西藏能源利用现状及发展探讨

能源安全是西藏的现代化建设的重要基础,尽管西藏能源建设取得很大进展,但形势仍不容乐观。本文在全面分析了西藏未来发展的能源资源基础、能源生产和消费特点和以生物质能为主能源消费结构对环境的影响的基础上,提出了未来西藏能源发展的方向是积极引导和鼓励调整能源消费结构,充分利用太阳能、风能和水能等可再生能源,减少生物质能源消费。     

可再生能源联合发电技术

近年来,随着国家倡导低碳经济,以风电、水电、太阳能、生物质能为代表的新能源得到了快速的发展。风能、水能、太阳能、生物质能等多种可再生能源联合发电是一种有效的可再生能源利用方式。简述了风能、水能,太阳能和生物质能的发电原理,并探讨了目前国内关于多种能源联合互补发电系统的设计研究成果。     

加快开发利用我省可再生能源的分析和思考

可再生能源是指在自然界中可以不断再生、永续利用、取之不尽、用之不竭的资源，它对环境无害或危害极小，而且资源分布广泛，适宜就地开发利用。近年来，我省经济社会持续快速发展，对能源需求不断加大，面临着资源瓶颈、经济增长和环境容量的限制和压力。从煤、油等常规能源来看，我省是资源小省，但我省具有较为丰富的太阳能、生物质能、风能、水能、潮汐能等可再生能源，蕴藏着巨大的经济价值且具有广阔的发展前景。因此，我省在现阶段加快开发利用可再生能源，对于调整和优化能源结构，缓解能源供应紧张状况，实现经济全面、协调、可持续发展，具有十分重要的意义和深远的影响。     

德国加快发展可再生能源产业

继续坚持提高能源利用效率,以可再生能源替代核电发展,保证未来能源供应的可持续发展和能源供应安全是德国近期能源战略的选择。本文介绍德国至2014年的可再生能源发展规划以及风电产业快速发展的主要经验,以推动我国可再生能源战略的实现。     

日本农村可再生能源印象

去年，我随中国农村可再生能源考察团赴日本进行了考察和参观。在考察过程中与日本有关人员就农村生活污水和畜禽粪便处理，以及太阳能利用领域的政策法规、技术开发、试验研究、商业应用等方面进行了充分地交流讨论，初步了解了日本在相关领域的现状和发展趋势，给我留下了深刻的印象。日本能源消费以石油和煤炭为主，其能源供应的８０％依赖进口，能源保障供应是一个十分重要的问题。自从２０世纪７０年代连续发生的两次石油危机以来，日本政府开始重视包括太阳能、风能、水能和生物质能的研究与发展，投入了大量的资金启动可再生能源的各…     

我国当前的能源问题及未来能源发展战略

能源短缺、能源安全、农村和偏远地区的能源供应、以煤为主的不合理能源结构、能源消费对环境的影响以及能源利用效率是我国能源领域面临的问题。全面解决这些问题，需要制定适合中国国情的中国能源发展战略，其内容应包括：合理的能源供应路线，从国内外两个方面保证能源安全；优化能源结构，提高清洁、高效的优质能源的消费比例，使得能源消费能够协调经济与环境的可持续发展，并且因地制宜发展可再生能源保证农村和偏远地区的能源供应；提高能源效率，推进节能技术进步，发挥市场作用，促进能源效率提高；能源消费的环境友好性，这有赖于能源消费结构的优化和能源效率的提高。     

调整能源结构已刻不容缓

中国科学院学部在近日出版的《2008科学发展报告》上发表文章指出，调整能源结构已经刻不容缓。 文章提出，我国21世纪上半叶能源可持续发展体系可由5方面组成，即：继续发挥煤的重要作用；开源节流，保障石油与天然气供应；充分发展水电与核电；大规模发展非水能的可再生能源；大力支持未来新型能源的研究发展。上述5方面统筹发展．将使我国2050年能源供应有更可靠的保证，并为建立未来能源可持续发展体系打好基础。     

关于开发新能源替代化石能源的思考

针对我国能源供应的紧张和化石能源储量的不足，对太阳能的发电技术做了综述性介绍。太阳能是一种优质的可再生能源，其光电转换可通过太阳能电池和热动力循环实现。随着技术的进步，太阳能发电的成本将会降低到与常规化石能源相接近的水平。把太阳能和其他形式的新能源相结合，可以实现冷-热-电的连续性联供。与煤电集中电网相比，太阳能易于实现分布式发电。     

采取法律手段和优惠政策鼓励可再生能源发展

<正>可再生能源包括水能、风能、太阳能、生物质能、地热能和海洋能等,资源潜力大、分布地域广,其开发利用对环境污染很小,是最有利于人与自然协调发展的能源。在世界化石能源资源快速消耗,环境污染日益严重和气候变暖威胁逐渐增大的形势下,可再生能源的开发利用受到全世界高度重视,很多国家将开发利用可再生能源作为能源战略的重要组成部分,采取法律手段和优惠政策等措施鼓励可再生能源的发展。近年来,风电、太阳能发电等可再生能源发展迅速,年增长率达到25%以上,成为世界能源中增长最快的新领域。     

创新上海能源发展的方式促进上海经济模式的转型——上海市能源发展“十二五”规划确定的主要任务

"十二五"期间是上海加快实现创新驱动、转型发展的关键时期,也是调整能源结构的关键时期,上海要把转型发展作为未来一段时期能源发展的主线,到2015年,基本形成与上海特大型城市相匹配的安全、清洁、高效的能源供应和消费体     

Situation and outlook of solar energy utilization in Tibet,China

The near-exponential rise in tourist numbers and accelerating economic growth have challenged Tibetan energy supply and threaten its peculiar environment and valuable ecosystem. Exploitation of pollution free solar power may medicate this demand for energy. Here we shall provide a review of solar power development in Tibet. This region has a near inexhaustible source of solar energy due to its average annual radiation intensity of 6000–8000 MJ/m², ranking it first in China and second after the Sahara worldwide. Currently, Tibet has 400 photovoltaic power stations with a total capacity of nearly 9 MW. In addition, 260,000 solar energy stoves, passive solar house heating covering 3 million square meters, and 400,000 m² of passive solar water heaters are currently in use in Tibet. Although Tibet places first in applying solar energy in China, solar energy faces big challenges from hydroelectric power and the absence of local know-how. The new power generation capacity in Tibet's “11th Five-Year (2006–2010)” Plan focuses primarily on hydropower, PV power stations being relegated to a secondary role as supplementary to hydropower. Here it will be argued that this emphasis is incorrect and that solar energy should take first place in Tibet's energy development, as it is crucial in striving for a balance between economic development, booming tourism, and environmental protection.     

Turkey's Renewable Energy Facilities in the Near Future

In this work, renewable energy facilities of Turkey were investigated. Electricity is mainly produced by thermal power plants, consuming coal, lignite, natural gas, fuel oil and geothermal energy, and hydro power plants in Turkey. Turkey has no large oil and gas reserves. The main indigenous energy resources are lignite, hydro and biomass. Turkey has to adopt new, long-term energy strategies to reduce the share of fossil fuels in primary energy consumption. For these reasons, the development and use of renewable energy sources and technologies are increasingly becoming vital for sustainable economic development of Turkey. The most significant developments in renewable production are observed hydropower and geothermal energy production. Renewable electricity facilities mainly include electricity from biomass, hydropower, geothermal, and wind and solar energy sources. Biomass cogeneration is a promising method for production bioelectricity.     

Energy security in Group of Seven (G7): a quantitative approach for renewable energy policy

This study examined the renewable energies and their impact on the economies of the Group of Seven (G7) countries. Results showed that the electricity produced from wind energy in the United States and then Germany is more than any other member countries. Due to its voluminous volcanoes, Italy has had favorable conditions for the development of geothermal energy, which has led it to be used as an efficient energy source in Italy. Results also showed that the installed capacity of geothermal systems is the lowest and hydropower systems are the highest in all G7 countries. It also concluded that, despite the high share of hydropower energy from total renewable energy capacity, the use of wind and solar energies is rapidly rising. As a result, it found that the development of solar energy occurs faster than the other renewable energies.     

水电开发在我国能源战略中的地位浅析

水电是可再生能源,水电开发在国民经济和社会发展中具有重要的地位和作用,世界上绝大多数国家都是优先发展水电。我国是世界水能资源最为丰富的国家,但目前开发利用率仅为27%。本文在对水电开发现状和能源结构进行分析的基础上,得出大力发展水电既是我国能源战略的必然选择,也是我国可持续发展的选择,并对水电今后如何发展提出了建议。     

Global Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable energy sources (RES) supply 14% of the total world energy demand. RES are biomass, hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind, and marine energies. The renewables are the primary, domestic and clean or inexhaustible energy resources. The percentage share of biomass was 62.1% of total renewable energy sources in 1995. Large-scale hydropower supplies 20 percent of global electricity. Wind power in coastal and other windy regions is promising as well.     

太阳能与浅层地热能联合供暖运行模式分析

文章通过太阳能与浅层地热能联合供暖的必要性,介绍了一种太阳能与浅层地热能联合供暖系统,探讨了联合供暖的运行模式,并对其经济性进行了分析,为综合利用太阳能和浅层地热能提供参考。     

地热资源的开发利用及可持续发展

地热资源作为一种新型能源矿产,具有分布广泛、易于开发等特点,其利用方式主要有地热发电和地热直接利用两种.我国具有良好的地热资源条件,主要为中低温地热资源.据计算,我国12个主要沉积盆地的地热可开采资源量为7500×1018J,相当于2560×108t标煤.当前,我国地热资源利用方式主要以供暖、洗浴、种植等直接利用为主;地热发电发展缓慢,主要分布在西藏;利用热泵技术开发地热资源得到了快速发展;油区地热资源的开发利用也取得了良好的经济和社会效益.但同时我国地热资源产业也面临着一些问题,包括大部分地区尚未开展地热资源勘查评价,影响了地热资源规划的制订及地热产业的发展;防腐、防垢技术还需要进一步加强研究;地热回灌率普遍过低;增强型地热系统研究有待加强等.为了促进地热资源的可持续发展,建议在加大地热资源勘查力度的同时,应以浅层地温能和热水型地热资源为主,发挥热泵技术的优势,开展地热资源的综合利用及梯级利用;重视和加快油气区地热资源的利用;在西藏等适宜地区加大高温地热能发电利用;集中全国优势技术力量,在一两个有利区域开展增强型地热系统技术探索;此外,走回灌开发道路是地热资源开发利用的必然选择.     

Energy accounting of alternative energy sources

An energy accounting study has been made of the five alternative energy resource systems—solar, geothermal, wind, wave and tidal power. Owing to a lack of suitable data, a consistent methodology could not be pursued and a detailed comparison of these five systems with regard to likely energy ratios is not possible at the present time. (The energy ratio is here defined as being the total amount of energy obtained from a given system over its lifetime, divided by the total inputs of energy to that system in order to establish and maintain it in operation throughout its life.)There is a spread of possible energy ratios for each system studied, depending upon the assumptions made but, in each case, a value of about 10:1 is seen as a reasonable possibility for the future. The significance of this 10:1 energy ratio is that it could mean that our primary fossil fuel resources, when used to generate electricity through wind, wave or tidal power systems, would go about 33 times as far as they would if used in the conventional way.In the case of solar and geothermal energy, the savings factor would be somewhat less than 33; it could be somewhere between 6 and 30, depending upon system design, local conditions, etc. Energy pay-back times appear to be short for all the systems studied, the longest being about four-and-a-half years.This exercise has revealed just how much our primary non-renewable fuels could be conserved by using them to operate renewable energy resource systems although economic assessments at the present time might not provide justification for such a policy.     

Prevention of Tibetan eco-environmental degradation caused by traditional use of biomass

Tibet is short in fossil energy, but rich in renewable energy sources, such as biomass, hydro, solar, geothermal, and wind power. This potential energy supply in Tibet can be juxtaposed to what drives Tibetan energy consumption its economic motivation and its cultural traditions. Currently, biomass heavily dominates Tibet's energy consumption. In 2003, total energy consumption was about 2 million tce (ton coal equivalent), traditional biomass accounting for nearly 70%. The rarified atmosphere and use of outdated stoves, make for a very low combustion efficiency, utilizing 10–15% of the potential energy of biomass. With population and economic growth, traditional use of biomass has become the principal factor responsible for deforestation, grassland degradation, desertification, and soil erosion. To eradicate the negative impact of the traditional use of biomass on the eco-environment in Tibet, a series of effective countermeasures are investigated. Among these are improved efficiency of stoves, widespread use of solar energy, hydroelectricity as a substitute for traditional biomass, and the development of biogas.     

中国能源安全预警指标框架体系设计

中国的能源消费在过去几年间迅速增长,各主要能源品种都出现了一定程度的供不应求,这不仅给国内的能源供应安全保障体系带来了沉重的压力,而且已经引起国际社会的普遍关注。能源是保障中国经济的源动力,能源系统出现微小的波动都有可能对经济系统产生重要的影响,因此,我国有必要建立一个能源安全预警系统,为实现稳定、可靠、安全、清洁、经济的能源供应提供保障。中国能源安全预警系统的关键是建立中国能源安全预警的指标框架体系,本文介绍了在开发中国能源安全预警系统中针对指标框架的研究结果。