柴油机预喷燃烧数值计算研究

以KIVA-3为计算平台，数值模拟研究4气门直喷式柴油机不同预喷提前角的两段喷射燃烧历程。其结论是：上止点前150℃A以后的预喷提前角，其预喷与主喷柴油都以扩散燃烧为主；过大的预喷提前角将增加NOx生成和排放。     

喷油控制参数对柴油机燃烧噪声影响的试验研究

就不同的喷油控制参数对电控共轨柴油机燃烧噪声的影响进行了研究,柴油机在标定工况运行,通过改变喷油提前角、预喷油量和预喷与主喷时间间隔等控制策略,测量了柴油机顶部1 m处的噪声声压和噪声频谱,探讨燃油系统调整参数对柴油机燃烧噪声的变化规律,结果表明,随着喷油提前角的减小,柴油机噪声先降低再增大,上止点前17°曲轴转角(CA)喷油,噪声声压级最小;合适的预喷油量可以减小柴油机燃烧噪声,预喷油量过大或者过小都不利于燃烧噪声的控制;预喷与主喷时间间隔对燃烧噪声存在影响,时间间隔较小,燃烧噪声较大;预喷与主喷时间间隔较大时,主喷滞燃期增大,缸内压力升高率峰值增大,燃烧噪声升高。     

生物柴油发动机NOx排放影响因素的数值模拟

根据生物柴油与柴油物性参数的差别,对柴油缸内喷雾燃烧模型进行修正,建立了生物柴油的缸内喷雾燃烧模型,利用该模型计算得到的缸内压力示功图与试验结果进行对比,验证了模型的准确性;利用AVL - fire软件,计算了发动机参数对生物柴油NOx排放的影响规律,着重考察了喷孔直径、喷雾锥角、喷油提前角、EGR率对燃烧温度和NOx...     

喷射策略对柴油转子发动机缸内燃烧过程的影响

针对直喷式柴油转子发动机缸内工作过程,基于FLUENT软件建立了耦合正庚烷简化机理的二维计算模型,并利用文献数据验证了模型的可靠性。设定喷射持续期不变,对比分析了单次或二次喷油时喷射时刻对燃烧过程的影响。研究结果表明:单次喷射时,缸内压力和缸内温度随喷射时刻的推迟而逐渐提高;喷油提前角为40°CA时CO生成量较高而NO生成量最低。二次喷射时,设置预喷时刻为-40°CA,随着主喷时刻的推迟缸内压力变化不大,CO生成量逐渐降低;当预喷时刻为-40°CA,主喷时刻-8°CA时,与单次喷射时刻为-40°CA相比,保持了较高的缸内压力,CO生成量降低了25%以上,NO生成量有所升高。     

直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油的燃烧特性

在一台直喷式增压柴油机上进行了生物柴油、柴油及其掺混油B20、B50的性能试验,通过测量喷油器针阀升程、喷油压力和气缸压力曲线,对放热率、滞燃期等燃烧特性参数进行了分析,以研究生物柴油对发动机燃烧性能的影响。试验结果表明,在相同工况下,随着掺混油中生物柴油比例的增加,喷油始点逐渐提前,喷油延迟角逐渐变大,喷油压力和喷油持续期有所增加;滞燃期逐渐缩短,在大负荷尤为明显;预混合放热峰值逐渐降低,而扩散燃烧放热峰值逐渐增大;缸内最高燃烧压力提高,其对应的曲轴转角也逐渐提前。燃用生物柴油后发动机的热效率有所提高,在中等负荷时尤为明显。     

基于两段燃油喷射的LTC燃烧影响因素的试验研究

基于两段燃油喷射,利用主喷射产生均质混合气,并利用触发喷射来引燃,实现了低温燃烧(low temperature combustion,LTC)。针对两段燃油喷射LTC燃烧模式,研究了主喷射和触发喷射的喷油量比例及主喷射提前角对LTC燃烧的影响。试验结果表明:触发喷射可以有效地控制LTC的燃烧相位,并可以有效拓宽主喷射提前角范围。主喷射提前角对LTC燃烧有很大影响,喷射过早会导致过多的燃油附壁,且缸内的温度压力较低不利于混合气形成;喷射过迟会导致主喷射与触发喷射间隔太小,主喷燃油没有足够的时间形成均质混合气,排放增加。针对不同的喷油比例优化主喷提前角可以实现燃烧相位的有效控制,并能够降低排放。     

增压中冷柴油-天然气双燃料发动机燃烧特性的实验研究

对天然气替代率、引燃柴油喷油时刻和中冷后进气温度等燃烧系统参数对增压中冷柴油—天然气双燃料发动机燃烧特性的影响进行了实验研究。研究结果表明：增压中冷柴油—天然气双燃料发动机的燃烧放热速率比纯柴油快，引燃柴油的着火时刻和缸内燃料空燃比值决定着双燃料发动机的燃烧特性，即着火时刻在上止点前且空燃比值较小时，其燃烧接近于定容燃烧过程，随着天然气替代率的升高，缸内最大爆发压力和最高燃烧温度升高；而着火时刻在上止点后且空燃比值较大时，其燃烧接近于等压燃烧过程，随着天然气替代率升高，缸内最大爆发压力和最高燃烧温度降低。最大爆发压力、最高燃烧放热率和最高燃烧温度随引燃柴油喷油提前角的增大而升高；而随着进气温度升高，最大爆发压力和缸内温度增大。     

基于汽油/柴油双阶段燃烧模式对低温阶段燃烧及排放性能的影响

在一台高压共轨柴油机进气总管上加装汽油喷射系统,汽油采用进气道喷射形成预混合气,柴油采用缸内大角度预喷并引燃汽油.试验以降低NOx排放和消光烟度为主要目标,探究汽油/柴油双阶段燃烧模式的汽油喷射量、柴油预喷正时、柴油预喷量对低温阶段燃烧及排放特性的影响,并通过对燃烧、排放及经济性综合考量构建喷油参数优化策略.结果表明:引入汽油后的燃烧过程呈现两阶段放热,实现了柴油着火时刻可控;增加汽油喷射量可以有效强化缸内油气混合,使主放热率峰值升高,有助于燃烧完全;该燃烧模式的低温阶段避免了传统柴油机NOx和消光烟度出现的折中关系,消光烟度处于低水平范围,均低于3%,;适度提前柴油预喷正时或减少柴油预喷量能同时降低NOx排放和消光烟度,但CO和HC会出现一定程度恶化.     

基于CFD的增压柴油机不同喷油提前角的排放影响分析

在考虑进气涡流比的情况下,对某490增压直喷柴油机不同喷油提前角下的缸内喷雾及燃烧过程进行了三维CFD模拟,给出了4种不同喷油提前角时的缸内火焰、NOx和Soot的时空分布.计算和分析了不同的喷油提前角下,上止点前后喷入缸内的油量比例、着火时刻、上止点温度、最高燃烧温度等对燃烧与排放物的影响.结果表明上止点前后的油量比例对排放有较大影响,对于该机型在喷油提前角较小的情况下,应考虑适当减小喷油锥角以充分利用燃烧室底部的空气.仅靠喷油提前角的变化并不能同时降低NOx和Soot的排量,并通过性能与排放试验进行了验证.     

喷油策略对汽油压燃颗粒物排放特性的影响

在一台单缸柴油机上研究了喷油参数(预主喷间隔角、预喷比例、主喷时刻和喷油压力等)对汽油压燃(gasoline compression ignition,GCI)颗粒物排放特性的影响。研究结果表明:喷油策略对缸内油气混合及进一步对燃烧过程的影响是其影响颗粒物排放特性的主要因素。在设定的研究工况下,随预主喷间隔角增大,积聚态颗粒数量浓度下降,但核态颗粒数量浓度基本不变,颗粒物中的核态和超细颗粒比例明显升高;增大预喷比例,核态颗粒和积聚态颗粒数量浓度均大幅降低,颗粒物中的核态和超细颗粒比例变化较小;主喷时刻提前,颗粒物数量浓度下降,平均粒径减小,数量浓度峰值向小粒径方向偏移;提高喷油压力可有效降低积聚态颗粒数量浓度,缩小缸内生成颗粒物的粒径范围,但对核态颗粒的数量浓度影响较小。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.