双介孔SiO2的制备及表征

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了具有双介孔独立分布的SiO2,并用FT-IR、HRTEM、BET等方法对SiO2进行了表征.结果表明,双介孔SiO2中存在大量无序排列的2～3nm的小介孔和18nm左右的大介孔,具有高比表面积(716.4～968.6m2/g)和大孔(1.03～1.63mL/g):通过改变氨水及模板剂的用量可以实现对孔分布的调控.     

染料敏化太阳电池有序介孔SiO2/离子液体凝胶电解质的研究

以P123为模板剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备有序介孔SiO2,用N2吸附、扫描电镜及透射电镜对样品进行分析.结果表明,制备的介孔SiO2呈短棒状,具有有序柱状孔结构,平均孔径为5.75nm.有序介孔SiO2固化二元离子液体(1-甲基-丙基咪唑碘/1-甲基-己基咪唑碘)形成凝胶电解质.由于凝胶电解质中离子液体在介孔SiO2的孔道中有序排列,使凝胶电解质I3-的扩散系数增大,从而降低了电解质的内阻,抑制了染料敏化纳晶多孔膜-凝胶电解质界面的复合反应,使凝胶电解质染料敏化太阳电池具有较大的开路电压和填充因子,光电转换效率达到5.22%.     

氨基功能化大尺寸SiO2大孔材料的制备及其吸附性能

以具有三维骨架结构的环氧树脂大孔聚合物为整体型模板,利用硅酸酯原位水解和高温烧结制备出大尺寸SiO2大孔材料。在溶剂热条件下,用3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷对SiO2大孔材料进行表面修饰,得到氨基功能化SiO2大孔材料(H2N-SiO2)。用SEM和FT-IR对制备的大孔材料进行了表征。以Cu2+和Pb2+为模拟污染物,研究了H2N-SiO2的吸附性能。结果表明,室温下,在pH值为6.5时能有效吸附Cu2+和Pb2+;吸附为放热自发过程;吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程;吸附等温线用Freundlich方程拟合的结果优于Langmuir方程,H2N-SiO2对Cu2+和Pb2+的理论最大吸附量分别为76.0和143mg/g;H2N-SiO2对50mg/L水溶液中Pb2+的去除率可达99.4%,重复使用3次后对Pb2+的去除率保持在87.8%。     

含稳定骨架铁的Fe-MCM-41介孔分子筛的合成与表征

以离子液体1-十六烷基-3-甲基溴代咪唑([C₁₆mim]⁺Br^-)为模板剂合成了含铁介孔分子筛Fe-MCM-41,并对其结构和形态进行了表征. 研究结果表明, 用该方法合成的Fe-MCM-41不仅具有比较大的比表面积, 规则的介孔孔道结构等特征, 而且形成了双孔道结构. UV-Vis和EPR 顺磁共振的表征结果表明, 采用离子液体[C₁₆mim]⁺Br^-为模板剂所合成的Fe-MCM-41介孔分子筛, 铁物种能稳定地存在于介孔分子筛骨架中.     

纳米介孔CeO2的合成及表征

采用烷基聚氧乙烯基醚(Brij35)非离子型表面活性剂为模板剂,乙醇水溶液为溶剂合成了高比表面和孔径集中的介孔CeO2,考察了氨水和铈源的添加顺序、pH值等合成条件对介孔CeO2比表面、孔径分布和热稳定性的影响.运用XRD、FT-IR、DTA、N2吸附-脱附和比表面-孔径测定等手段进行了表征.结果表明,氨水加入铈源与模板剂的混合液中有利于形成介孔CeO2,且pH值在9～10范围内所得介孔CeO2材料具有较大的比表面积、孔容和较好的热稳定性.     

巯基功能化介孔氧化硅的合成及其对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附

采用直接模板法,以三嵌段共聚物P123作为模板剂,酸性条件下制备出了具有规则孔道结构的介孔氧化硅.用有机硅烷MPTMS对其进行后续功能化,引入了对Pb2 离子有吸附能力的巯基基团.通过HRTEM、FTIR和N2吸附脱附等测试手段对功能化前后氧化硅的结构进行表征,结果表明,巯基功能团接枝在介孔氧化硅孔道内壁.吸附实验结果显示,巯基功能化氧化硅对水中Pb(Ⅱ)离子具有选择吸附性.当铅与铜、镉离子摩尔比为1:5时,巯基功能化材料对其吸附的分配系数之比分别为KdPb2 /KdCu2 =13.1和KdPb2 /KdCd2 =9.2.在Cu2 、Cd2 离子摩尔浓度相同时,此功能化介孔材料对Cd2 的吸附能力大于对Cu2 的吸附能力.     

介孔SiO2负载和包覆的纳米金属颗粒的制备与研究

制备了以SiO2为核、介孔SiO2为壳的核-壳颗粒负载纳米金属颗粒以及介孔SiO2壳层包覆SiO2负载的纳米金属颗粒。结果表明,十六烷基三甲基溴化胺(CTAB)作为模板剂,有助于介孔SiO2壳层包覆SiO2核的结构形成,介孔SiO2壳层的孔径方向垂直于SiO2核的表面;在聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)的稳定作用下,Pt纳米颗粒能均匀地分布在介孔SiO2壳层的表面。单分散SiO2颗粒经过3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APS)功能化后,可负载纳米金属颗粒。进一步研究表明,以SiO2负载纳米金属颗粒为核,NH3.H2O,乙醇和水为分散剂,CTAB为模板剂,正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,还能制备介孔SiO2壳包覆SiO2负载的纳米金属颗粒,而且介孔SiO2壳层的厚度可通过TEOS的含量调节。     

Sn掺杂MCM-41介孔分子筛的制备、表征及催化性能研究

在低模板剂浓度和弱碱介质中合成催化材料Si-MCM-41、Sn-MCM-41,并用XRD、N2物理吸附-脱附、FT-IR、ICP-AES和TEM等手段对催化材料进行了表征.研究了合成方法对制备Sn掺杂MCM-41介孔分子筛的影响,结果表明:水热晶化法(DHT)合成的Sn-MCM-41,Sn物种主要进入分子筛的骨架中;而模板离子交换法(TIE)合成的Sn-MCM-41,Sn物种主要位于分子筛的表面.Sn-MCM-41介孔分子筛催化环己酮Baeyer-Villiger氧化反应结果表明,n(H2O2):n(酮)=3:1,30g1,4-二氧六环为溶剂,H2O2为氧源,70℃反应6h,环己酮的转化率可达40.02%,ε-己内酯的选择性为45.69%.     

介孔材料的制备及表征

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板剂,在酸性溶液的条件下,利用模板剂与硅源水解后生成的聚集体之间相互作用,通过分子自组装,萃取除去模板剂而形成蠕虫状的介孔SiO2材料。采用TEM、XRD、N2吸附/脱附和FT—R等测试手段对产物进行了表征。结果表明,合成的介孔固体材料为无定型氧化硅,与煅烧法相比,该介孔固体的孔径较大(7nm以上)、孔壁较厚、孔径分布较窄、BET表面积较大(可达1200m2/g)。     

席夫碱桥联介孔SiO_2的合成及其对Cu~(2+)吸附性能的研究

采用水热法,以十二胺为模板剂,苯基桥链硅氧烷为有机硅源的共缩聚法合成桥链双亚胺席夫碱功能介孔二氧化硅(PMOs),并利用FT-IR,XRD,N_2吸附/脱附及TEM对合成的样品进行表征,考察了桥联有机硅源量对PMOs材料结晶和介孔结构特性的影响。结果显示,通过苯基桥链硅氧烷为有机硅源可实现介孔二氧化硅的席夫碱功能化,样品的孔径为2.65~2.96nm的介孔结构范围。但随着桥联有机硅源量的增加,受有机结构的影响,PMOs材料的晶型有序度和介孔规整度下降。吸附性能显示,PMOs材料对Cu~(2+)具有较好的吸附性能,对铜离子(Cu~(2+))的最高吸附率达到90.35%。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from