原位反应加工法制备氮化硼/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯/聚乙烯导热复合材料的性能EI北大核心CSCD

以氮化硼(BN)为导热填料、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)和高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)为基体,利用甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的原位反应加工成功制备了BN/PMMA/HDPE高导热复合材料。研究了PMMA与HDPE不同质量比时的相形态,通过扫描电子显微镜发现,当PMMA与HDPE的质量比为9:11时,复合材料构成了完善的双连续结构,BN选择性分散在原位反应加工法制备的BN/PMMA/HDPE高导热复合材料的PMMA相中,这种双连续结构及选择性分散的设计有利于提升材料的导热性能和耐热性能。导热性能测试结果表明,当BN的质量分数为40%时,原位反应加工法制备的BN/PMMA/HDPE导热复合材料的导热系数达到了0.92W/(m·K),相对于纯HDPE提升了283%,相对于简单熔融共混法制备的BN/PMMA/HDPE导热复合材料提升了接近20%。同时,动态力学热分析表明,在温度为40℃时,BN的质量分数为30%时,原位反应加工法制备的BN/PMMA/HDPE导热复合材料的储能模量比简单熔融共混法制备的BN/PMMA/HDPE导热复合材料的储能模量提升了46%,并且差示扫描量热分析及维卡软化点测试表明,其玻璃化转变温度、结晶温度和维卡软化点都有提升。其研究为制备高导热耐热复合材料提供了一种新的方法。     

混杂功能化多壁碳纳米管/环氧树脂复合材料的制备及性能

对多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)分别进行共价、非共价和混杂功能化改性, 然后采用溶液共混法, 将三种功能化类型的MWCNTs按不同质量分数分别加入环氧树脂(EP)制备MWCNTs/EP复合材料。通过拉伸试验和热重分析, 研究MWCNTs的功能化类型及含量对复合材料力学性能和热学性能的影响, 并对复合材料拉伸试件断面进行SEM观察分析。结果表明: 与共价功能化复合材料(MWCNTs-Epon828/EP)和非共价功能化复合材料(MWCNTs-PPA/EP)相比, 混杂功能化复合材料(MWCNTs-Epon828-PPA/EP)的力学性能和热学性能最佳。当MWCNTs质量分数为0.3%时, 其拉伸强度、弹性模量和断裂伸长率较纯EP分别提高30%, 62%和26%。      

填充型导热复合材料中的双逾渗效应

以胶体石墨作为导热填料,以高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)、HDPE/聚丙烯(PP)、HDPE/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、HDPE/聚苯乙烯(PS)为基体制备了填充型导热复合材料。利用杨氏方程分析了石墨在合金中的分布情况,认为胶体石墨在HDPE/PS、HDPE/PMMA体系中会发生双逾渗现象。测试表明,固定石墨体积分数为23%,HDPE/PS/石墨的导热性能在PS体积分数23.1%时达到1.33W/m.K,相对纯HDPE体系提高了24.2%;以HDPE/PM-MA(体积比50/50)为基体得到的材料导热系数为1.57W/m.K,相对纯HDPE体系提高了46.7%。转矩流变和动态力学表征确认填料形成了空间网络结构。     

石墨和碳纳米管掺杂对十四醇/SiO_2复合材料相变储热及导热性能的影响

采用石墨(GP)和多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)为导热剂,溶胶-凝胶法和超声法制备了十四醇/SiO_2/GP、十四醇/SiO_2/MWCNTs复合相变材料,研究了不同导热剂及含量对复合相变材料的相变及导热性能的影响。结果表明,导热剂掺杂量小于3.0%(wt,质量分数,下同)时对复合材料相变焓影响不大,并且0.7%含量的MWCNTs会增加相变焓。复合相变材料的导热性随着导热剂的掺入,材料的导热系数大幅度提升;当掺杂量超过5.6%时,MWCNTs对复合材料导热系数的提高优于GP。     

基于改性碳纳米管的有机硅导热复合材料的制备及其性能

通过3,4-二氟苯基双环己基乙烯(ECFB)液晶对碳纳米管(MWCNTs)进行功能化改性，并将ECFB-MWCNTs作为有机硅树脂的填料制备得到有机硅纳米复合材料。采用紫外-可见分光光度计(UV-Vis)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)等多种表征方法，完整揭示了ECFB与MWCNTs之间的非共价键作用，采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、导热系数仪等对样品进行性能表征。结果表明ECFB液晶有利于改善MWCNTs在有机硅复合材料中的分散性，提高与有机硅基体之间的界面作用，进而有效提高有机硅纳米复合材料的导热性能。当碳纳米管质量分数为11%时，ECFB-MWCNTs/有机硅复合材料的导热系数为0.8101 W/(m·K),是纯有机硅橡胶的5.3倍，是相同比例的MWCNTs/有机硅材料的2.3倍，这也说明通过液晶对碳纳米管进行修饰改性在纳米复合导热材料中具有广阔的应用前景。     

碳纳米管的表面改性对环氧树脂低温(77 K)冲击性能及热膨胀系数的影响

采用混酸氧化及表面接枝改性的方法制备了表面含不同官能团的多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs), 并研究了不同MWCNTs对环氧树脂的低温(77 K)抗冲击性能及热膨胀系数(CTE)的影响。结果表明: 通过接枝反应将—NCO基团封端的PEO齐聚物引入MWCNTs表面, 可提高MWCNTs在环氧树脂基体中的分散性, 加强MWCNTs与环氧树脂的界面作用; 相对于纯环氧树脂, 添加质量分数为0.5%的纯MWCNTs、 氧化MWCNTs和表面接枝MWCNTs改性后的环氧树脂的低温冲击强度分别升高了10.27%、 26.13%和32.95%, 而CTE则分别降低了14.79%、 29.59%和40.29%。这表明表面接枝改性MWCNTs可明显提高环氧树脂基体的低温抗冲击性能并降低环氧树脂在玻璃化转变温度下的CTE。     

蒙脱土和碳纳米管共掺改性环氧树脂复合材料的力学性能和热性能

采用有机化蒙脱土(OMMT)和碳纳米管(MWCNTs)2种纳米材料改性双酚A型环氧树脂。通过溶液共混法制备OMMT/EP、MWCNTs/EP、OMMT/MWCNTs/EP环氧树脂纳米复合材料。利用扫描电子显微镜观察了复合材料的冲击断面,测试了复合材料的力学性能和热性能,探讨了OMMT、MWCNTs增韧环氧树脂的机理。结果表明,当试样中OMMT质量分数为4%,MWCNTs质量分数为0.7%时,OMMT/EP、MWCNTs/EP和OMMT/MWCNTs/EP的冲击强度分别达到16.8kJ/m2,23.1kJ/m2,30.4kJ/m2,较未掺杂环氧树脂分别提高了16.7%,60.4%,110%。弯曲强度较未改性环氧树脂分别提高了27.54%,35.74%,54.12%。3种复合材料的热分解温度和马丁耐热温度均较未改性环氧树脂略有提高。     

碳纳米管表面改性对碳纳米管/尼龙66复合材料机械性能影响的研究

采用熔融共混法,在尼龙66基体中分别加入不同改性的多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)制备MWCNTs/尼龙66复合材料。考察MWCNTs改性方法对MWCNTs结构,以及不同改性MWCNTs对复合材料形貌和机械性能的影响。研究发现:通过酸化-氨化过程,在MWCNTs表面引入了酰胺基团;FESEM显示,胺化碳纳米管(D-MWCNTs)分散均匀于尼龙66基体中;随着D-MWCNTs的引入,与纯尼龙66相比,D-MWCNTs/尼龙66复合材料的拉伸强度和拉伸模量分别增加了12.7%和24.3%;储能模量,在玻璃化区域(-40℃)和橡胶区域(120℃),分别较纯尼龙66提高了133.1%和73.3%。这些研究结果证明,MWCNTs的均匀分散,有利于提高聚合物复合材料的机械性能。     

动态硫化制备多壁碳纳米管/热塑性硫化胶复合材料的相态结构及热电效应

采用动态硫化方法制备了多壁碳纳米管/热塑性硫化胶(MWCNTs/TPV)复合材料,研究了三种动态硫化工艺和MWCNTs用量对MWC-NTs/TPV复合材料的相态结构、介电、导热和物理性能的影响.MWCNTs/TPV复合材料呈现"海岛"结构,IIR橡胶相以微米级交联颗粒分散在PP相中.动态硫化工艺主要影响MWCNTs的分布,MWCNTs在两相中均匀分布的MWCNTs/TPV复合材料具有较高的热电性能.当MWC-NTs含量达到渗流阈值(3％(质量分数,下同))时,形成MWCNTs网络结构,MWCNTs/TPV复合材料的交流电导率、介电常数和热导率急剧增加.随着MWCNTs含量的增加,MWCNTs/TPV复合材料的弹性模量逐渐增大,拉伸强度先增大后减小;MWCNTs能够提高TPV基体的界面结合力,与纯TPV相比,当MWCNTs的含量为3％时,MWCNTs/TPV复合材料的拉伸强度提高39％.基于MWCNTs/TPV复合材料的相态结构以及MWCNTs的渗流阈值提出MWCNTs网络结构,分散在PP基体中和两相界面处的MWCNTs相互搭接形成MWCNTs网络结构.     

石墨烯与多壁碳纳米管增强环氧树脂复合材料的制备及性能

对多壁碳管(MWCNTs)进行改性处理得到酸化碳管(MWCNTs-COOH)和环氧化碳管(MWCNTs-Epon828), 将石墨烯(Graphene)与不同的碳管分别混合, 制备出三种Graphene-MWCNTs/环氧树脂(EP)复合材料。通过拉伸和热重实验研究了石墨烯与MWCNTs的协同作用、 两者的含量以及MWCNTs功能化方法对复合材料力学和热学性能的影响。结果表明: 石墨烯与MWCNTs的协同增强明显优于MWCNTs单独增强。当石墨烯和MWCNTs质量分数仅为0.1%时, Graphene-MWCNTs-Epon828/EP的拉伸强度达最大值, 其拉伸强度、 弹性模量和断裂伸长率分别较纯EP增加了35%、 65%和34%。石墨烯和MWCNTs的加入使Graphene-MWCNTs/EP复合材料的热稳定性均有所提高。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.