Mercury content of some wild edible mushrooms

 The mercury (Hg) content of 112 samples of common, wild edible mushrooms was analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry. The average Hg content of all the samples was 1.72 mg/kg dry mass (DM) but the Hg concentrations found in different taxonomic groups (genera and species varied) remarkably. Although different sampling locations obviously have an effect on the Hg concentration of sporocarps, we found evidence for a Hg-accumulating capacity of some taxonomic groups. In addition to Agaricus and Macrolepiota, where the phenomenon of mercury accumulation has already been described, our results indicate high Hg levels in samples of Lycoperdon perlatum (average 2.94 mg/kg DM) and in Lepista species (average 3.02 mg/kg DM). These data confirm the need for greater attention to be given to Hg levels in wild common mushrooms, especially to Hg-accumulating species. Received: 20 February 1997     

Mercury content of some wild edible mushrooms

 The mercury (Hg) content of 112 samples of common, wild edible mushrooms was analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry. The average Hg content of all the samples was 1.72 mg/kg dry mass (DM) but the Hg concentrations found in different taxonomic groups (genera and species varied) remarkably. Although different sampling locations obviously have an effect on the Hg concentration of sporocarps, we found evidence for a Hg-accumulating capacity of some taxonomic groups. In addition to Agaricus and Macrolepiota, where the phenomenon of mercury accumulation has already been described, our results indicate high Hg levels in samples of Lycoperdon perlatum (average 2.94 mg/kg DM) and in Lepista species (average 3.02 mg/kg DM). These data confirm the need for greater attention to be given to Hg levels in wild common mushrooms, especially to Hg-accumulating species. Received: 20 February 1997     

Chemical composition and toxic trace element composition of some Nigerian edible wild mushrooms

Two essential amino acids (methionine and tryptophan); anti‐nutritional factors (tannin and trypsin inhibitor) and toxic elements (Pb, Cd, Ni, As, Hg and Cr) were determined spectrophotometrically from five edible wild mushrooms. The tryptophan content was between 1.00 and 1.82 g (100 g)^?1 but methionine was low at 0.26–1.38 g (100 g)^?1. Tannin content was high (30.3–40.0 mg g^?1) but trypsin inhibitor was low (22.0–39.5 TIU g^?1). Trace elements analysis reviled Pb (0.34–5.06 mg kg^?1) to be the highest of all the trace elements. Cd was (0.06–1.70 mg kg^?1), Ni (0.26–2.08 mg kg^?1), As (0.17–0.92 mg kg^?1), Hg (0.01–0.05 mg kg^?1) and Cr (0.04–0.22 mg kg^?1). These mushrooms are nutritious but must be well processed to eliminate or at least reduce the levels of tannin and Pb to improve their nutritional values.     

Concentrations of trace elements in wild edible mushrooms

The concentrations of Cu, Cd, Co, Ni, Mn, Pb, Zn and Fe in 66 samples of mushroom fruiting bodies, representing seven species, mainly all edible, were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mushrooms were collected from near roads and inner parts of forest and lawns in Balıkesir in the north western part of Turkey. The results indicate that the Fe level in the species Volvariella speciosa (Fr.) Sing. from near the road was the highest with a mean of 6990 mg/kg. The level of Ni was the highest in Clitocybe flaccida (Sow.: Fr.) Kummer, from near road with a mean of 3.32 mg/kg. Cu levels were almost similar for both areas within a range of 35–89 mg/kg in the different species. The Cd was accumulated mostly by Lactarius sanguifluus (Paulet: Fr.) Fr. and V. speciosa from near road with a mean of 1.60 mg/kg. Concentration of Mn, Pb, Co and Zn in L. sanguifluus from near road were the highest with means of 63.6, 7.66, 6.03 and 149 mg/kg, respectively.     

Compositional and nutritional studies on two wild edible mushrooms from northwest Spain

The chemical composition and nutritional value of two wild edible mushroom species (Tricholoma portentosum and Tricholoma terreum) from the northwest of Spain were determined. Content of dietary fibre was high (approx. 45% of dry matter) in both species. Protein content of both species was very similar and close to 16% of dry weight. Essential amino acids accounted for 61.8 and 63.3% of total amino acid contents of Tricholoma portentosum and Tricholoma terreum, respectively. Leucine, isoleucine and tryptophan were the limiting amino acids in both species. The corrected amino acid scores (PDCAAS) of Tricholoma portentosum and Tricholoma terreum proteins were low compared with those of casein, egg white and beef but higher than those of many vegetable proteins. Content of fat was low (5.7% for Tricholoma portentosum and 6.6% for Tricholoma terreum) in both species, with oleic and linoleic acids accounting for more than 75% of total fatty acids.     

Nutritional value and metal content of wild edible mushrooms collected from West Macedonia and Epirus,Greece

Ten wild edible mushroom species (Cantharellus cibarius, Rusula delica var chloroides, Ramaria largentii, Hygrophorus russula, Amanita caesaria, Fistulina hepatica, Boletus aureus, Armillaria tabesceus, A. mellea, Lepista nuda) from West Macedonia and Epirus, regions of Northern Greece, were analysed for their basic composition (moisture, crude protein, crude fat, total carbohydrates and ash) and metal content profile (Mg, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Al, As and Sn). The moisture content of mushrooms varied from 8.66% (L. nuda) to 17.43% (C. cibarius). The dry matter of mushrooms contained 21.57% (C. cibarius) – 34.77% (A. caesaria) proteins, 2.10% (A. mellea) – 6.00% (H. russula) fat, 5.61% (Russula delica) – 9.44% (C. cibarius) ash and 53.33% (H. russula) – 66.87% (A. tabesceus) carbohydrates.     

Selenium contents of Portuguese commercial and wild edible mushrooms

The selenium contents of 66 mushroom samples, wild growing or commercially available in Portugal, fresh, canned or dried, were determined. The samples consisted of 18 mushroom species, mainly selected in accordance with their availability and consumer preference. The selenium contents varied considerably between different mushroom species. The highest selenium contents were found in the wild species Boletus aestivalis (48.5 mg/kg dry weight, DW), Boletus pinophilus (19.9 mg/kg DW), Boletus edulis (14.9 mg/kg DW), Boletus aereus (12.3 mg/kg DW), Boletus fragans and Boletus spretus (∼2 mg/kg DW). Other mushrooms having considerable selenium contents included Marasmius oreades (1.5 mg/kg DW), Agaricus bisporus “Portobello” (1.25 mg/kg DW), A. bisporus (1.0 mg/kg DW) and Russula cyanoxantha (0.72 mg/kg DW). The selenium contents of these mushrooms are sufficient to provide nutritionally significant amounts in relation to the total daily intake of selenium. Other edible mushrooms, such as Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Cantharellus cibarius,Craterellus cornucopioides and Lepista nuda, contained only small amounts of selenium. The importance of these mushrooms as a source of selenium is therefore marginal.     

Nutritional value of edible wild mushrooms collected from the Khasi hills of Meghalaya

Seven wild edible mushrooms commonly consumed in the Khasi hills of Meghalaya were analyzed for their contents of dry matter, crude protein, fat, fibre and ash along with minerals (Ca, P, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Na, K, Mg and Se), ascorbic acid and the profile of essential amino acids. The macronutrient profile in general revealed that the wild mushrooms were rich sources of protein and had low amounts of fat. In general, most of the mushrooms studied had good amounts of minerals, including trace minerals. On average, phenylalanine was the limiting amino acid (0.9 μg%) while the highest amount of EAA present in the mushrooms studied was leucine (704 μg%). One serving of the studied mushrooms (250 g fresh weight) contained an average of 6.12 g of protein, 287 mg of calcium, 9.3 mg of iron and 3.72 mg of zinc. More importantly it had low levels of fat (0.712 g) and sodium (0.077 mg).     

Evaluation of bioactivities and phenolic contents of wild edible mushrooms from northeastern Thailand

Food Science and Biotechnology - Twenty-five wild edible mushrooms from Northeastern Thailand were analyzed for their antioxidant activities, proteins, sugars, β-glucan, and phenolic profiles....     

Chemical composition and non-volatile components of Croatian wild edible mushrooms

The chemical composition (dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, total carbohydrates, and ash) and non-volatile components content (soluble sugars, free amino acids, and 5′-nucleotides) of 10 popular Croatian wild edible mushroom species (Agaricus campestris, Boletus edulis, Calocybe gambosa, Cantharellus cibarius, Craterellus cornucopioides, Entoloma clypeatum, Flammulina velutipes, Macroleptiota procera, Morchella elata, and Pleurotus ostreatus) were determined. All investigated mushrooms were found to be good sources of proteins and total carbohydrates, with contents varying in the ranges of 27.95–38.89, and 42.62–66.78 g/100 g, respectively. In addition, the fat contents were very low 1.34–6.45 g/100 g. B. edulis (19.87 mg/g) showed the highest concentration of essential amino acids and M. elata (14.25 mg/g) the lowest concentration. Monosodium glutamate-like components and total flavour 5′-nucleotides were the highest in C. cornucopioides (45.85 and 13.88 mg/g, respectively), and lowest in F. velutipes (7.63 and 1.05 mg/g, respectively). Equivalent umami concentration values in 10 Croatian wild edible mushrooms ranged from 73.78 to 1186.45 g MSG/100 g dry weight, and overall, all these mushrooms possessed highly umami taste.     

Effects of trophism on nutritional and nutraceutical potential of wild edible mushrooms

Consumption of wild growing mushrooms has been preferred to eating of cultivated fungi in many countries of central and Eastern Europe. Nevertheless, the knowledge of the nutritional value of wild growing mushrooms is limited. The present study reports the effects of trophism on mushrooms nutritional and nutraceutical potential. In vitro antioxidant properties of five saprotrophic (Calvatia utriformis, Clitopilus prunulus, Lycoperdon echinatum, Lyophyllum decastes, and Macrolepiota excoriata) and five mycorrhizal (Boletus erythropus, Boletus fragrans, Hygrophorus pustulatus, Russula cyanoxantha, and Russula olivacea) wild edible mushrooms were accessed and compared to individual compounds identified by chromatographic techniques. Mycorrhizal species revealed higher sugars concentration (16-42 g/100 g dw) than the saprotrophic mushrooms (0.4-15 g/100 g). Furthermore, fructose was found only in mycorrhizal species (0.2-2 g/100 g). The saprotrophic L. decastes, and the mycorrhizal species B. erythropus and B. fragrans gave the highest antioxidant potential, mainly due to the contribution of polar antioxidants such as phenolics and sugars. The bioactive compounds found in wild mushrooms give scientific evidence to traditional edible and medicinal uses of these species.     

Metal concentration of wild edible mushrooms in Soguksu National Park in Turkey

Twelve varieties of fruiting bodies of wild edible mushrooms collected in 2002 from Soguksu National Park, Ankara, Turkey were analysed for Pb, Cd, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Co contents by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Dried samples were dissolved by microwave digestion. The contents of trace metals in the mushroom samples were found in the ranges: 0.7–4.2, 0.31–54.2, 29–146, 138–1714, 10–77, 6–187, not detected–21.6, 0.7–4.2 and not detected–5.2 mg kg⁻¹ for Pb, Cd, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni and Co, respectively. The levels of Pb and Cd analysed in all edible mushroom samples except Agaricus arvensis and Ramaria obtusissima for Cd were found to be lower than the legal limits.     

Mineral contents of 34 species of edible mushrooms growing wild in Turkey

Mineral contents of 34 species of wild mushrooms, growing particularly in the central Anatolia region in Turkey, were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES). All mushrooms contained high amounts of Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg and P. The highest potassium level was 45189.4 mg kg^?1 for the species Coprinus micaceus, whereas the lowest K content was 9973.8 mg kg^?1 in Polyporus squamosus. Among the wild mushrooms, the highest lead level was 5.4 mg kg^?1 in the species Helvella leucomelano. Iron contents of mushrooms were found in similarly small percentages in all the species analysed, ranging from 338.3 mg kg^?1 in Russula delica to 8994.71 mg kg^?1 in Helvella spadicea. Phosphorus content ranged from 2095.6 mg kg^?1 in Polyporus squamosus to 22799.0 mg kg^?1 in Helvella spadicea. Magnesium was found to be high, ranging from 458.1 mg kg^?1 in Rhizopogon luteolus to 4254.9 mg kg^?1 in Morchella esculenta. This study attempts to contribute to knowledge of the human nutritional properties of these mushroom species, and may be useful for the evaluation of dietary information. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

5种长白山野生食用菌的抗肿瘤活性研究

为研究长白山野生食用菌的抗肿瘤活性,选取灵芝、桦褐孔菌、桑黄、猴头蘑、香菇5种长白山野生食用菌为试验材料,分别进行体外、体内抗肿瘤试验。体外抗肿瘤试验采用MTT法研究野生食用菌提取物对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用;体内试验测定对小鼠S-180肉瘤细胞株的生长抑制率。结果显示:体外试验中,在最高浓度1mg/mL时,灵芝对HeLa及HepG2两种细胞株的抑制效果最好,桑黄对MCF-7细胞株的抑制率最高,而猴头菇对A549细胞显示了最强的抑制效果。并且除灵芝外其余4种食用菌的抑制作用与药物浓度存在依赖关系。体内试验中,5种食用菌对小鼠S-180肉瘤细胞株均显示了明显的抑瘤效果,其中猴头蘑高剂量组达到最大值,为75.92%,且香菇提取物在低剂量时就已显示了很高的肿瘤抑制率(为69.39%)。     

Towards chemical and nutritional inventory of Portuguese wild edible mushrooms in different habitats

Mushrooms have been valued as highly tasty/nutritional foods and as a source of compounds with medicinal properties. The huge mushrooms reservoir of Northeast Portugal must be chemically and nutritionally characterized for the benefit of the local populations and for the genetic conservation of wild macrofungi. Herein, a chemical, nutritional and bioactive inventory of potentially interesting species (and not yet characterized in the literature) from different habitats (Castanea sativa, Pinus sp., Quercus sp., fields and mixed stands) was performed. Besides macronutrients with a well-balanced proportion, the studied wild mushrooms also have important micronutrients (vitamins) and non-nutrients (phenolics) with bioactive properties such as antioxidant potential. Furthermore, being a source of important antioxidants the wild species, mainly Suillus variegatus (Pinus sp. habitat), Boletus armeniacus (C. sativa habitat), Clavariadelphus pistillaris (Quercus sp. habitat), Agaricus lutosus (fields) and Bovista aestivalis (mixed stands), can be used in human diet as nutraceuticals and/or functional foods maintaining and promoting health, longevity and life quality.     

云南野生食用菌边角料主要营养成分研究

目的为野生食用菌高值化利用与开发提供科学依据。方法以松茸、鸡枞、黄牛肝菌、白牛肝菌、青头菌5种云南野生食用菌边角料为材料,采用国家标准方法测定其主要营养成分。结果水分、灰分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、总糖、水溶性化合物、总碳水化合物、全氨基酸和常见金属元素的含量在5种野生食用菌中存在极显著差异(P0.01)。其中,白牛肝菌的水分含量、粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量、粗纤维含量、水溶性成分含量和全氨基酸含量均最高(分别为88.73%、35.66%、1.76%、8.23%、40.49%、20.78%),黄牛肝菌的灰分含量最高(6.03%),松茸的总糖和总碳水化合物含量最高(分别为35.07%、58.40%)。白牛肝菌的钙、铜含量最高(分别为97.79 mg/100 g、3.13 mg/100g),鸡枞的铁、镁含量最高(分别为107.26 mg/100 g、115.37 mg/100g),松茸的锌、锰含量最高(分别为56.40 mg/100 g、5.08 mg/100 g)。结论 5种野生食用菌边角料均含有人体所需的氨基酸,主要营养成分含量存在极显著差异,属于高蛋白低脂肪,鲜嫩可口的健康食材。     

Antimicrobial activity and bioactive compounds of Portuguese wild edible mushrooms methanolic extracts

The antimicrobial properties of phenolic extracts of Portuguese wild edible mushroom species (Lactarius deliciosus, Sarcodon imbricatus and Tricholoma portentosum) against pathogens were investigated. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were evaluated for the entire mushroom, the cap and the stipe, separately; the portion of the mushroom used proved to be influenced in the results obtained, which are directly correlated with the content of total phenols and flavonoids in the extracts. The growth of Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis,) was well inhibited by these mushrooms, while Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria) was resistant. The study on the antifungal effect of these mushrooms revealed that Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans were differently inhibited for the mushrooms used.     

Comparative fatty acid profiles in edible parts of wild scallops from the Tunisian coast

Muscle and gonad fatty acid compositions from the Pectinids: Pecten jacobaeus, Chlamysvaria and Flexopectenglaber, from the Tunisian coast, were analysed. The recorded main fatty acid components in both organs for the three species were C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C20:5ω3 and C22:6ω3. Meanwhile, high proportions of EPA and DHA were recorded in the muscle of C. varia (10.1–20.4%), P. jacobaeus (7.68–14.9%), whereas the highest rates (8.98–7.78%) were recorded in gonad for F. glaber. Highest ω3/ω6 ratios were recorded in muscle and gonad of C. varia (9.01 and 7.72, respectively). In P. jacobaeus, the muscle and the gonad had similar nutritional values. Muscle of C. varia had a better fatty acid composition than had the gonad, whilst the gonad value was higher than the muscle in the case of F. glaber.     

Update on potential of edible mushrooms: high-value compounds,extraction strategies and bioactive properties

The traditional and growing importance of mushrooms due to their rich composition in nutritive and bioactive compounds converts the whole feedstock and their fractions into versatile attractive ingredients for food and nutraceuticals. The processing conditions are critically relevant to selectively recover high-valuable compounds in a sustainable way. This short review, covering scientific papers published in the last 2 years, offers an updated vision of the study and applications of edible mushroom bioactive compounds, covering aspects in relation to the novelties in the cultivation, isolation, identification, characterisation of chemical and biological properties, extraction technologies and purification, as well as food applications, particularly in novel foods.