Development of radially movable multichannel Reynolds stress probe system for a cylindrical laboratory plasma

A new radially movable multichannel azimuthal probe system has been developed for measuring azimuthal and radial profiles of electrostatic Reynolds stress (RS) per mass density of microscale fluctuations for a cylindrical laboratory plasma. The system is composed of 16 probe units arranged azimuthally. Each probe unit has six electrodes to simultaneously measure azimuthal and radial electric fields for obtaining RS. The advantage of the system is that each probe unit is radially movable to measure azimuthal RS profiles at arbitrary radial locations as well as two-dimensional structures of fluctuations. The first result from temporal observation of fluctuation azimuthal profile presents that a low-frequency fluctuation (1-2 kHz) synchronizes oscillating Reynolds stress. In addition, radial scanning of the probe system simultaneously demonstrates two-dimensional patterns of mode structure and nonlinear forces with frequency f = 1.5 kHz and azimuthal mode number m = 1.     

Probe Diagnostics of a Rotating Plasma

A technique for making probe measurements of the parameters of a plasma rotating in crossed radial electric and axial magnetic fields is described. Unlike the commonly used method, the processing of readings of the Langmuir triple probe was carried out using the results of measurements based on a Mach plasma probe. When using a magnetic field produced in a solenoid without end-to-end magnetic plugs, a positive potential with respect to the grounded anode and outer metal tube is observed in the plasma that arrives from the electric discharge source with the thermoemission cathode and the annular anode. It is shown that the speed of azimuthal electron drift in the crossed-fields system under investigation is much higher than the ion rotation speed.     

Interfacial Dipoles and Radiated Energy

Electric dipoles radiate an electromagnetic field into their surroundings. The electric and magnetic fields from a point source or from linear dipoles have components parallel to a spherical surface but also a radial component. In most investigations on radiated fields, only the part of the electric field that is parallel to a spherical surface is taken into account. The argument is that only that component contributes to the radiated energy. Here we show that the phase front in the lower half space is not a spherical surface and hence, the radial components contribute to radiated energy. We show differences in radiation patterns for point electric dipoles and linear dipoles, either modeled as perfectly conducting wires or as resistively loaded wires. Our primary interest lies with improving image resolution through processing of Ground-Penetrating Radar data. Here the emphasis lies with understanding the radiation characteristics of linear dipoles that can be incorporated with image processing algorithms. The model uses a thin-wire approximation for the transmitter antenna. The solution to the discrete system of equations is solved, incorporating interaction between the interface, using a CGFFT scheme including symmetrization and a newly developed preconditioning operator. We look at the electric and magnetic fields as well as the time-averaged Poynting vector radiation patterns in the E-plane and H-plane of the transmitting antenna. The results show that the radial component of the radiated electric and magnetic field is not negligible, even at distances more than seven wavelengths away from the antennas.     

Design and use of an Elsässer probe for analysis of Alfvén wave fields according to wave direction

We have designed an electric and magnetic field probe which simultaneously measure both quantities in the directions perpendicular to the background magnetic field for application to Alfvén wave experiments in the Large Plasma Device at UCLA. This new probe allows for the projection of measured wave fields onto generalized Els?sser variables. Experiments were conducted in a singly ionized He plasma at 1850 G in which propagation of Alfve?n waves was observed using this new probe. We demonstrate that a clear separation of transmitted and reflected signals and determination of Poynting flux and Els?sser variables can be achieved.     

Application of beam emission spectroscopy to NBI plasmas of Heliotron J

This paper describes the application of the beam emission spectroscopy (BES) to Heliotron J, having the nonsymmetrical helical-magnetic-axis configuration. The spectral and spatial profile of the beam emission has been estimated by the numerical calculation taking the collisional excitation processes between plasmas (electrons/ions) and beam atoms. Two sets of the sightlines with good spatial resolution are presented. One is the optimized viewing chords which have 20 sightlines and observe the whole plasma region with the spatial resolution Δρ less than ±0.055 using the newly designed viewing port. The other is 15 sightlines from the present viewing port of Heliotron J for the preliminary measurement to discuss the feasibility of the density fluctuation measurement by BES. The beam emission has been measured by a monochromator with a CCD camera. A good consistency has been obtained between the spectral profiles of the beam emission measured by the monochromator and the beam emission spectrum deduced by the model calculation. An avalanche photodiode with an interference filter system was also used to evaluate the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of the beam emission in the present experimental setup. The modification of the optical system is being planned to improve the S/N ratio, which will enable us to estimate the density fluctuation in Heliotron J.     

Magnetically driven filament probe

A radially movable probe has been developed for studies of filamentary transport in ASDEX Upgrade during edge localized modes (ELMs) by means of Langmuir tips and magnetic pickup coils. The probe is permanently installed at the low field side in the ASDEX Upgrade vacuum vessel and is not subject to limitations in probe size, as, for example, probes on a shared manipulator are. The probe is moved by a magnetic drive, which allows for easy installation in the vessel, and has moderate machine requirements, as it will only require an electric feedthrough and an external power supply. The drive gives a linear motion with a radial range of 5 cm within 50 ms, where range and velocity can be largely scaled according to experimental requirements. The probe has been installed in the outer midplane of the ASDEX Upgrade vessel, where ELM filaments are expected to have their maximum amplitude. Filaments are coherent substructures within an ELM, carrying a fraction of the ELM released energy towards the wall. The new probe allows to measure the structure of these filaments, in particular, parameters such as filament rotation (by time delay measurements) and size (by peak width analysis). Activating the drive moves the probe from a safe position behind the limiter to a position in front of the limiters, i.e., exposes the Langmuir pins to the scrape-off layer plasma.     

用量纲方法分析旋流场中的应力

在全面阐述旋流场应力的基础上,运用量纲分析比较的思想对旋流场中的应力作了分析比较。由分析可知在粘性应力中,切向和径向剪切应力占主导地位;而在湍流条件下,雷诺应力是粘性应力的若干倍数,此倍数在量级上即为雷诺数。由于各应力值的不同,故各应力在旋流场中的作用也各不相同。     

外场驱动血泵磁力耦合传动受力分析

根据外场驱动血泵耦合传动时磁场动态分布,引入磁心概念。采用解析方法对径向充磁磁齿轮在传动过程中径向受力及传递扭矩变化规律进行分析,建立了计算磁齿轮啮合传动时径向耦合力及传递扭矩的数学模型。结果表明,外场驱动血泵在啮合传动过程中,径向力和传递扭矩均是周期变化的。     

Design of and data reduction from compact Thomson parabola spectrometers

Thomson parabola spectrometers are used to characterize MeV ion beams produced in high intensity laser interactions. These spectrometers disperse multiple ion species according to their charge to mass ratio through the use of parallel electric and magnetic fields. Analytical solutions for ion deflection in electric and magnetic fields have been used to extract ion spectra with the assumption that fringing effects are negligible. Experimental space restrictions and dynamic range requirements necessitate designs that stress the analytical assumptions. Depending on design parameters, the error in the analytical assumption can be comparable to the energy resolution. Estimates are provided to approximate the error on the total ion deflection. A method for modeling ion trajectories including fringing effects is presented using software freely available or in common use. The magnetostatic fields are modeled in 3D, including material properties of nearby magnetic materials using RADIA. Electrostatic fields are modeled in 2D for a spectrometer implementing angled plates using the partial differential equation toolbox in MATLAB(?). Using these models to calculate the ion trajectory allows for analysis of a Thomson parabola spectrometer with an arbitrary field configuration.     

Semi-analytical solution of magneto-thermo-elastic stresses for functionally graded variable thickness rotating disks

In this paper, a semi-analytical solution for magneto-thermo-elastic problem in functionally graded (FG) hollow rotating disks with variable thickness placed in uniform magnetic and thermal fields is presented. Stresses and perturbation of magnetic field vector in FG rotating disks are determined using infinitesimal theory of magneto-thermo-elasticity under plane stress conditions. The material properties except Poisson’s ratio are modeled as power-law distribution of volume fraction. The profile of disk thickness is assumed to be a parabolic function of radius. The non-dimensional distribution of temperature, displacement, stresses and perturbation of magnetic field vector throughout radius are shown. Effects of material grading index, geometry of the disk and magnetic field on the stress and displacement fields are investigated. The results of stresses and radial displacements for two different boundary conditions with and without the effect of magnetic field are compared for a FG rotating disk with concave thickness profile. It has been found that imposing a magnetic field significantly decreases tensile circumferential stresses. Therefore the fatigue life of the disk will be significantly improved by applying the magnetic field. Results of this investigation could be applied for optimum design of FG hollow rotating disks with variable thickness.     

Using Film Flux Detectors to Determine Properties of Conducting and Magnetic Objects

The optical images of magnetic fields recorded with flux detectors are provided as well as the distributions of electric voltage U(t) across an inductive magnetic head as it scans a discrete magnetic carrier that contains recordings of residual magnetic fields resulting from a pulsed magnetic field acting upon the magnetic carrier with a test object. Procedures have been developed that make it possible to measure the distributions of magnetic fields and inspect objects made of conducting or magnetic materials, while enhancing the accuracy of measuring conductivity σ, magnetic permeability μ, the homogeneity of distributions of σ and μ, thickness, and the parameters of solidity flaws in these materials.     

Experimental and numerical study of the sweep effect on three-dimensional flow downstream of axial flow fans

The purpose of this work is to study the influence of the axial flow fan sweep on the downstream turbulent flow. The fans studied are three low-pressure and low-Mach-number axial flow fans, with respectively a radial, a forward and a backward sweep. Experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) investigations are carried out on three fans, and the results are compared. The CFD method is a three-dimensional (3D) Reynolds average Navier–Stokes (RANS) numerical simulation with the Reynolds stress model (RSM) as the turbulence model. It allows us to compute the Reynolds stress tensor components. Unsteady velocity measurements are carried out downstream of the fans with hot-wire anemometry. The values of the three velocity components of the flow and the six components of the Reynolds stress tensor obtained from experiments and simulations are compared. Overall performances are also measured to validate the design and fan simulation. It appears that a forward sweep decreases the radial component of the velocity whereas a backward sweep increases this component. Moreover, the sweep has a significant influence on the turbulent kinetic energy downstream of the fan.     

Effect of surface roughness on magneto‐hydrodynamic couple‐stress squeeze film lubrication between circular stepped plates

In this paper, a theoretical analysis of the problem of magneto‐hydrodynamic couple‐stress squeeze film lubrication between rough circular stepped plates is presented. The modified averaged Reynolds equation is derived for the two types of one‐dimensional roughness structures, namely the radial roughness pattern and the azimuthal roughness pattern. The closed‐form expressions are obtained for the mean squeeze film pressure, load‐carrying capacity and squeeze film time. The results are presented for different operating parameters. It is observed that the effect of azimuthal (radial) roughness pattern on the bearing surface is to increase (decrease) the mean load‐carrying capacity and squeeze film time. The applied magnetic field increases the load‐carrying capacity and lengthens the squeezing time. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

透平膨胀机组动静压浮环轴承稳定性研究

对一种新型结构的动静压轴承－－径向－推力联合浮环动静压轴砂进行动态性能计算和稳定性分析。结果表明该轴承不仅具有较低的摩擦功耗，而且具有较高的稳定性，可以取代目前高速旋转机械中广泛使用的五瓦可倾瓦轴承。     

Manufacturing of a superconducting magnet system for 28 GHz electron cyclotron resonance ion source at KBSI

A magnet system for a 28 GHz electron cyclotron resonance ion source is being developed by the Korea Basic Science Institute. The configuration of the magnet system consists of 3 solenoid coils for a mirror magnetic field and 6 racetrack coils for a hexapole magnetic field. They can generate axial magnetic fields of 3.6 T at the beam injection part and 2.2 T at the extraction part. A radial magnetic field of 2.1 T is achievable at the plasma chamber wall. A step type winding process was employed in fabricating the hexapole coil. The winding technique was confirmed through repeated cooling tests. Superconducting magnets and a cryostat system are currently being manufactured.     

Erosion,treatise on materials science and technology,volume 16: Edited by Carolyn M. Preece; published by Academic Press,New York, 1979; 450 pp.; price, $49.00

A generalized Reynolds equation has been derived for a magnetohydrodynamic journal bearing with the magnetic field perpendicular to the bearing axis and the electric current in the axial direction. Solution of the Reynolds equation is expressed in the form of a double series. The analysis is supported by sample results of static characteristics computed for an aspect ratio λ of 1.0 and an eccentricity ratio ? of 0.6.     

壁冷叶片冲击射流孔的流动特性实验研究

用实验的方法对涡轮叶片壁面冲击冷却的流动特性进行了研究，并用直头五孔探针对冲击射流孔内的流场进行了详细的测量，着重研究了不同雷诺数和不同的通道高度比（通道高度与射流孔直径之比z／d）对射流孔内流动结构和流量系数的影响。实验结果表明：通道高度的变化会明显改变孔内的流场结构和孔的流量系数；而在同一通道高度下，雷诺数的改变对孔内流场影响相对较小。在射流孔内存在着漩涡结构，这有助于深入了解气膜冷却的内在机理。     

磁场分布对多磨头磁流变抛光材料去除的影响

为研究磁场分布对材料去除的影响,设计轴向充磁异向排布、轴向充磁同向排布、径向充磁异向排布、径向充磁同向排布4种磁铁充磁和排布方式,利用有限元软件Maxwell仿真不同磁场的磁力线分布及抛光轮表面的磁感应强度分布,并采用数字特斯拉计测量实际磁感应强度。对单晶硅基片进行定点抛光试验,检测抛光斑沿抛光轮轴向的去除轮廓及峰值点的表面形貌。仿真和实际磁感应强度检测结果表明,不同磁场分布方式对抛光区的磁场分布有很大影响,磁铁轴向充磁同向排布与径向充磁异向排布时,具有较高的磁场强度和较好的多磨头效果。定点抛光试验表明,采用轴向充磁同向排布与径向充磁异向排布这两种方式时,能实现多点加工,其中轴向充磁同向排布时加工效率较高;但采用径向充磁同向排布时,由于抛光区磁感应强度较低,磁流变微磨头无法对工件进行有效地抛光。峰值点表面形貌检测结果表明,采用不同磁场分布方式时,对工件表面均是以塑性去除方式去除。研究表明,通过优化磁铁充磁和排布方式,可实现多磨头磁流变抛光的加工原理。     

调磁式异步磁力联轴器三维气隙磁场研究

针对一台14对极21个调磁极片的调磁式异步磁力联轴器,为研究其气隙中永磁磁场与调制磁场的空间分布规律,利用有限元模拟的方法,得出静态与瞬态下三维气隙磁场的分布及周期性;基于等效面电流法,采用Matlab软件进行离散化编程求解,得到外气隙永磁磁场沿径向、周向及轴向的三维空间分布及周期性;采用多维高精度数字化测磁装置对联轴器的永磁磁场及调制磁场进行两种不同方案的三维测量。结果表明,永磁磁场与调制磁场均呈现周期性分布,其周期数分别为14、7;瞬态下气隙磁场的磁感应强度幅值大于静态时的幅值;气隙磁场存在端部效应,气隙磁场径向与周向分量的端部磁场小于中间磁场,轴向分量则相反;测量结果与模拟结果、解析结果具有很好的一致性。