面向应变均匀性和成形力的等径道角挤压模具结构参数优化

面向等径道角挤压成形应变均匀性和成形力,以3003铝合金为研究对象,采用有限元法分析不同模具外角、内角、内角半径挤压变形的等效应变均匀性和挤压成形力。研究结果表明:外角ψ对等效应变均匀性影响显著,而内角φ主要对挤压成形力影响较大,内角半径r对二者影响不明显。因此采用合理的模具结构参数,既可以提高应变均匀性,又能降低挤压成形力。基于正交试验分析得到了模具结构参数为:ψ=40°,φ=105°,r=1.5 mm,这为研究试样宏观塑性变形与细化晶粒微观组织演变规律、模具结构设计参数提供理论依据。     

有限元分析等径角挤压中通道外角的影响

通道外角是等径角挤压过程中影响试样变形均匀性的重要因素.运用有限元模拟的方法研究了通道外角在等径角挤压过程中的影响.研究结果表明:随着通道外角的增大,材料的流动阻力降低,材料的剪切更加趋于均匀,致使试样的变形和等效应变分布都更加均匀.     

模具外角对等通道转角挤压纯铝变形过程的影响

模具外角对等通道转角挤压(ECAE)变形过程影响较大,文章利用有限元软件(MSC.Marc)模拟研究了模具外角对ECAE过程中等效应变、变形机理的影响。模拟结果表明,模具外角Ψ>0°～30°的范围内,等效应变的分布较为均匀;当模具外角Ψ>30°时,等效应变的分布越来越不均匀;当模具外角Ψ=0°～90°范围内逐渐增大时,试样的变形机理由单一剪切变形逐渐变为剪切变形与弯曲变形相结合的复合变形行为。为了验证模拟结果,对大尺寸纯铝进行了等通道转角挤压实验(模具内角Ф=90°,模具外角Ψ=30°),纯铝实验应变值的分布与大小和模拟应变值的分布与大小近似吻合。由光学显微组织可知,经ECAE挤压一次后,变形试样组织较为均匀,晶粒得到一定程度细化。     

模具外角和内角对等通道角挤压的影响的有限元分析

等通道角挤压(ECAE)工艺受模具外角和模具内角的影响较大,为此利用有限元分析方法对该工艺过程进行了模拟.结果表明:模具外角主要影响等效应变分布的均匀性,对等效应变值的大小影响不大;模具内角主要影响等效应变值的大小,对等效应变分布的均匀性影响较模具外角小;随着模具外角的逐渐增大,模具拐角变形区域逐渐变大,变形机理由纯剪切变形变为剪切变形和弯曲变形相结合的复合变形;随着模具内角的逐渐增大,模具拐角变形区域基本保持不变,变形机理由纯剪切变形变为弯曲变形;模具内角较模具外角对加载载荷的影响更为显著.     

Al-5Ti-1B合金等径角挤压变形的数值模拟及试验研究

采用Deform3D有限元软件,在模具外角0°、20°、30°和摩擦系数0、0.2、0.3条件下,对Al-5Ti-1B合金进行了等径角挤压(ECAP)变形过程的模拟,研究了ECAP变形合金的等效应变分布情况。模拟结果表明:摩擦系数相同,模具外角从0°增加到30°时,等效应变随模具外角的增加而下降;大摩擦系数比小摩擦系数条件下更容易获得均匀的变形。在模具内角90°、外角20°时,对Al-5Ti-1B合金进行了室温一道次等径角挤压,分析了等效应变分布对微观组织及力学性能影响。结果表明:合金经过ECAP挤压后,晶粒尺寸明显细化。屈服强度从142.0 MPa增加到195.3 MPa,提高了37.5%;硬度从45.2 HV增加到55.9 HV,提高了24%。     

数值模拟模具内角对6082铝合金ECAP的影响

基于有限元分析,以6082铝合金为研究对象,采用DEFORM-3D分析了90~150°模具内角范围时等通道转角挤压(ECAP)过程中的载荷-行程曲线与应力及应变分布。结果表明,当模具内角为90°时,试样获得的等效应力和等效应变最大,塑性变形程度最强;随着模具内角增大,试样挤压过程中载荷值明显下降,试样中等效应力和等效应变减小,等效应变分布均匀性提高。     

等效应变量对等径角挤压的2A12铝合金力学性能的影响

采用内角为105°、外角为45°及内角为90°、外角为30°两套模具对2A12铝合金进行了等径角挤压实验,研究了等效应变量对其力学性能的影响。结果表明,等径角挤压可以显著改善材料的力学性能,而且等效应变量的大小与材料的力学性能密切相关。经过等径角挤压,材料所经受的累积等效应变量达到4时,材料力学性能的提高达到饱和,而且材料所经受的单次等效剪切应变量越大,材料力学性能的提高越迅速,改善越明显。     

工业用纯钛等径角挤压的显微组织控制方法综述（英文）

综述了工业用纯钛(CP-Ti)大塑性变形技术的等径角挤压工艺,主要集中在等径角挤压参数的影响,包括通道角和曲率角、挤压路径、挤压温度、挤压速度、内部产热、挤压道次和背压。为了获得CP-Ti的最大均匀性、晶粒细化和提高力学性能,对不同等径角挤压CP-Ti进行了表征,如显微组织、应力不均匀性和力学性能。研究表明,在挤压温度为450°C,挤压速度为1~3 mm/s,挤压路径为BC,加载背压,通道角和曲率角分别为90°和20°的条件下能获得最均匀的超细组织。     

等径角挤压中内角半径作用的有限元模拟

内角半径是等径角挤压过程中影响试样变形均匀性的重要因素。运用有限元模拟的方法研究了内角半径在等径角挤压过程中的作用。结果表明,内角半径小易产生空隙;随内角半径的增大,材料流动阻力增大,试样底部速率降低,引起试样严重的不均匀变形与等效应变的不均匀分布。     

双通道等径角挤压试样变形不均匀性有限元分析

通过对双通道等径角挤压变形过程的数值模拟,获得了不同路径4个道次各变形区的等效应变分布图,分析了挤压试样变形不均匀现象及其形成原因。结果表明,双通道等径角挤压中存在4种变形区,其中与冲头接触的区域应变值几乎保持挤压前的水平,该区域的存在是造成试样变形不均匀的主要原因。多道次挤压中试样的均匀性不仅与旋转方式有关,还与试样的放置方式有关。采用A路径的试样应变均匀性优于B路径;采用A路径进行挤压,在2道次挤压后试样左右剪切变形区等效应变呈现一端大一端小的分布状态,在3、4道次挤压中采取大+小剪切变形区处于冲头一侧的放置方式,试样等效应变的均值最高;采取小+大剪切变形区处于冲头一侧的放置方式,制备试样等效应变分布最为均匀。     

Analysis of T-shaped equal channel angular pressing using the finite element method

Plastic deformation behavior in T-shaped equal channel pressing, a modified equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) using T-shaped channel instead of conventional L-shaped channel, is analyzed by using the commercial finite element code DEFORM. Simulations were carried out under realistic conditions by considering the strain hardening of material and friction. The deformation behavior is more complicated and the strain induced is highly localized. Severe plastic strain is localized in the bottom region of the workpiece and very small strain is developed in the other region, which is in good agreement with the experimental results reported in the literature showing the nonuniformity in microstructure and hardness distribution. In addition, the load requirements of the T-ECAP are much higher compared to conventional ECAP.     

Physical modeling of equal channel angular pressing using plasticine

We report here the results of our physical modeling study of the equal channel angular pressing process using two-colour constituent plasticine workpieces in a metallic die. The workpieces, usually called billets, are made up of discs as well as spherical balls. They are deformed repeatedly with and without changing the orientation between successive passes. Both square and round dies with inner channel intersection angle of 90° are used. The flow patterns are revealed by sectioning the billet after a requisite number of passes. Thorough mixing of the two constituents with a drastic reduction in the section size of each constituent of the plasticine workpiece was observed after 15 passes. The initial shape of the constituents of the billet does not affect the final flow pattern of the microstructure. Material accumulation of the two colour constituents of plasticine was observed in some regions of the billet along the central region at a low and intermediate number of passes.     

螺旋通道长度对纯铝粉末多孔材料等径角挤扭变形的影响

针对等径角挤压和挤扭两种工艺的不足,在充分发挥各自优势的基础上,提出了一种新型的大塑性变形工艺——等径角挤扭(Equal Channel Angular Pressing and Torsion,ECAPT)。采用DEFORM-3D软件对纯铝粉末多孔材料等径角挤扭成形过程进行单道次三维有限元模拟,重点分析螺旋通道长度对变形试样挤压载荷、等效应变、致密行为等场量变化规律的影响。结果表明,相比于传统的ECAP变形,ECAPT工艺螺旋通道的存在,可大大增加变形试样内部的静水压力;合理的螺旋通道长度,可有效提高变形试样的累积应变量和应变分布均匀性,显著改善变形试样的整体致密效果。文章在综合考虑最优数值模拟结果的基础上,自行设计了螺旋通道长度为30mm的ECAPT模具,并进行了相关实验验证,证明了所建立有限元模型的可靠性。     

Tool design guidelines for the equal channel angular swaging (ECAS) process

A new severe plastic deformation (SPD) process of “equal channel angular swaging” (ECAS) is developed by combining the conventional equal channel angular pressing with the incremental bulk metal forming method rotary swaging. The ECAS tool system contains four forming zones in a single forming pass. In the current study, the effect of the multi-stage forming process on both the strain distribution and the material deformation is investigated by means of finite element (FE) simulations and these simulations are verified with model experiments. The results serve as tool design guidelines for the ECAS process.     

Effects of die geometry on variation of the deformation rate in equal channel angular pressing

The deformation behavior within the deformation zone of a workpiece during equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) was investigated using the finite element method. The effects of die geometry on the variations of normal and shear deformations were studied with a deformation rate tensor (D). The zero dilatation line, at which the normal components (D₁₁ and D₂₂) of the deformation rate tensor (D) are zero, in the die coincided with the line of intersection of the two die channels irrespective of die geometry such as curvature angle (Ψ) and oblique angle (Φ), while the maximum shear line, at which the shear components (D₁₂ and D₂₁) of the deformation rate tensor (D) have maximum value, is dependant on the die geometry     

Deformed texture of copper processed by equal channel angular pressing via different angle routes

The commercially pure copper with dimension of 80 mm×20 mm×4 mm was used for equal channel angular pressing （ECAP）, of which their outward appearance coordinate is corresponded with that of rolling deformation modes. Cold-deformed texture was investigated. The results show that the texture character in pure copper processed by ECAP is related with intersection angle （Ф） of the die channel. When Ф is 90° and the sample is extruded for one pass, its texture consists of α and β orientation lines including mainly C, B, S and Goss components, moreover a little rotated cube is found. When Ф is 135°, as extrusion pass increases, the weak texture forms on the scope of deviation from rotated cube （ψ=0°, θ=0°, Ф=45°＋15°） and develops to the ψ=45° fiber mainly including rotated cube. When Ф is 120°, the texture is ψ=45° fiber mainly including rotated cube that is maintained constant as extrusion pass increases.     

等通道转角挤压过程塑性变形行为的研究

等通道转角挤压工艺是一种利用纯剪切变形获得块状超细晶材料的新技术,本文采用坐标网格法进行实验,获得了力一行程曲线和试样网格的变化,并应用Deform-3D有限元软件数值模拟了5052铝合金挤压塑性变形过程,将挤压后的实验结果同模拟结果进行比较,两者吻合较好,以此为基础,分析了挤压变形力和等效应变的分布规律,探讨了塑性变形的行为.     

Nano-grained pure copper with high-strength and high-conductivity produced by equal channel angular rolling process

Equal channel angular rolling, based on the equal channel angular pressing, is a severe plastic deformation process which can develop the grains below 1 μm in diameter. Microstructure, mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of commercial pure copper strips processed by equal channel angular rolling were investigated. Scanning electron microscopic micrographs of the strips produced by ten passes of equal channel angular rolling process showed nano-grains ∼70-200 nm in size. Also yield and tensile strengths and microhardness of samples increased with increasing the number of passes, whereas their ductility decreased. The electrical conductivity varied slightly. So via equal channel angular rolling process and by producing nano-grained pure copper, the strips can be strengthened with a little decrease in electrical conductivity but it has shortcomings of low elongation and strain hardening.     

纯铝等径角挤技术(Ⅱ)--变形行为模拟

通过有限元模拟和坐标网格，对纯铝等径角挤过程的变形行为进行了模拟和试验。结果表明，纯铝在单道次等径角挤压过程中所需的载荷随着样品位移的增加大致可分为快速增加、缓慢增加、快速增加、载荷值趋于稳定、载荷下降5个阶段。由于样品外部在主要变形区的流动速率比样品内部的快，因而样品在等径角挤压过程中会出现不均匀变形，样品底部沿宽度方向的塑性变形量明显少于样品顶部和中部的，坐标网格法实验结果也证明了这一点。在等径角挤压过程中，样品不同部位的应力状态不一致，样品内部存在压应力→拉应力的转变，样品外部存在压应力→拉应力→压应力的转变。摩擦消除后，有效应变有所增加，但并不能降低样品变形的不均匀性；采用尖角模具既能产生更大的剪切应变，又能提高变形的均匀性。     

等径角挤压法制备块体超细晶材料的研究现状及展望

对块体超细晶材料的研究是近年来的一大热点.大塑性变形法（Sever Plastic Deformation,SPD）之一的等径角挤压（Eaqual channel angular pressing ,ECAP）法,可以在室温或不太高的温度下,将材料的晶粒由几微米至几十微米细化至200nm～400nm,材料的性能得到提高,并且ECAP法有着相对简单的制备工艺及较好的细化效果.本文介绍了ECAP处理对提高材料的强度、疲劳寿命、超塑性等的贡献以及影响ECAP工艺的因素,分析了ECAP目前存在的问题,并对ECAP的应用前景进行了展望.