Design and evaluation of a PEA-driven fast steering mirror with a permanent magnet preload force mechanism

This paper presents the design and evaluation of a high-bandwidth fast steering mirror (FSM) driven by a piezoelectric actuator (PEA) for applications in the scanning systems. To avoid additional dynamics induced by flexure hinges and to simplify the structure of the FSM, a preload force mechanism based on permanent magnets (PMs) is proposed. Actuators and sensors that can satisfy the required flatness and bandwidth are chosen, and the designs of the mirror and the preload force mechanism are completed with the aid of finite element analysis. A simple system model and controller design are achieved by analyzing the voltage transformation and the relationships between different displacements. To verify the feasibility of the design and evaluate the performance of the FSM, a series of experiments was carried out with voltage control, charge control, and charge plus notch filter control. The final experimental results show that the FSM reaches a high bandwidth of 8 kHz with charge plus notch filter control, demonstrating that design of an FSM with a PM preload force mechanism is feasible.     

磁电轴承中抑制不平衡振动的陷波滤波器设计方法

为解决陷波滤波器在实际应用中存在影响控制系统稳定性的问题和兼顾系统的干扰抑制和稳定特性,提出了一种陷波滤波器的设计方法。该陷波滤波器采用通用式结构,其中心频率分布在转子转速附近以抑制不平衡振动。陷波滤波器中的其他三个参数,与滤波器的带宽和极点分布相关,可影响系统的稳定性。推导出包含该陷波滤波器的系统传递函数和稳定方程,综合采用根轨迹、频域分析的方法,给出了这三个参数与系统稳定性的关系。然后考虑稳定裕量、刚度、振荡幅度和滤波效果的要求以设计陷波滤波器。试验结果表明,采用该设计方法的陷波滤波器,不仅使磁电轴承的转速衰减率和控制电压噪声分别减小91％和67％,而且也使系统的稳定性指标和附加振荡幅度满足设计指标。     

Structural parameter design method for a fast-steering mirror based on a closed-loop bandwidth

When a fast-steering mirror (FSM) system is designed, satisfying the performance requirements before fabrication and assembly is vital. This study proposes a structural parameter design approach for an FSM system based on the quantitative analysis of the required closed-loop bandwidth. First, the open-loop transfer function of the FSM system is derived. In accordance with the transfer function, the notch filter and proportional-integral (PI) feedback controller are designed as a closed-loop controller. The gains of the PI controller are determined by maximizing the closed-loop bandwidth while ensuring the robustness of the system. Then, the two unknown variables of rotational radius and stiffness in the open-loop transfer function are optimized, considering the bandwidth as a constraint condition. Finally, the structural parameters of the stage are determined on the basis of the optimized results of rotational radius and stiffness. Simulations are conducted to verify the theoretical analysis. A prototype of the FSM system is fabricated, and corresponding experimental tests are conducted. Experimental results indicate that the bandwidth of the proposed FSM system is 117.6 Hz, which satisfies the minimum bandwidth requirement of 100 Hz.     

周期性渐变折射率光学薄膜的设计及光谱特性分析

分析折射率呈不同函数分布的周期性渐变折射率薄膜的光谱特性,分析表明光谱曲线具有负滤光片的特性。分别从最低和最高折射率、周期数、周期厚度的角度,对用共蒸法制备的周期性渐变折射率薄膜光谱特性进行了详细分析讨论。结果表明截止带中心波长和截止带宽度与周期厚度成线性关系,截止带中心波长的反射率与周期数成三次多项式关系。用堆叠和叠加两种方法设计渐变折射率多截止带负滤光片,并分析两种方法在共蒸法方式制备下的优缺点。最后总结出了渐变折射率负滤光片的设计方法。     

涡街流量计信号估计的自适应陷波方法

本文提出采用自适应陷波方法计算涡街流量计输信号的频率,并给出实验结果。流量计信号为一窄带信号,自适应陷波抑制一个特定的涡街频率,并且几乎不受位于带宽以外频率的影响。此自适应陷波器只需估计一个参数,频率计算非常简单,与以前的频率估计方法相比,它以前的频率估计方法相比,它有许多优点,是一种有效的新方法。     

Properties of microstrip filter with elliptic-fractal pattern

We described the properties of microstrip band gap filter with elliptic-fractal pattern from 40 Hz to 20 GHz. It used the characteristic of the fractal and elliptic pattern to improve the performance of microstrip band gap filter. The center frequencies of gaps of the filter were about 5.5 and 15 GHz, and the band stop bandwidth of the filter can be increased by increasing the numbers of the cell of elliptic-fractal pattern. To verify the characteristic of dual-mode band gap filter, we simulated the above microstrip filter with the finite differential time-domain method. The simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental results.     

应力变化对多层薄膜窄带滤光片透射光谱的影响

利用薄膜应力公式和弹性力学的小挠度弯曲理论分析了在应力变化情况下,多层薄膜应变与膜厚变化的关系,并建立其数学模型,提出多层薄膜各层厚度变化的不均匀性理论.利用这个模型在应力减小200MPa条件下对138层4腔的100GHz滤光片光谱进行了模拟,与设计值比较发现中心波长增加了0.562nm;0.5dB处的带宽比设计值减小0.124nm;25dB处的带宽比设计值减小0.01nm;谱线矩形化变差;插损也有明显的增加.说明了应力变化引起的光学薄膜厚度变化的不均匀性是引起这种窄带干涉滤光片光谱退化的主要原因之一.实验结果为100GHz的窄带滤光片热处理后中心波长增加0.325nm;0.5dB处带宽减少0.01nm;20dB处带宽增加0.014nm;插损增加,谱线通带变形严重,纹波增大,光谱退化了.实验结果与理论分析一致.     

A novel cylindrical TE(2,1) mode converter

A novel, compact arrangement for Ka-band mode couplers, which convert a rectangular waveguide TE(1,0) to cylindrical waveguide TE(2,1) mode, has been designed, constructed, and tested. The design features a set of longitudinal slots, positioned in regions of negligible current flow for the TE(2,1) mode, allowing its propagation to be preferentially favored, by suppression of the fundamental TE(1,1) mode. Numerical simulations and experimental measurements display good agreement, showing transmission of the intended TE(2,1) mode at levels of better than -5 dB, from a frequency of ～37.5 to 41 GHz. Subsequent farfield measurements confirm the presence of the TE(2,1) mode, demonstrating good agreement when compared with analytical expectations. Such a device would be an ideal candidate for an application where mode purity, bandwidth, and ease of construction are of primary importance and where the transmission efficiency is of limited concern.     

基于双频Bode图的磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺转子弹性自激振动抑制用陷波器设计

由于强陀螺效应和控制系统的高频滞后,磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺转子存在高频弹性自激振动,需要采用陷波器（Notch Filter－NF）进行相位校正和抑制,但是目前仍然缺乏有效的NF参数设计方法。本文提出一种基于双频Bode图的NF参数设计方法,采用双频Bode图分析转子弹性模态稳定性,得出不同转子转速下对NF相位校正角的要求,然后在保证转子章动稳定性的前提下优化设计NF参数。采用该方法设计的NF有效抑制了转子的弹性自激振动,使所研制的磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺稳定升速到20000r/min,验证了该方法的实用性和有效性。     

A broadband Fourier transform microwave spectrometer based on chirped pulse excitation

Designs for a broadband chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave (CP-FTMW) spectrometer are presented. The spectrometer is capable of measuring the 7-18 GHz region of a rotational spectrum in a single data acquisition. One design uses a 4.2 Gsampless arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) to produce a 1 mus duration chirped pulse with a linear frequency sweep of 1.375 GHz. This pulse is sent through a microwave circuit to multiply the bandwidth of the pulse by a factor of 8 and upconvert it to the 7.5-18.5 GHz range. The chirped pulse is amplified by a traveling wave tube amplifier and broadcast inside the spectrometer by using a double ridge standard gain horn antenna. The broadband molecular free induction decay (FID) is received by a second horn antenna, downconverted, and digitized by a 40 Gsampless (12 GHz hardware bandwidth) digital oscilloscope. The second design uses a simplified pulse generation and FID detection scheme, employing current state-of-the-art high-speed digital electronics. In this spectrometer, a chirped pulse with 12 GHz of bandwidth is directly generated by using a 20 Gsampless AWG and upconverted in a single step with an ultrabroadband mixer. The amplified molecular emission is directly detected by using a 50 Gsampless digital oscilloscope with 18 GHz bandwidth. In both designs, fast Fourier transform of the FID produces the frequency domain rotational spectrum in the 7-18 GHz range. The performance of the CP-FTMW spectrometer is compared to a Balle-Flygare-type cavity-FTMW spectrometer. The CP-FTMW spectrometer produces an equal sensitivity spectrum with a factor of 40 reduction in measurement time and a reduction in sample consumption by a factor of 20. The CP-FTMW spectrometer also displays good intensity accuracy for both sample number density and rotational transition moment. Strategies to reduce the CP-FTMW measurement time by another factor of 90 while simultaneously reducing the sample consumption by a factor of 30 are demonstrated.     

基于粒子群优化的数字多频陷波滤波器设计

数字多频陷波滤波器用于同时滤除或抑制数字信号中的多个频率分量,粒子群优化是模拟鸟群迁徙行为的元启发式搜索方法.以改进的粒子群优化算法为基础,提出了数字多频陷波滤波器的设计方法,它通过优化配置陷波系统的极点位置,实现了具有稳定特性的陷波系统的优化设计.所提设计方法的有效性和实用性,得到了一系列仿真实验的具体验证.     

基于UAF42通用滤波芯片的50Hz陷波器设计

为了压制工业电源的干扰（如50Hz干扰），经常要在输入电路中采用陷波电路。由于传统的双T陷波电路对元件的精度和对称性要求比较高，在实际中很难调试。文中介绍的由通用滤波器芯片UAF42构成的50Hz陷波电路克服了这方面的缺点。实验结果表明：基于UAF42设计的50Hz陷波器的频率响应达到了设计要求，具有调试方便、对元件精度要求不高的优点。     

非连续线性啁啾取样布拉格光栅型多信道光纤滤波器的设计

介绍了一种基于取样布拉格光纤光栅获得多信道光纤滤波器的方法。通过设计一种非连续阶梯型啁啾取样的布拉格光栅结构,可以分别实现单个信道宽度为50,100和200GHz的光纤滤波器。光纤滤波器的每个信道的宽度几乎完全相同,具有平顶、峭沿和高透射率特点,相邻信道间隔离深度超过28dB,平均插入损失不超过0.1dB,3dB带宽内相位响应起伏在5～30ps。利用介绍的方法制作具有相应非连续线性啁啾系数的全息相位掩模板,易于制作,成本低,重复性好。通过改变相应的光纤光栅参数,可以实现不同信道宽度的,性能稳定、可重复性高的光纤滤波器,在高速光通信系统以及光互连中有着非常好的应用前景。     

Rapid Extraction of Microwave Energy from an Overmoded Storage Cavity

The resonant compressor of microwave pulses contains an overmoded cavity with an overmoded output waveguide. The commutator is a bandpass filter formed of a chain of transmission-type (reentrant) cavities. The basic results of the experiments carried out at low and high power levels and a block diagram of the experimental setup are presented. The compressor has the following performance characteristics: (1) an operating radio frequency of 9.16 GHz, (2) a power gain of 16.3 dB, and (3) the duration of the output pulses is 2 ns. The latter figure ensures the minimum energy output time.     

光雷一体化测量系统的谐振特性及组合补偿

针对光雷一体化测量系统中复杂谐振对伺服单元的不利影响,提出了采用自适应陷波器及观测器滤波反馈组合实现谐振补偿的方法。首先,结合机械结构及频响测试结果分析了系统的谐振特性,指出系统存在雷达天线谐振、雷达机体谐振和天线高阶及轴系耦合谐振等3类主要谐振模式,并求得谐振特性随俯仰角变化的规律。讨论了对这种复杂谐振的补偿方法,提出采用自适应陷波器补偿雷达天线和雷达机体谐振,并利用Kalman观测器滤波反馈抑制天线高阶及轴系耦合谐振的方法。结果表明：经过谐振组合补偿后,各类谐振均得到有效抑制,速度环闭环带宽期望值达到了115 rad/s,阶跃过程过渡时间为0.35 s,在保证闭环控制稳定性的同时满足了系统带宽要求。     

基于双微环结构的MZI型波长交错滤波器

为了改善全光纤马赫-曾德尔干涉仪(Mach-Zehnder interferometer,MZI)的传输特性,提出了一种基于双微环辅助型的MZI交叉复用器。根据其结构,利用信号流图推导出了该器件的输出表达式,并进行了数值模拟分析,得到了传输过程中的最佳结构参数。此外,还分析了耦合器耦合系数及传输损耗对该器件的影响。结果表明,改进后的MZI交叉复用器输出谱线更加接近方波,其25 dB截止带带宽和0.5 dB通透带带宽明显改善,其值分别为41.2 GHz和18.9 GHz。器件具有一定的抗偏差能力且传输损耗对滤波器消光特性的影响较小。     

基于结构合成法的微型化双频WLAN印刷天线设计

针对当前WLAN技术的快速发展和已有的双频WLAN印刷天线存在增益不足、带宽较窄、尺寸偏大、制作成本高等缺陷的现状,本文借鉴了传统倒F印刷天线和蛇形单极子印刷天线的设计经验,提出了一种新的双频印刷天线设计方法,即结构合成法,并采用该方法设计了一种应用于IEEE 802.11a标准和IEEE 802.11b标准、占用面积仅13.6 mm×9.3 mm的新型微型化双频WLAN印刷天线。采用Ansoft HFSS对比研究了合成前后单频天线和双频天线的性能变化情况,并对双频天线的主要结构进行了分析和优化。仿真结果表明,天线在2.45 GHz和5.45 GHz两个谐振频点上的最高增益分别达2.74 d Bi和2.44 d Bi,相对带宽分别为15.5%和10.6%。此外,文中采用矢量网络分析仪对天线实物进行了测试,实测结果与仿真结果吻合,天线在低频和高频的谐振频点分别为2.53 GHz和5.71 GHz,S11-10 d B的有效带宽分别超过了400 MHz和500 MHz,展现出了良好的带宽特性。     

陷波滤光片的类褶皱设计

针对当前陷波滤光片设计方法中,因需要大量薄层和折射率连续渐变而导致的制作难度较高的问题,介绍了一种陷波滤光片的类褶皱膜系设计方法。此方法中,每层薄膜的层内折射率不变,层间折射率呈离散型渐变,每层为1个光学厚度,膜系模拟计算的光谱很好,并可降低制造工艺难度。给出了膜系的基本结构形式,并分析了其中各参数对陷波滤光片光谱的影响,指出了参数变化对光谱影响的基本规律。通过对典型膜系设计,模拟分析了膜厚偏差和折射率偏差对光谱的影响。结果表明,膜系对膜厚偏差更加敏感,为膜系镀制工艺中的误差控制提供了理论依据。     

Microwave cavities for vapor cell frequency standards

In this paper, we report an analysis of the design criteria of microwave cavities for vapor cell frequency standards. Two main geometries exploited in those devices are considered: the cylindrical cavity, used, for example, in the coherent population trapping maser and in the pulsed optically pumped (POP) clock, and the spherical cavity used in the isotropically laser cooled clock. The cavity behavior is described through a lumped equivalent circuit in which the input coupling loop, the dielectric cell containing the atoms and the diodes for frequency tuning or Q control are taken into account. In particular, the effect of the cell on the cavity resonance frequency is analytically evaluated via a first-order perturbation approach. The theory is found in good agreement with the experiments performed with two different cylindrical cavities used for the POP clock; the model here developed can then be helpful in the design of the cavity system. The general principles here reported can be adapted to other standards, such as atomic fountains and hydrogen masers, and to other modes and/or geometries.     

Cryogenic high-frequency readout and control platform for spin qubits

We have developed a cryogenic platform for the control and readout of spin qubits that comprises a high density of dc and radio frequency sample interconnects based on a set of coupled printed circuit boards. The modular setup incorporates 24 filtered dc lines, 14 control and readout lines with bandwidth from dc to above 6 GHz, and 2 microwave connections for excitation to 40 GHz. We report the performance of this platform, including signal integrity and crosstalk measurements and discuss design criteria for constructing sample interconnect technology needed for multi-qubit devices.