热处理对液态乳中乳清蛋白的影响研究进展

牛乳中的乳清蛋白主要包括β-乳球蛋白、α-乳白蛋白、牛血清白蛋白和免疫球蛋白。在牛乳加工过程中,热处理会使乳中乳清蛋白发生变性,影响了乳清蛋白的结构和活性,进而降低了牛乳的营养价值。本文对乳业发达国家液态乳的主要加工方式以及热处理过程对4种乳清蛋白的影响进行了综述。     

乳清蛋白在发酵乳制品中的应用

乳清蛋白具有良好的功能性,被广泛应用在各种食品中。本文综述了乳清蛋白产品的组成成分和功能特性,以及乳清蛋白对发酵乳制品的风味、质构、益生菌生长及功能营养的影响。指出乳清蛋白在发酵乳制品中具有良好的适应性和广阔的应用前景。     

乳清蛋白变性的测定方法

本文综述了影响乳清蛋白变性的多种因素（ｐＨ、离子浓度等）和测定乳清蛋白变性的方法，比较了多种测定方法的优缺点和适用范围，为在某特定情况下选择适宜的测定乳清蛋白变性方法提供帮助。脱脂乳在烘烤食品、乳制品和加工食品中有着广泛地应用，在这些加工过程中热处理不可避免地引起乳清蛋白的变性，乳清蛋白的变性程度依赖于热处理常作为改善乳粉水吸收和功能性质的方法，更为重要的是乳清蛋白的变性影响着乳清蛋白的营养吸收和     

超高压对牛乳清蛋白水解影响的研究进展

主要综述了国内外关于超高压处理对牛乳清蛋白水解及其产物功能特性影响的研究进展,并展望了超高压处理在酶法制备乳清蛋白生物活性肽方面的应用前景。     

乳清蛋白的热变性及其在酸乳生产中的应用

介绍了乳清蛋白与酪蛋白热缔合过程的模型，乳清蛋白热变性的动力学以及热变性作用对酸奶质构的影响，乳清蛋白的变性度与酸奶最终质量存在密度的关系。应用β－乳球蛋白的等变性度曲线可以选择酸奶生产中的最适热处理条件。     

糖基化修饰牛乳清蛋白过敏原性研究进展

牛乳含有丰富的营养物质,是除母乳外婴儿最理想的食品来源。但是,部分婴儿对牛乳会产生过敏反应。通过美拉德反应对乳清蛋白进行糖基化改性是一种比较新的方法,但已经成为食品中研究的热点。本文对牛乳中主要过敏原的结构特征、致敏性、表位等进行阐述,详细地介绍乳清蛋白中α-乳白蛋白和β-乳球蛋白糖基化改性的国内外研究进展。糖基化法作为降低乳清蛋白致敏性的方法之一,能较好地保持其原有结构和功能特性。     

乳清蛋白的热变性及其在酸奶生产中的应用

介绍了乳清蛋白与酪蛋白热缔合过程的模型、乳清蛋白热变性的动力学以及热变性作用对酸奶质构的影响。乳清蛋白的变性度与酸奶最终质量存在密切的关系。应用β-乳球蛋白（β-LG）的等变性度曲线可以选择酸奶生产中的最适热处理条件（温度／时间）。     

食品蛋白质的功能性质（一）——乳清蛋白与酪蛋白

乳清蛋白和酪蛋白磷酸肽是极好的营养强化剂,其添加于食品中有利于人体健康.本文介绍了乳清蛋白和酪蛋白磷酸肽的功能特性及其在食品中的应用.由于其具有多种保健功能,在食品行业中其应用前景十分广泛.     

乳清蛋白变性率测定方法研究进展

乳制品的生产加工过程中,必然要进行热处理,一方面可以杀菌灭酶,另一方面会使乳清蛋白发生变性。乳清蛋白的变性会引起免疫球蛋白、如过氧化物酶等活性物质失活,对乳制品的感官、质构、营养等存在极为重要的影响,是酸奶、奶酪加工成功的重要影响因素,也是其品质优劣的重要评价指标。本文综述了乳清蛋白的热变性机理和各种测定乳清蛋白变性率的方法,并对这些方法的优缺点、研究现状进行了详细介绍,为研究者在适宜的情况下选择最便捷、快速、低成本的乳清蛋白变性率测定方法提供依据。     

绿茶提取物对乳清蛋白发泡特性、流变特性和热力学特性的影响

本文选用三种不同的绿茶提取物(CGT、NGT和UGT,分别来自中国、日本和肯尼亚),探讨绿茶提取物对乳清蛋白的发泡特性、流变特性和热力学特性的影响。研究结果表明:绿茶提取物可以显著提高乳清蛋白的发泡能力、发泡稳定性及胶体强度;绿茶提取物不影响乳清蛋白变性温度,但可以使其热焓值显著下降。研究结果暗示乳清蛋白与绿茶提取物中的一些主要组分发生了协同相互作用。     

乳清蛋白及与其它乳成分的热聚合作用机制研究进展

乳蛋白决定奶类品质,而热加工会影响乳清蛋白尤其是β-乳球蛋白的稳定性。热处理时,乳清蛋白不仅自身发生不同程度的聚合,而且通过巯基-二硫键分别与酪蛋白胶束和乳脂球膜蛋白发生结合。乳清蛋白亦可与其它乳成分如乳糖、钙盐、乳脂发生热聚合作用。本文根据乳品受热温度的不同,针对乳清蛋白间及其与其它乳成分的相互作用途径进行分析,阐明热聚合作用过程及机理,对改善乳制品的热稳定性、凝胶性等功能性质具有重要的理论意义,拓宽乳清蛋白作为配料在相关食品体系中的应用。     

Effect of Milk Pretreatment on the Whey Composition and Whey Powder Functionality

ABSTRACT:  Changes in cheese production processes may have a significant effect on subsequent whey composition and functionality. To control these changes is important since whey is commonly processed into ingredients used in numerous applications in the food industry. In this study, the characteristics of 4 demineralized whey powders (DWPs) were studied. DWPs were produced from partially high-temperature heat-treated (HH), ultrafiltered (UF), or ultrafiltered high-temperature heat-treated (UFHH) milk. DWP produced from pasteurized milk was used as a reference (REF). All experiments were carried out on industrial scale. The quantity of nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) in total protein (TP) was elevated by HH, and reduced by UF treatment. Whey protein content of whey was significantly elevated by UF, but reduced when HH treatment was applied. The volume and total solids of UFHH whey were significantly reduced compared to REF and HH wheys, but the chemical composition was comparable. There were no significant differences in the degree of denaturation, viscosity, water-binding capacity, emulsifying capacity, or emulsion stability of the DWPs, but heat stability was significantly elevated by UF treatment.     

Instant infusion pasteurisation of bovine milk. II. Effects on indigenous milk enzymes activity and whey protein denaturation

Direct heat treatment of two milk types, skimmed and nonstandardised full‐fat, was performed by instant steam infusion and compared with indirect heating. Infusion conditions were temperatures of 72–120°C combined with holding times of 100–700 ms, and indirect heat conditions were 72°C/15 s and 85°C/30 s. The activity of indigenous enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase, lactoperoxidase, xanthine oxidase and γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase was evaluated. Infusion temperature was the main determinant of inactivation. Whey protein denaturation represented by β‐lactoglobulin increased significantly with infusion temperature. The nonstandardised milk had a higher denaturation rate than skimmed milk. The effect of instant infusion on pH and milk fat globule size in relation to whey protein denaturation and association is discussed.     

A Kinetic Study on the Heat-Induced Changes of Whey Proteins Concentrate at Two pH Values

Whey protein concentrate (WPC) is used as food ingredients due to their commercially important functional properties. The effects of heat treatment on the components of milk are very important for the final product character, since they undergo modifications that affect sensorial and nutritional quality of milk. The heat-induced changes on dispersions of whey proteins concentrate were monitored by measurement of thiol availability, protein solubility, and turbidity at pH 6.6 and 7.5. The fractional conversion model was used to quantitatively describe the effect of different temperature–time combination on denaturation mechanism. The results demonstrate that heat-induced changes of WPC greatly influence their solubility, expressed as degree of denaturation at pH 4.6 and were related to the heating conditions. The denaturation mechanism involved a number of consecutive conformational changes in the molecules. A curvature in Arrhenius plots was observed around 75 °C, indicating changes in the reaction mechanism. The deflection of Arrhenius plot reflects the generally accepted two-step denaturation/aggregation process of whey proteins.     

Stability of Whey Proteins during Thermal Processing: A Review

Whey proteins have many benefits due to their high nutritional value and their various applications in food products. A drawback of whey proteins is their instability to thermal processing, which leads to their denaturation, aggregation, and, under some conditions, gelation. As thermal processing is a major treatment in the processing of milk and milk products, its influence on whey proteins has been extensively studied. Understanding the mechanisms involved during each stage of denaturation and aggregation of whey proteins is critical to devising ways of improving their stability. These aspects are reviewed in this paper. Also covered are approaches to preventing or reducing heat‐induced aggregation of whey proteins. Inhibition of aggregate formation has considerable potential for alleviating the problems that arise from the instability of whey proteins.     

热处理对牛乳成分的影响以及热敏感指标的变化研究进展

热加工可以有效杀灭生牛乳中的各种致病微生物,但也会对牛乳成分产生影响。随着热处理温度的升高,乳清蛋白变性和凝集、乳糖异构化和降解、美拉德反应等理化反应会依次发生,这些反应中活性成分(例如碱性磷酸酶和乳清蛋白)的减少或反应产物的生成(例如乳果糖和糠氨酸)都可作为热加工强度的标识。本文对牛乳的热加工条件、牛乳在受热情况出现的理化变化以及相应的热敏感成分的变化进行综述。     

Gelation of casein-whey mixtures: effects of heating whey proteins alone or in the presence of casein micelles.

The aim of the present work was to investigate the role of whey protein denaturation on the acid induced gelation of casein. This was studied by determining the effect of whey protein denaturation both in the presence and absence of casein micelles. The study showed that milk gelation kinetics and gel properties are greatly influenced by the heat treatment sequence. When the whey proteins are denatured separately and subsequently added to casein micelles, acid-induced gelation occurs more rapidly and leads to gels with a more particulated microstructure than gels made from co-heated systems. The gels resulting from heat-treatment of a mixture of pre-denatured whey protein with casein micelles are heterogeneous in nature due to particulates formed from casein micelles which are complexed with denatured whey proteins and also from separate whey protein aggregates. Whey proteins thus offer an opportunity not only to control casein gelation but also to control the level of syneresis, which can occur.     

High pressure-induced changes in milk proteins and possible applications in dairy technology

This paper reviews the newest information on the effects of high pressure (HP) on whey proteins, caseins and milk enzymes, and discusses their influence on milk properties. HP treatments cause substantial modification to milk proteins and to the mineral balance of milk. Casein micelles disaggregate into smaller particles or aggregate, depending the intensity and the temperature of the HP treatment. Whey proteins are denatured, possibly interacting with the remnants of the casein micelles, and give aggregated forms different from those produced by heat treatment. These events influence rennet coagulation properties of milk, with micellar disintegration favoring coagulation and whey protein denaturation hindering the aggregation of renneted micelles and enhancing cheese yield. HP treatment of milk favors acid coagulation and produces acid gels whose structure is greatly determined by the different micellar sizes attainable and the degree of whey protein denaturation. Milk gels can also be formed from concentrated milk under HP, providing new structures inaccessible via conventional methods.     

Composition and properties of whey protein concentrates from ultrafiltration

Chemical and nutrient composition and functional properties of whey protein concentrates from ultrafiltration of sweet and acid wheys were studied for potential food uses. Vitamins passed readily through the membrane; thus, vitamin content was slightly higher than in whey. Amino acid values were considerably higher, increasing in direct proportion to increases in protein. Lysine availability was not significantly affected by fractionation or by subsequent beat treatment. Since this process results in substantial removal of minerals along with the permeate, the protein to ash ratio of the protein concentrate increased. Unlike most other methods of recovering protein from whey, solubility was not adversely affected by ultrafiltration. However, protein concentrates were susceptible to heat; normal pasteurization temperatures resulted in approximately 20% denaturation. Whey protein exhibited excellent water retention. Addition of 1.5% protein to skim milk followed by heating formed a custard-like gel with sufficient body to stand alone without leakage. Approximately twice as much egg albumin was required to achieve comparable results. Whipping properties were very good when butterfat content was less than 2%. Excellent stable whips could be produced by a combination of heat and pH adjustment.     

WHEY PROTEIN DENATURATION OF UHT PROCESSED MILK AND ITS EFFECT ON RHEOLOGY OF YOGURT

The denaturation of whey proteins in whole milk during processing by the indirect UHT and vat systems was determined. Whey protein denaturation plateaued at about 88% following a UHT heat treatment of 149°C for 10 s. However, it reached about 88% with a vat heat treatment of 82°C for 5 min and reached 95 to nearly 100% after 10 to 15 min. Vat processing under pasteurizing conditions at 63°C for 30 min resulted in less than 10% denaturation. The yogurts prepared from the vat processed milk had considerably higher structural firmness than those prepared from the UHT milk, as confirmed by the lower value of curd firmness and the higher shear stress of these yogurts. It was also found that the structural or curd firmness of yogurts prepared from UHT milk was highest when the milk was processed for 3.3 s process holding time and was lower when the milk was processed for longer or shorter process holding times. The results suggest that the vat process at 63°C or 82°C brings about a specific change in the whey protein which leads to formation of a firm structure. This change apparently does not occur during the brief UHT treatment.