素.研究结果表明:厚层砂砾岩发育2类储层孔隙结构、2类渗透率韵律类型、1种夹层类型、2类夹层分布样式、2种有效砂体结构、4类有效砂体连通模式,扇中复合水道平面非均质性最强,渗透率变异系数大于0.7,扇根"泛连通体"平面非均质性中等,渗透率变异系数介于0.3～0.5.储层非均质性主要通过沉积构型单元的渗流屏障分布样式、渗透率韵律性、储层孔隙结构等方面影响剩余油的分布,导致不同构型单元剩余油分布规律不同.在扇中复合水道及水道萎缩期单元内,受注入水沿高渗层大孔道非均匀突进的影响,形成绕流、孤岛状等微观剩余油,且富集于复合韵律层的上部;在扇根"泛连通体"单元内,受注采连通性差和储层低渗透性的影响,剩余油片状富集.     

砂砾岩油藏储层非均质性及对剩余油分布影响——以柴达木盆地昆北油田切12区为例

以柴达木盆地切12区冲积扇砂砾岩油藏为例,针对制约油藏开发的关键地质因素——储层非均质性,运用地质、测井及生产动态等资料,深入剖析砂砾岩储层非均质特征及其对剩余油分布的影响,认为沉积组构差异控制形成的储层孔隙结构差异是储层微观非均质性的主因,冲积扇沉积构型单元时空分布是储层宏观非均质性的主控因素.研究结果表明:厚层砂砾岩发育2类储层孔隙结构、2类渗透率韵律类型、1种夹层类型、2类夹层分布样式、2种有效砂体结构、4类有效砂体连通模式,扇中复合水道平面非均质性最强,渗透率变异系数大于0.7,扇根“泛连通体”平面非均质性中等,渗透率变异系数介于0.3~0.5.储层非均质性主要通过沉积构型单元的渗流屏障分布样式、渗透率韵律性、储层孔隙结构等方面影响剩余油的分布,导致不同构型单元剩余油分布规律不同.在扇中复合水道及水道萎缩期单元内,受注入水沿高渗层大孔道非均匀突进的影响,形成绕流、孤岛状等微观剩余油,且富集于复合韵律层的上部;在扇根“泛连通体”单元内,受注采连通性差和储层低渗透性的影响,剩余油片状富集.     

Reservoir reconstruction technologies for coalbed methane recovery in deep and multiple seams

Multiple coal seams widely develop in the deep Chinese coal-bearing strata. Ground in situ stress and coal seam gas pressure increase continuously with the increase of the mining depth, and coal and gas outburst disasters become increasingly severe. When the coal is very deep, the gas content and pressure will elevate and thus coal seams tends to outburst-prone seams. The safety and economics of exploited firstmined coal seams are tremendously restricted. Meanwhile, the multiple seams occurrence conditions resulted in different methane pressure systems in the coal-bearing strata, which made the reservoir reconstruction of coal difficult. Given the characteristics of low saturation, low permeability, strong anisotropy and soft coal of Chinese coal seams, a single hydraulic fracturing surface well for reservoir reconstruction to pre-drain the coalbed methane(CBM) of multiple seams concurrently under the different gas pressure systems has not yet gained any breakthroughs. Based on analyses of the main features of deep CBM reservoirs in China, current gas control methods and the existing challenges in deep and multiple seams, we proposed a new technology for deep CBM reservoir reconstruction to realize simultaneous high-efficiency coal mining and gas extraction. In particular, we determined the first-mined seam according to the principles of effectiveness and economics, and used hydraulic fracturing surface well to reconstruct the first-mined seam which enlarges the selection range of the first-mined seam. During the process of mining first-mined seam, adjacent coal seams could be reconstructed under the mining effect which promoted high-efficiency pressure relief gas extraction by using spatial and comprehensive gas drainage methods(combination of underground and ground CBM extraction methods). A typical integrated reservoir reconstruction technology, ‘‘One well for triple use", was detailed introduced and successfully applied in the Luling coal mine. The application showed that the proposed technology could effectively promote coal mining safety and simultaneously high-efficiency gas extraction.     

Interlayer interference mechanism of multi-seam drainage in a CBM well:An example from Zhucang syncline

Based on the characteristics of the strong volatility of physical property in vertical direction, high gas content, high resource abundance and large exploitation potentiality of coal reservoir in Bide-Santang basin of Zhina coal field, we study the generation mechanism of interlayer interference, propagation rules of reservoir pressure drop and influencing factors of gas productivity in CBM multi-seam drainage in the paper. On the basis of the actual production data of X-2 well of Zhucang syncline in Bide-Santang basin,by simulating the gas production process of a CBM well under the condition of multiple seam with COMET3 numerical simulation software, we analyze the influencing factors of gas productivity during the process of multi-seam drainage, and illuminate the interlayer interference mechanism of multiseam drainage. The results show that permeability, reservoir pressure gradient, critical desorption pressure and fluid supply capacity of stratum have great influence on gas productivity of multi-seam drainage while coal thickness has little influence on it. Permeability, reservoir pressure gradient and fluid supply capacity of stratum affect the propagation velocity of reservoir pressure drop and thereby affect the final gas productivity. Moreover, the influence of critical desorption pressure on gas productivity of multiseam drainage is reflected in the gas breakthrough time and effective desorption area.     

Variation in gas drainage rate from a coal seam during mining

Gas flow patterns during draining of gas from a coal seam during mining are discussed. The coal seam is treated as a dual medium with both pores and cracks. The seepage, diffusion, and desorption processes are treated using a gas flow equation that describes flow around drill holes. MATLAB is used to solve the differential equations. The permeability tracer test results from a mined coal seam are used to study the variation in gas drainage from a coal seam during mining. The results show that mining can increase the permeability of a coal seam, which then increases the gas drainage. There are inflection points in this variation over time. A close relationship between this variation and the rate of change in coal seam permeability is observed.     

地面群孔瓦斯抽采技术应用研究

为保证新集一矿突出煤层13-1煤北中央采区的安全开采,先后开采131103、131105等11-2煤层工作面作为保护层。首先在上述两个工作面共布置了6个地面钻孔,建立了地面群孔瓦斯抽采系统,预抽采动区被保护层13-1煤瓦斯。接下来对地面钻孔抽采瓦斯参数进行了考察,主要包括基于示踪技术考察了131105工作面采动卸压地面钻孔走向及倾向瓦斯抽采半径,统计分析被保护层瓦斯抽采率,同时就地面群孔与井下底板巷穿层钻孔瓦斯抽采两种方法进行了抽采率、工程费用等方面的对比。研究结果表明：新集一矿的地层条件下地面钻孔抽采煤层卸压瓦斯沿煤层倾向和走向的抽采半径分别不小于160m和240m;采动区地面群孔瓦斯抽采率达35%以上;地面钻孔相对比井下底板巷,在抽采瓦斯方面具有技术上可靠、安全、经济等优点。     

Nitrogen enhanced drainage of CO_2 rich coal seams for mining

Coal seams with high CO_2 gas contents can be difficult to drain gas for outburst management. Coal has a high affinity for CO_2 with adsorption capacities typically twice that of CH_4. This paper presents an analysis of nitrogen injection into coal to enhance drainage of high CO_2 gas contents. Core flooding experiments were conducted where nitrogen was injected into coal core samples from two Australian coal mining basins with initial CO_2 gas contents and pressures that could be encountered during underground mining. Nitrogen effectively displaced the CO_2 with mass balance analysis finding there was only approximately 6%–7% of the original CO_2 gas content residual at the end of the core flood. Using a modified version of the SIMED II reservoir simulator, the core flooding experiments were history matched to determine the nitrogen and methane sorption times. It was found that a triple porosity model(a simple extension of the Warren and Root dual porosity model) was required to accurately describe the core flood observations. The estimated model properties were then used in reservoir simulation studies comparing enhanced drainage with conventional drainage with underground in seam boreholes. For the cases considered, underground in seam boreholes were found to provide shorter drainage lead times than enhanced drainage to meet a safe gas content for outburst management.     

吴仓堡油田长9油藏特征及开发对策

吴仓堡油田地处鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡中段属吴起三角洲前缘组成部分。在钻探过程中通过地层对比研究、岩心分析、试油测试等发现了吴仓堡油田长9油藏储层平均孔隙度为8．0％,平均渗透率为0．23×10-3μm2,孔喉半径小、油层非均质性强,属于特低孔、特低渗油藏。对油藏特性进行深入研究,提出选取菱形反九点注采井网系统开发部署来提...     

红菱煤矿开采保护层对 煤岩体透气性的数值模拟

以红菱煤矿保护层开采为工程实例,通过开采11#煤层,对存在煤与瓦斯突出的7#煤层和12#煤层进行 卸压,利用FLAC3D数值模拟中小同步开挖的渗透率变化情况,对保护层开采过程中煤岩体的渗透性进行了分 析,得出了煤岩体透气性变化规律。结果表明:煤岩体的透气性随着工作面推进不断增强;开采保护层上覆岩体 的渗透率明显比底板岩体的渗透率大;卸压效果越好,渗透率越大。     

水力压裂煤储层卸压增透技术的适用性分析

水力压裂煤储层技术在不同矿区应用过程中受不同煤体破坏类型和围压条件的影响,其卸压增透效果差异性较大.为了明确该项技术的井下适用条件,优化其实施工艺,切实提高煤层瓦斯抽采率,通过分析和总结河南省不同矿区实际煤储层的水力压裂试验数据资料发现,水力压裂增透技术对Ⅰ,Ⅱ破坏类型煤体的增透效果比较明显,而在Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ破坏类型的松软煤层中适用性则具有一定的局限性,具有压裂范围小、裂缝闭合快、增透效果不明显等特点.所得结论对于选择合理的水力压裂储层并进一步优化完善高效预抽本煤层瓦斯技术具有一定的指导意义.     

保护层开采卸压增透效应研究及其定量表征方法探索（研究生论坛稿件）

保护层开采是高突矿井瓦斯治理地主要方式及开采方法,保护层开采的卸压增透效果当前无法量化表征的,缺乏评价体系。以平板流体模型增透率理论为基础,结合平煤十矿地质条件,通过离散单元法建立保护层开采数值模型,获得保护层开采不同距离时采空区下方的增透率图谱及被保护层的应力分布。研究结果表明：保护层开采过程中,采面前方15 m处支撑压力会出现应力峰值,随着采面的推进,增透率与现场瓦斯流量呈现正相关关系;在采空区下方,被保护层卸压以及增透效应明显,且卸压区范围与增透率分布集中区域基本一致,均随着采空区范围的扩大而增大。该研究成果证实了增透率理论可以作为保护层开采卸压增透指标,对现场保护层回采设计、瓦斯抽采设计范围的确定提供了更加科学的依据。     

保护层开采上覆煤岩变形移动及瓦斯抽采效果

根据潘三矿东四采区实际开采条件和回采工艺,运用数值模拟和现场试验相结合的方法,分析了近水平煤层保护层开采过程中被保护层应力、变形量、透气性系数在保护层开采过程中的演化机制。结果表明：保护层开采过程中,被保护层存在未受影响区（原始应力区）、增压区、过渡卸压区、稳定卸压区和重新压实区,被保护层边界区域附近过渡卸压区内的透气性系数为原始透气性系数的30倍左右,煤体应力下降,产生了一定的膨胀变形,大大提高了瓦斯抽采效果。