Effects of Age, Breed, Sex and Muscle on Certain Mineral Concentrations in Cattle

Concentrations of K, Na, Fe, Zn, Ca, Cu and Mg were determined in the longissimus dorsi, semimembranosus and diaphragm muscles. In 94 market weight animals the average concentrations of the elements in ppm of wet weight in the three muscles ranged as follows: Cu, 0.70–1.66; Fe, 18.0–38.1; Ca, 23.8–30.2; Zn, 26.8–40.5: Ma. 198–248: Na. 528–708: and K. 3060–3840. The concentrations of all seven elements in the diaphragm muscle were significantly different from those in the other two muscles. The Cu, Fe, Zn and Mg contents in the longissimus dorsi were significantly different from those in the semimembranosis. Sex and breed differences were less pronounced. In a group of 20 mature cows, Fe, Ca, Zn, Mg and Na were affected by age.     

Relationship of Mineral Content and Tenderness of Meat from Cattle Differing in Breed, Sex and Age

The mineral contents and the shear values of raw and cooked meat, respectively, were determined using longissimus dorsi (LD) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles of 100 cattle, 80 of which were approximately 15 months of age and were classified by breed of sire and by sex and 20 of which were mature Shorthorn cows. Correlations between shear values and concentrations of the minerals Cu, Fe, Ca, Zn, Mg, Na and K, indicated that for the LD muscle no correlations were significant (P > 0.05) and for the SM muscle only correlations involving Ca and Fe were significant (P > 0.05). These correlation coefficients, however, were not of a magnitude to encourage the use of mineral concentrations of raw meat for the prediction of cooked beef shear value.     

Net absorption of macrominerals by portal-drained viscera of lactating Holstein Cows and beef steers

Net absorption of macrominerals by portal-drained viscera of cattle was measured in two experiments. In Experiment 1, net portal-drained visceral and liver flux of Na, K, Ca, P, and Mg were measured in four lactating Holstein cows fed a 60:40 corn silage:concentrate diet ad libitum and milked at 12-h intervals. Twelve measurements of net flux (venous-arterial concentration difference x blood plasma flow) were obtained hourly at 4 and 8 wk postpartum. Intake of DM and milk yield averaged 15.6 and 32.2 kg/d, respectively. Excluding Na, net absorption of these macrominerals was measurable across portal-drained viscera. Flux of Na was negative at wk 4 postpartum (net removal from blood) and positive at wk 8 (net absorption into blood). Excluding Mg, differences in venous-arterial concentrations for macrominerals across the liver were not different from zero. In Experiment 2, net portal-drained visceral flux of Na, K, Ca, P, and Mg was partitioned into stomach and poststomach sections in two Hereford steers. Poststomach tissues accounted for essentially all such absorption of K, Ca, and P and, on a net basis, removed Na and Mg. Stomach tissues absorbed Mg and small amounts of K, Ca, and P. Net stomach flux of Na was positive, denoting net absorption, but highly variable. Net portal-drained visceral absorption of K increased with intake in both experiments. Net portal-drained visceral absorption of P was greater than total intake in both experiments, reflecting recycling of P via saliva and other digestive secretions.     

Macro and Micro Minerals from Selected Muscles of Pork

Ten individual muscles (Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus, Biceps femorus, Gluteus medius, Longissimusu muscle, Psoas major, Serratus ventralis, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, and Triceps brachii) from 10 pork carcasses were removed and analyzed for selected minerals. Individual muscles contained relatively large quantities (mg/100g) of K, Na, P and Mg with smaller amounts of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn but varied between muscles with differences of one- to twofold. Semimembranosus had lesser amounts of Ca, Cu, Fe, and Mn than any other muscle studied. In general, the mineral content of leg, loin, and shoulder were different. The shoulder muscles had a greater quantity of Fe and Zn present in their muscles than leg or loin.     

Some blood minerals and hormones in cows fed variable mineral levels and ionic balance.

Eighty multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to eight treatments in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design to examine changes in serum parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, Ca, P, Mg, K, and Cl under two levels of dietary Ca and P with two anion-cation balances. Factor levels were low and high Ca (51 vs. 115 g/d), P (38 vs. 52 g/d), and cationic:anionic balance (23 vs. -8 meq). Cows were offered a TMR and an experimental mineral supplement to adjust mineral and anion-cation levels. Caudal vein blood samples were collected every 2 d from d -10 to +10 from calving. Serum K was lower for low Ca and high P compared with high Ca and low P treatments. Neither hormones nor the minerals examined in serum showed treatment effects. Cows of higher parity consumed less supplement and had lower serum Ca and P. All serum variables except calcitonin showed day to day variations. Both Ca and P decreased around parturition, whereas parathyroid hormone and Mg increased. Anionic diets did not differ from cationic diets regarding serum parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, Ca, P, Mg, K, Cl, or Na.     

Detailed macro- and micromineral profile of milk: Effects of herd productivity,parity, and stage of lactation of cows of 6 dairy and dual-purpose breeds

The aim of this study was to quantify the major sources of variation in the levels of 15 minerals in individual milk samples collected from cows raised in multibreed dairy herds. The herds (n = 27) were classified into 2 categories, according to milk productivity. Milk productivity was based on the net energy of lactating cows' average daily milk yield. Milk samples were collected from 240 cows of 6 different breeds: 3 specialized dairy (Holstein-Friesian, Brown Swiss, and Jersey) and 3 dual-purpose (Simmental, Rendena, and Alpine Grey). The samples were analyzed for macro-elements (Na, Mg, P, S, K, and Ca), essential micro-elements (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Se), and environmental micro-elements (B, Si, Sr, and Sn), using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model that included fixed effects of days in milk (DIM), parity, breed, and herd productivity, and a random effect of herd-date within productivity level. Results showed that the effect of herd-date varied across minerals. It was especially large for environmental minerals (ranging from 47 to 91% of total variance) and ranged from 11 to 61% for macrominerals and essential microminerals. Milk samples collected from farms with a high level of herd productivity had a richer mineral profile than samples from low-productivity herds. Parity only influenced macrominerals, with the exception of S and Ca, while DIM influenced almost all minerals, with a few exceptions among the environmental elements. Differences in mineral profile were small between specialized and dual-purpose breeds, but they were large within the group of the specialized cows. These breed differences were reduced after adjusting for milk quality and yield, particularly in the case of milk Mg, S, Ca, Mn, and Zn levels. Milk samples from the Jersey and Brown Swiss cows had higher mineral levels (Sn excluded) than milk from the Holstein-Friesian cows; the other breeds of Alpine origin produced milk of intermediate quality. Our findings suggest that breed has a stronger effect on macrominerals and some of the essential microminerals than herd productivity, parity, and DIM. The modification of the mineral profile in milk seems possible for many minerals, but it likely depends on genetics (e.g., breed, selection) and on environmental and management factors in variable proportions according to the mineral considered.     

Potassium requirement of dairy calves

Thirty-five Holstein and Jersey calves were blocked according to breed and sex, then randomly assigned at 4 wk of age to four dietary concentrations of K (.55, .84, 1.02, or 1.32% of DM) for a 10-wk period. Plasma K, Na, Ca, and Mg; body weight change; and feed intake were similar among the four treatments, as was average daily gain, which averaged .73 kg across all diets. In a second trial, 16 Holstein calves were blocked according to sex and randomly assigned at 6 wk of age to two concentrations of dietary K (.34 and .58% of DM) for an 8-wk period. Plasma Ca was higher at wk 8, and plasma Mg lower at wk 4, on the .58% K diet, while plasma Na and K were unaffected by dietary K concentration. Average daily gain for the .58% K group was .74 kg compared with .60 kg for calves receiving .34% K. In addition, both feed intake and body weight change were higher during the last 4 wk of the trial for the calves fed .58% K. As a result of the increased performance exhibited by the calves receiving .58% K, we conclude that the dietary K requirement of the growing dairy calf is within the range of .34 to .58%.     

Determination of macromineral requirements for preweaned dairy calves in tropical conditions

International committees that have published nutrient requirements for dairy cattle have used data from mineral studies conducted in the 1920s to 1970s, and no study has reported data from animals less than 100 kg; therefore, there is a need to update mineral requirements for preweaned dairy calves. Thus, a meta-analysis was performed to estimate the mineral requirements of Ca, P, K, Mg, and Na for Holstein and Holstein × Gyr crossbred preweaned dairy calves using data from 5 studies developed at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (Viçosa, MG, Brazil). A total of 210 calves were separated into 2 breeds: purebred Holstein calves (animals with a Holstein pedigree higher than 87.5%) and Holstein × Gyr crossbred calves (animals with a Holstein pedigree lower than 87.5%). The comparative slaughter technique was used to estimate animal body composition and empty body weight (EBW). Mineral requirements for maintenance were estimated by the regression between retained mineral and mineral intake, whereas mineral requirements for gain were obtained from the first derivative of the mineral content in the animal's body. In addition, breed effect was tested on the intercept and slope of the models. The effect of breed was not observed for all analyzed variables. Thus, net requirements for maintenance were 12.73, 11.81, 20.28, 3.50, and 6.37 mg/kg of EBW per day for Ca, P, K, Mg, and Na, respectively. Retention coefficients were 73.18, 65.20, 13.16, 29.55, and 24.28% for Ca, P, K, Mg, and Na, respectively. The following equations were determined to estimate net requirements for gain (NRG, g/d): NRG for Ca = 14.402 × EBW^?0.139 × empty body gain (EBG); NRG for P = 5.849 × EBW^?0.027 × EBG; NRG for K = 1.140 × EBW^?0.048 × EBG; NRG for Mg = 0.603 × EBW^?0.036 × EBG; and NRG for Na = 1.508 × EBW^?0.045 × EBG. Due to the high variation between the data found in this study and in the available literature, we suggest that further studies should be conducted to evaluate the estimates of this study.     

Nutrient Composition of Muscles in Deer and Boar

In trimmed muscle types of four game species the dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, ash, Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn contents were determined. Samples of the m. semimembranosus and m. longissimus dorsi of each of 10 red deer, fallow deer, roe-deer and wild boars from the Southwestern region of Hungary in the end-winter period were analyzed, and mean values, related to dry matter, were compared. The game muscle samples had much lower crude fat, more Ca, P and microelements, especially Cu and Fe, when compared with published data for the respective muscles of domestic animals.     

Relationships between minerals in Australian brown rice

Ninety samples of brown rice cv Amaroo, which has occupied over 50% of the area sown to rice in southern Australia in the last two seasons, were collected from the rice growing regions of southern Australia at the end of the 1991–1992 season. The samples were analysed for total nitrogen using the Kjeldahl technique, and for P, K, S, Mg, Ca, Na, Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo and Zn using inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. The analysis of concentrations of elements show that Mn concentrations in Australian rice were higher and Ca concentrations lower than typical values reported for brown rice grown in other countries. For all other elements the concentrations had a similar range to those reported for overseas rice. Highly significant correlations were found between the major nutrients P, K and Mg, and also N and S. The Mg to K ratio ranged from 1·3 to 1·6 which indicates that, if Japanese criteria are used, the taste/stickiness quality within this cultivar of Australian rice could vary from undesirable to highly desirable.     

Mineral composition of the red and green pepper (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Capsicum annuum</Emphasis>) from Tenerife Island

The content of macroelements (Na, K, Ca, Mg and P) and microelements (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and B) in green and red pepper samples consumed on the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, has been determined. Analysis has shown the influence of the ripening stage on the mineral content of the pepper. Red pepper presents higher K, Mg, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and B concentration levels than green pepper. There are differences between the values obtained in this study and the values shown in different food composition tables; our results are higher in Na, Ca and Mg, and lower in K and Fe.     

Feeding differently processed soya bean. Part 2. An assessment of haematological responses in the chicken.

The use of differently processed soya bean as a major source of dietary protein was evaluated in a haematological study using broiler chickens in which groundnut cake (GNC), raw soya bean (RSB), roasted soya bean (RtSB), cooked soya bean (CSB) and soya bean oil cake (SBC) were fed on equi-protein basis. The results showed that: 1. Red blood cell (RBC) count and haemoglobin content of blood significantly (P less than 0.05) increased in chicks fed RSB relative to the other soya bean diets. Feeding differently processed soya bean significantly (P less than 0.05) influenced mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) while the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was not significantly influenced. 2. Both the total white blood cell (WBC) count and the monocytes were significantly (P less than 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. Chicks fed processed soya bean generally had higher number of monocytes. 3. Physical properties determined were specific gravity and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The latter was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in all the processed soya bean-fed chicks. 4. Minerals determined in blood were Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu and P. Of all these, chicks fed RSB had significantly (P less than 0.01) lower levels of blood Mg and marked decrease in Ca.     

Mineral composition of the papaya (Carica papaya variety sunrise) from Tenerife island

In this study we have determined the contents of macroelements (Na, K, Ca, Mg and P) and microelements (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and B) in papaya samples (Carica papaya) obtained and consumed on the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands. The analysis shows the existence of significant differences in mineral content in the papaya samples. The papaya coming from MercaTenerife (wholesaler) presents higher K, P and Mn concentration levels than the papaya coming from the South Area of Tenerife. On the other hand, Na concentration levels are higher in the samples coming from the South Area of the island. There are differences between the mineral contents of this fruit shown in some food composition data tables and those analyzed in this work. The former are lower in Na, K, Ca and higher in Fe. In the same way, it is appreciated that the levels of Na concentration found in this work are greater than those found by other authors, and lower in Fe. When we compare the results obtained in this work and the recommended daily intakes or daily estimated demands of mineral elements proposed by different institutions or authors we realize that papaya is an important source of certain mineral elements, mainly K, Mg and B.     

Fatty Acid Composition of Goat Organ and Muscle Meat of Alpine and Nubian Breeds

Fatty acid compositions of liver, heart, kidney, Longissimus dorsi (LD) and Biceps femoris (BF) of two goat breeds were evaluated using capillary gas chromatography (GC). Lauric (C12:0) acid was absent from the liver and kidney. All organ samples had significantly (P < 0.01) greater polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) than the LD and BF muscles. The organs also contained significantly (P < 0.01) higher saturated fatty acids (SFA) than the skeletal muscles, whereas the opposite trend occurred for the C18:1 contents. Levels of 14:0, 16:0, and 18:2 acids were related to breed, while those of 14:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, and 20:4 acids were related to tissues. Goat muscle had higher PUFA:SFA ratio than those reported for beef, which may be important in human nutrition.     

Cation concentrations in fluid from the oviduct ampulla and isthmus of cows during the estrous cycle.

To detect variations in oviduct fluid cation concentrations, Ca++, Mg++, K+, and Na+ were determined for daily samples of blood serum and bovine oviduct fluid collected from indwelling isthmic and ampullary catheters. Isthmic oviduct fluid Ca++ concentration was significantly greater than that in ampullary fluid, particularly around estrus and ovulation. Maximum Ca++ concentrations found in isthmic oviduct fluid at estrus (2.57 +/- .22 mM) and at ovulation (2.50 +/- .29 mM) were similar to those of medium used for in vitro capacitation of bovine sperm. Concentrations of Mg++ in oviduct fluid differed significantly by estrous cycle stage, but not by oviduct region, and were consistently lower than those detected in serum. No relationships were found for K+ or Na+ with respect to region or stage, but K+ was generally higher in oviduct fluid than in serum. The concentration of K+ averaged over stage and region (4.46 +/- .13 mM) and the K+:Na+ ratio (.032 +/- .002) were similar to those reported in bovine in vitro capacitating and fertilizing media. Concentrations of Ca++ and Na+ from peritoneal fluid from nonstaged cows were similar to those of oviduct fluid or serum. The Mg++ concentration was greater, and K+ concentration was less, in peritoneal than in oviduct fluid.     

Changes of Mineral Concentrations in Serra Cheese during Ripening and Throughout the Cheesemaking Season

Seasonal changes of the ash content and mineral concentrations in Serra cheese were studied over a typical 35-day ripening period. Statistically significant differences (at the 5% level) exist between the ash content and the concentrations of Na, K, Ca, P, Mg and Zn in cheeses during ripening. The highest concentrations of Na was obtained in cheese ripened for 7 days, whereas the concentrations of K, Ca, P, Ng and Zn decreased significantly during ripening. For 35-day-old cheeses, concentrations of Na, K and Cu were lowest and concentration of P was highest for cheeses manufactured in May. The concentration of Ca was lowest for cheeses manufactured in February. On average, the most concentrated minerals (in g kg^-1 of total solids, TS) in 35-day-old Serra cheese were Na (18·56), Ca (9·70) and P (7·92) and, at a lower level, K (1·70) and Mg (0·96). Only trace levels (in mg kg_TS^-1) of Zn (94·33), Cu (2·26) and Mn (1·25) were detected. A high mineral nutrition quality was thus ascribed to 35-day-old Serra cheese based on the average nutritional densities: 4·8 for Ca, 4·0 for P, 1·1 for Mg, 3·4 for Na, 2·4 for Zn, 0·4 for Cu, 0·2 for Mn and 0·2 for K. © 1997 SCI     

中国烟叶矿质营养及主要化学成分含量特征研究

利用2002年抽样调查的220个烤烟样品,对我国烤烟中的氮、钾、磷、钙、镁、锰、铜、锌、硼、钠、铁、氯、烟碱、还原糖等14个指标的含量特征进行了分析。结果表明:1)除钙、钠、锌、硼、还原糖、烟碱外,其余指标在品种之间的差异极显著,但不同指标在品种之间的高低秩序不同。在样本数较多的K326、云烟85、云烟87、NC82、NC89中,K326的钾含量为1.79%,显著地高于云烟85、NC82、NC89,NC82、云烟87的氯含量分别为0.39%、0.32%,显著地高于K326、云烟85、NC89中的氯含量;2)氮、硼、烟碱含量从上部烟叶到下部烟叶显著地依次降低,而钾、铁、还原糖则从上部烟叶到下部烟叶显著地依次升高;3)烟碱含量地域之间的差异不明显,而其余指标在地域之间的差异极显著,但不同指标在品种之间的高低秩序不同。河南烟叶的钾含量显著地低于其他省份,贵州烟叶的氯离子含量显著地高于其他地方,湖南烟叶的还原糖含量显著地低于其他所有地方;4)我国烟叶氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、锰、氯、铜、锌、硼、钠、铁、烟碱、还原糖含量落在巴西烟叶范围之内的理论概率分别为0.525、0.598、0.485、0.338、0.462、0.839、0.449、0.384、0.275、0.586、0.621、0.586、0.739、0.684;还原糖、烟碱、钾、氯含量符合"国际型优质烟叶"质量标准的概      

Genotypic variation of mineral elements contents in rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

Mineral nutrition of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) are important for human health. The method of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was employed to determinate the contents of K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn in milled rice (Oryza sativa L.) of 274 rice genotypes. The results showed that the visible difference could be found for the contents of eight elements in milled rice among rice genotypes studied. It existed the possibility to select the genotype(s) with abundant of mineral nutrient from the genetic resource. Meanwhile, the contents of mineral elements in brown rice were significantly higher than those in milled rice. The averages of K, Mn and Cu contents of indica rice were significantly lower than those of japonica rice, while no significant difference was found for other five element contents between indica and japonica rice genotypes. The average contents of Na and Cu in non-glutinous rice genotypes were higher than those in glutinous ones, whereas the averages of K and Mn contents in non-glutinous rice genotypes were lower in present experiment. Additionally, the K, Ca and Mg contents of milled rice from white brown rice were significantly higher than those from red brown rice, and Ca content of milled rice from white brown rice was also visibly higher than that from black brown rice. For microelements, significant difference was observed for Zn content between milled rice from red and white brown rice, or between milled rice from red and black brown rice. Some genotypes with abundant mineral nutrient in milled rice had been selected and could be used in rice nutrient breeding.     

MINERAL CONTENT IN GOATS' MILKS

Concentrations of eight essential minerals were determined in 78 samples of goats'milk from the Canary Islands. The following mean values (ranges) were found: Se (μ/L), 19.98 (9.2‐31.2); Fe (mg/L), 0.52 (0.19‐1.17); Cu (mg/L), 0.17 (0.08‐0.31); Zn (mg/L), 3.31 (1.6‐4.6); Na (mg/L), 514 (289‐906); K (mg/L), 1585 (1212‐2160); Ca (mg/L), 1533 (1118‐1962); and Mg (mg/L), 157 (101‐210). Comparing with data for human milk and cows' milk from the Canary Islands, the mean concentrations of Se, K and Mg arranged in according the following sequence: goats' milk > cows' milk > human milk. Cows' milk had the highest (P<0.05) mean concentration for Ca and Zn, while humans had the highest (P < 0.05) mean concentration for Cu. The milk of goats milked once per day had significantly higher concentrations of Se and lower Mg and Zn than the milk of goats milked twice per day. While the concentrations of Na and Mg increased significantly from March to August, the concentrations of Se, Fe and Cu in goats' milk decreased significantly from March to June.     

Variations of vitamin and mineral contents in raw goat milk of the indigenous Greek breed during lactation

Raw goat milk samples from the indigenous Greek breed in the area of Ioannina, northwestern Greece, were collected during one lactation and analyzed for vitamins A, E, B₁, B₂, and C and for minerals Ca, Mg, P, Na, K, Cu, Fe and Zn. Also, the major constituents of goat milk, namely fat, protein, lactose and solids-non-fat, were determined. The average composition (%) of milk was: fat 4.10, protein 3.36, lactose 4.48 and solids-non-fat 8.54. The mean concentration of the fat-soluble vitamins retinol (A) and α-tocopherol (E) were 0.013 and 0.121 mg/100 ml, respectively. The mean concentration of the water-soluble vitamins, thiamin (B₁), riboflavin (B₂) and ascorbic acid (C) were 0.260, 0.112 and 5.48 mg/100 ml, respectively. Seasonal variations were observed for all vitamins studied. Thiamin had significantly (P < 0.05) higher concentrations during summer than in winter and early spring. The observed variations of the studied vitamins might be attributed to the differences in the feeding of goats during lactation. The mean mineral contents (mg/100 g) of goat milk were Ca 132, P 97.7, Na 59.4, K 152, Mg 15.87, Cu 0.08, Fe 0.06, Zn 0.37 and Mn 6.53 μg/100 g. Seasonal variations were observed for the major minerals Ca, P, K, and the trace elements Cu and Zn.