大锻件用25Cr2Ni4MoV钢镦粗与拔长工艺分析

以25Cr2Ni4MoV钢大锻件的镦粗与拔长过程为研究对象,采用圆柱体单轴压缩试验得到了材料的真实应力-真实应变曲线,构建了材料的高温流变应力模型和加工图,并基于弹塑性有限元法建立了用于镦粗与拔长过程分析的有限元模型。通过对镦粗和拔长过程的数值仿真分析,获取了不同工艺条件下锻件内部典型节点的温度、应变和应变速率的工艺参数变化,确定了典型节点在加工图中的工艺参数位置,分析了镦粗和拔长过程的工艺稳定性,确定了合理的开坯锻造工艺。结果表明,镦粗过程采用1200℃的初始温度、50 mm·s^-1的压下速率,拔长过程采用方案2(3道次拔长+摔圆)有利于改善工件变形后的温度和变形均匀性,获得更大的耗散值,进而改善锻件组织,使材料表现出较好的塑性加工能力。     

核电筒体锻件镦粗工艺的云纹法与数值模拟研究

本文用常温云纹法与数值模拟法研究了筒体锻件整体镦粗与局部镦粗工艺的变形规律，得到了整体镦粗工艺的坯料尺寸图。对于在端部内壁处取样的核电筒体锻件，应采用局部镦粗工艺，以锻透取样部位。为避免端部折叠，局部镦粗时单砧压下量应小于１０％。     

基于多场耦合的电镦成形工艺有限元模拟

结合实际生产经验在DEFORM软件平台中建立电-热-结构多场耦合的电热镦粗有限元模型,并采用多组工艺参数进行模拟计算,分析不同电流密度和镦粗压力对成形尺寸、温度场和等效应变速率场的影响。结果表明:电镦初期,由于砧座与工件之间接触电阻的存在,温度迅速升高,之后通过工件自身电阻产热,温度基本趋于稳定;等效应变速率最大值存在于工件脖颈段;工件蒜头最大半径和最高温度随电流密度增大而增大;镦粗压力增大使得蒜头最大半径增大而工件最大温度下降。对电镦过程中产生的缺陷进行模拟分析,得到相对优化的工艺参数,模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

火车车轮成形工艺研究及有限元模拟

介绍了火车车轮的成形工艺。采用有限元模拟了车轮成形工艺的镦粗和预成形工步，得出变形过程中材料的流动规律、工件内部的应变场和温度场等信息。通过多次模拟镦粗压下量对预成形的影响，确定了最佳的镦粗压下量。这些信息为变形过程的控制提供了理论依据。     

锥形板镦粗新工艺的数值模拟

利用ANSYS软件对锥形板镦粗圆柱体的整个过程进行了数值模拟。介绍了模型建立时的简化及参数选取情况；给出了变形过程中，不同压下量下毛坯内部的变形过程及应力、应变分布情况；并对比分析了锥形板镦粗和普通平板镦粗时的应力、应变情况。分析结果表明该新工艺对改善毛坯内部的应力、应变状态起到一定作用，从而定量地证明了锥形板镦粗圆柱体力学模型的正确性，对该理论的完善起到一定作用。     

800MN模锻液压机主缸缸底锻件关键成形技术的研究

利用数值模拟的技术,研究了采用平面、球面、锥形砧型时,800 MN模锻液压机主缸缸底锻件镦粗过程中锻件内部的应变、静水应力以及心部孔洞尺寸的变化情况。通过对不同砧型时锻件内部等效应变、静水应力、孔洞闭合程度以及镦粗工艺力的考察,得到了球面砧优于另外两种砧型的结论。     

上下平砧锻造过程中孔洞闭合的研究

通过镦粗内部带孔的圆柱体,并进行有限元法分析,可见等效应变与静水压力是控制孔洞闭合的两个主要因素。中心带孔圆棒料平砧间拔长的内部孔洞闭合的应力、应变,又受到砧宽、压下量,变形硬化系数的影响。本文分析方法用三维有限单元法作为钢锭开始的模型。通过三维分析,我们得到了闭合孔洞所需砧宽比与压下量的合理组合。     

圆柱体锻件内多空洞闭合过程的模拟研究

为了提高锻件质量,减少锻件由于空洞缺陷导致的报废,采用数值模拟和物理模拟相结合的方法,研究了镦粗时圆柱体锻件内多个空洞闭合的过程.模拟结果表明,以双空洞为例,如空洞尺寸不同,大空洞附近变形大,小空洞对变形的影响是局部的;相同大小空洞在闭合过程中,圆柱体中部有封闭的应力、应变的等值线分布区域出现.研究结果推进了对这一问题地深入研究,指出数值模拟的有效性和其与物理模拟相结合的重要性.     

应变速率对锻件内部脆性夹杂物边界裂纹形成的影响

大型锻件内部脆性夹杂物边界裂纹是影响其疲劳寿命与冲击性能的主要缺陷,热锻变形下应变速率与应力状态是影响大型锻件内部脆性夹杂物边界裂纹形成的两个主要因素。在Gleeble-3180热模拟试验机上,对试件进行了不同应变速率的热镦粗变形,在扫描电镜上观察了试件内部脆性夹杂物边界裂纹的形成规律。试验表明,在1220℃镦粗变形条件下,当应变速率小于1×10-5s-1时,脆性夹杂物边界没有裂纹形成;当应变速率大于1×10-5s-1时,脆性夹杂物边界易破裂。     

大型零件M锻造法及其孔洞缺陷锻合过程的数值模拟

本文针对大型锻件镦粗过程的金属变形特点,介绍了一种能够缩小锻件难变形区的"M形板"镦粗方法--M锻造法,并利用大型商用有限元软件Deform 3D建立了M锻造法镦粗过程的刚塑性有限元模型,对锻件内部孔洞锻合过程进行数值模拟,结果表明锻件内部应力状态良好,并能有效锻合锻件心部及难变形区域内孔洞型缺陷.     

FE-based coupling simulation of Ti60 alloy in isothermal upsetting process

A constitutive equation was proposed to describe the effect of grain size on the deformation behavior. And a coupling simulation of deformation with heat transfer and microstructure was carried out in isothermal upsetting process of Ti60 alloy. The effects of processing parameters on the equivalent strain, the equivalent stress, the temperature rise and the grain size distribution in isothermal upsetting process of Ti60 alloy were analyzed. It is concluded that the uniformity of equivalent strain and equivalent stress increases with the increase of deformation temperature. However, the temperature rise and the grain size decreases with the increase of deformation temperature. The non-uniformity of equivalent strain, equivalent stress, temperature field and grain size increases with the increase of height reduction. And the calculated grain size using simulation is in good agreement with the experimental one.     

高速列车用A286高温合金六角头螺栓头部热镦成形参数优化

为提高六角头螺栓头部热镦成形工序的合格率,选取影响成形质量较大的加热温度、热镦速度、摩擦系数3个因素设计了正交试验,并利用有限元分析软件Deform-3D建立了热镦过程的热力耦合数值模型,用数值模拟的方法对热镦后坯料的等效应力、等效应变、损伤值和成形载荷这4个目标参数进行多目标优化分析,优化设计了A286高温合金六角头螺栓头部热镦成形的工艺参数。数值模拟结果表明:与厂家原有方案相比,当工艺参数优化为加热温度为1050℃、热镦速度为60 mm·s-1、摩擦系数为0.3时,各目标参数均有所改善,可大大提高工件的合格率及生产效率。采用经优化的热镦工艺参数组合进行生产试验,结果显示:螺栓头部成形效果好,满足该工序质量要求。本研究为实际生产提供了理论依据。     

药筒筒体旋压工艺参数影响分析

通过数值模拟方法,分析了错距值、压下量等旋压工艺参数对药筒筒体加工质量的影响.采用弹塑性材料模型和库伦摩擦模型,以旋轮的径向旋压力、工件变形速率和内径胀缩量为研究对象,得到了径向旋压力,内径尺寸胀缩量和变形速率在不同错距值和径向力均方差下的变化规律.模拟结果表明,错距值与压下量的不同匹配,对旋轮径向力影响很大,工件内径胀缩量随错距值增大呈U形变化,径向力均方差在0.95 mm时,变形速率最大.     

Effects of Different Forging Processes on Microstructure Evolution for 316LN Austenitic Stainless Steel

Forging experiments were designed and carried out on a 3150 kN hydraulic press to investigate the effects of different processes on the microstructure evolution for 316LN steel. The forging processes included single-pass (upsetting) and multipass (stretching) deformations, and the experimental results indicated that the average grain size varied with forging processes. Moreover, the size had distinct differences at different positions in the workpiece. Meanwhile, numerical simulations were implemented to study the influence of temperature, strain, and strain rate on microstructure evolution. The results of experiments and simulations comprehensively demonstrated that dynamic, static, and meta-dynamic recrystallization could coexist in the hot forging process and that the recrystallization process could easily occur under the conditions of higher temperature, larger strain, and higher strain rate. Moreover, the temperature had more significant influence on both recrystallization and grain growth. A higher temperature could not only promote the recrystallization but also speed up the grain growth. Therefore, a lower temperature is beneficial to obtain refinement grains on the premise that the recrystallization can occur completely.     

车用扭杆端头镦粗工艺参数对其表面损伤的影响

针对车用扭杆端头在镦粗加工时,其始锻温度、锻造方式以及锻机进给速度等工艺参数对端头的表面质量影响较大的问题,采用有限元法,建立车用扭杆及端头的有限元模型,利用Deform-3D软件对扭杆及其端头进行网格划分以及边界条件设置,对其镦粗过程进行仿真,考虑了热交换模型,对不同的始锻温度和进给速度下,扭杆端头所产生的轴向应力、轴向应变以及表面损伤进行探究,得出了适用于车用扭杆端头镦粗工艺的相关规律。结果表明:始锻温度在1150~1200℃之间、锻机进给速度为1 mm·s-1时,车用扭杆端头的表面损伤最小,工件性能较好。     

Numerical simulation and experimental verification of microstructure evolution in a three-dimensional hot upsetting process

The hot compression tests of 42CrMo steel were performed in the temperature range of 850–1150 °C at strain rates of 0.01–10 s^?1 and deformation degrees of 10–60% on Gleeble-1500 thermo-simulation machine. The optical microstructures in the center region of the section plane were examined. Based on the results from thermo-simulation experiments and metallographic analysis, the dynamic recrystallization mathematical models of 42CrMo steel were derived. The effects of processing parameters, including the strain rate and deformation temperature, on the microstructure evolution of 42CrMo steel hot upsetting process were discussed by integrating the thermo-mechanical coupled finite element method with the derived microstructure evolution models. The fraction of dynamic recrystallization and dynamic recrystallization grain sizes during the hot upsetting process of 42CrMo steel were predicted. The results show that the effects of strain rates and deformation temperatures on the microstructure evolution of 42CrMo steel hot upsetting process are significant, and a good agreement between the predicted and experimental results was obtained, which confirmed that the derived dynamic recrystallization mathematical models can be successfully incorporated into the finite element model to predict the microstructure evolution of hot upsetting process for 42CrMo steel.     

An investigation of a coupled analysis of a thermo-elastic-plastic model during warm upsetting

The primary purpose of this paper is to construct a thermo-elastic-plastic model which can be utilized in the simulation of a more realistic metal forming process under a warm forming condition. In this model flow stress is taken as a function of strain, strain rate and temperature. The finite element method and the finite difference method are adopted to simulate the whole forming process. The strain is taken by a Taylor's series expansion and is associated with its corresponding convergent criterion, an available scheme for the calculation of the strain rate is thus evolved. Furthermore, the strain rate and temperature effect during the warm upsetting process are also investigated. The temperature predicted in the proposed model for the upsetting process agrees quite well with Pohl's experimental data.     

楔横轧大断面收缩率一次楔成形轧件心部质量规律及原因

为确定楔横轧大断面收缩率一次楔成形工艺心部质量的加工界限,对大断面收缩率下轧件心部质量规律进行了深入探索。采用实轧实验方法得到轧件心部最大孔洞面积数据;对比常规断面收缩率下轧件心部最大缺陷尺寸数据,得到大断面收缩率一次楔成形轧件的心部质量规律;并利用有限元数值模拟方法对大断面收缩率与常规断面收缩率轧件心部应力、应变进行对比分析,找出规律的原因。所得规律为,大断面收缩率轧制轧件心部质量整体好于常规断面收缩率轧制,另揭示出其原因为,大断面收缩率轧制轧件金属瞬时轴向流动量大,杆部中心剩余金属少,可供缺陷发展的空间也较小;不利于轧件心部质量的应力应变作用的时间较短,与工艺时间相同时刻常规断面收缩率的应力应变最大值相差比例也较小,静水压力在整个轧制过程中有利于轧件心部质量。     

大型筒体件反复镦扩工艺的常温实验室模拟研究

参照实际核电压力壳(RPV)大型筒体镦件反复镦扩工艺,在常温下用金属铅材料设计成缩小比例尺寸的筒体试件,使用实验室300kN万能材料试验机缓慢加压变形.模拟研究了大型筒体件反复镦扩工序的变形规律,定量绘出了模拟变形试件中等效应变EI等值线分布图,总结出反复镦扩变形分区的典型特征,研究了反复镦扩次数对工艺变形效果的影响.研究结果,对实际大型筒体件生产有重要参考价值.     

圆柱体内部空洞热锻闭合过程的数值模拟

通过合理制定热锻工艺来消除材料内部缺陷是材料加工领域的重要课题。本文应用商用有限元软件MARC ,模拟了圆柱体热镦粗时内部空洞的闭合过程 ,分析了空洞变形时的应力和应变以及影响空洞闭合和焊合的各种因素。模拟结果表明 ,变形过程中空洞边缘微小区域内会产生双向拉应力 ,直到闭合时拉应力才会变成压应力。压下方向的应变是绝对值最大的应变 ,主导着空洞的闭合过程。高温下的空洞闭合后能够立即完成再结晶过程 ,但空洞焊合需要一定的保温时间