亚硝化反硝化生物脱氮

对影响亚硝化及反硝化生物脱氮的研究结果进行了总结和评述。内容包括游离氨、温度、pH、溶解氧、酚、氯酸钠等因素对亚硝化型硝化的影响,以及HNO2对反硝化速率的影响和酚、氨在反硝化过程中充当电子供体的研究。     

煤气废水亚硝化型硝化的研究

含高浓度氨氮的煤气废水，因碳源不足影响脱氮效果，为此，研究亚硝化型硝化的可能性和可行性，结果表明，影响硝化类型的主要制约因素是游离氨，通过ＰＨ调节来控制游离氨可获得稳定的亚硝化型硝化。     

亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化作用机理的研究

与传统的生物硝化-反硝化工艺相比,亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺在处理低(超低)碳氮比高浓度含氮废水方面有着不可替代的优越性,是上个世纪末生物脱氮领域里的一个突出的创新。在温度为30~40℃和水力停留时间约为1d条件下,ρ(DO)在0.5~2.5mg/L,pH值为7.4~8.3时,能够较好的实现匹配厌氧氨氧化的亚硝化;探讨了亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化在污泥颗粒化技术中的实现可能机理。     

短程硝化反硝化影响因素研究进展

短程硝化反硝化是指将硝化过程控制在亚硝化阶段,随后在缺氧条件下进行反硝化的生物脱氮过程。以亚硝酸盐为电子受体的短程硝化反硝化,其关键是如何实现亚硝酸盐的积累。本文主要介绍了以亚硝酸盐为电子受体的短程硝化反硝化的机理,以及影响亚硝酸盐积累的多种因素,包括C/N、 FA （游离氨）、 DO、 pH等,探讨了短程硝化反硝化实现的主要工艺的途径。     

游离氨对高浓度含氮废水生物亚硝化的影响

高浓度含氮废水可以建立稳定的生物亚硝化系统,从开始启动到达到稳定亚硝化状态需25d时间,进水NH3-N的质量浓度为800～900mg/L时,出水NH3-N、NO2--N、NO3--N的质量浓度分别为380、335、100mg/L,系统NH3-N的降解率为55%～60%、亚硝化率为80%。启动阶段,系统中亚硝酸菌的生长优势与游离氨的抑制作用并存。随着启动阶段结束及稳定亚硝化系统建立,硝酸菌、亚硝酸菌适应了游离氨的毒害和抑制作用,亚硝酸菌赢得了生长上的优势地位,表现为较高的亚硝化率。NH3-N的氧化活性不受系统生物量影响,以游离氨体积浓度直接衡量其所受的抑制性,而NO2--N的氧化活性与系统生物量有关,以游离氨污泥负荷为基础衡量。维持游离氨污泥负荷小于0.1是取得良好亚硝化效果和氨氮降解率的前提。     

部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺处理含氮废水的研究

部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺是一种新型的废水脱氮工艺。实验采用模拟废水,进水氨氮浓度为600 mg/L。亚硝化SBR反应器在温度为30℃、HRT为24 h、DO≈0.2 mg/L的运行条件下,将废水中的一部分氨氮氧化成亚硝氮,并使得亚硝化SBR反应器出水中NH4+-N和NO2--N比值接近1∶1.32后,再作为厌氧氨氧化SBR反应器进水;厌氧氨氧化SBR反应器在温度为37℃、HTR为24 h的运行条件下,将氨氮和亚硝氮转化为N2。实验结果表明,部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺脱氮效果较好,废水中氮的去除率可达94.44%。     

亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化组合工艺处理煤气化废水的研究

为了实现煤气化废水的经济有效脱氮，分别研究了单独亚硝化及其与厌氧氨氧化组合工艺对实验室模拟废水和实际煤气化废水的脱氮性能，分析了废水中苯酚对亚硝化反应器运行的影响及其自身转化。结果表明：质量浓度为7～50 mg/L的苯酚对亚硝化系统首先产生抑制，但随着运行时间延长，系统性能逐渐恢复。在处理实际煤气化废水时，逐渐增加进水中煤气化废水的比例，废水中毒性物质对亚硝化过程的影响能够被克服，亚硝化反应器可以实现稳定运行。在亚硝化反应器中，亚硝态氮积累率达90%左右，COD去除率达98%，反硝化脱氮对总氮的去除率达到60%左右；组合工艺中亚硝化反应器和厌氧氨氧化反应器均能够稳定运行，厌氧氨氧化脱氮率维持在70%左右；实际煤气化废水亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化全程氮去除率平均达到86%。     

短程硝化反硝化影响因素研究进展

短程硝化反硝化是指将硝化过程控制在亚硝化阶段,随后在缺氧条件下进行反硝化的生物脱氮过程。以亚硝酸盐为电子受体的短程硝化反硝化,其关键是如何实现亚硝酸盐的积累。本文主要介绍了以亚硝酸盐为电子受体的短程硝化反硝化的机理,以及影响亚硝酸盐积累的多种因素,包括C/N、FA(游离氨)、DO、pH等,探讨了短程硝化反硝化实现的主要工艺的途径。     

亚硝化的实现及与厌氧氨氧化联合工艺研究

在高氨氮废水处理方面,厌氧氨氧化工艺与传统硝化-反硝化生物脱氮工艺相比具有较高的脱氮效能,因此近几年得到了快速的发展.但是厌氧氨氧化需要亚硝态氮作为电子受体,而目前实现亚硝酸盐的积累一直是废水脱氮技术中的难点.为此在综述目前实现亚硝化控制的因数研究进展的基础之上,为适应厌氧氨氧化需求,讨论了将其与厌氧氨氧化工艺相结合时,控制参数的优化策略.以及对亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺的可能性进行综述和展望.     

自养亚硝化生物膜启动研究

采用纤维载体接种2种不同污泥研究亚硝化生物膜的启动及其关键性影响因子,在32℃和水力停留时间为10h和12h的条件下,分别经过130d和70d的运行,均成功实现了50%的亚硝化,其中进水负荷分别为248mg[NH3-N]/(L.d)和430mg[NH3-N]/(L.d)。研究表明:限氧(DO的质量浓度为0.5～1.0mg/L)和pH值为7.4～7.7是实现50%亚硝化的最佳条件;高温和较短的水力停留时间对生物膜中亚硝酸氧化菌没有明显的选择作用。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。