Scale of seismic and rock burst hazard in the Silesian companies in Poland

Presently the seismic and rock burst hazard appears still to be important in most of hard coal mines in Poland. Recently, there was a significant increase of seismic activity of the Silesian rock massive, when compared with the previous years. In the period 1999-2008 the hard coal mines experienced 34 rock bursts. The causes of rockburst occurrence are presented based on the analysis of the rockbursts occurring in the Polish hard coal mines. The scale of the rockburst hazard has been characterized with respect to the mining and geological conditions of the existing exploitation. Of the factors influencing the state of rockburst hazard, the most essential one is considered the depth interval ranging from 600 m to 900 m. The basic factors that promote the rockburst occurrence are as follows: seismogenic strata, edges and remnants, goaf, faults, pillars and excessive paneling.     

基于KPCA-WOA-KELM的岩爆烈度预测

岩爆是隧道开挖中常见的工程地质灾害,为准确预测岩爆烈度,提出基于KPCA-WOA-KELM的岩爆烈度预测模型.首先,根据岩爆烈度影响因素确定岩爆评判指标,并采用核主成分分析(KPCA)对岩爆数据做特征提取,简化模型输入参数的同时充分保留数据特征信息;其次,使用核极限学习机(KELM)拟合评判指标与岩爆烈度间的非线性映射...     

不同应力状态下北山花岗岩岩爆倾向性研究

为研究不同应力状态下北山花岗岩岩爆倾向性,对北山花岗岩试件进行不同围压下的三轴试验,通过轴向压力和横向变形协调控制加载,获得不同围压下岩石全应力应变曲线,研究岩石破坏前能量聚集及破坏后能量释放特征。结果表明：破坏时弹性能、总能量随着围压增加而增大,且破坏后的总能量变化量及弹性能释放量也随着围压增加而增大。分析岩石储能系数和能量释放指数对岩石破坏的影响,发现岩石储能系数和能量释放指数随围压增加而增大;综合能量储存系数和能量释放指数建立新的岩爆倾向性评价指标,该指标不仅表述了岩石破坏前后各能量的综合变化特征,且能研究不同应力状态下岩石岩爆倾向性;使用该指标研究不同应力状态对北山花岗岩的岩爆倾向性,结果表明：北山花岗岩具有较强的岩爆倾向性,且随着围压增大,岩爆倾向性增加;当围压低于10 MPa时,围压对北山花岗岩岩爆倾向性影响较小,当围压超过10 MPa时,围压对岩爆倾向性的影响突然增加,但随着围压进一步增加,其对岩爆倾向性影响逐渐减弱。     

煤岩体的强度弱化减冲理论

冲击矿压实质是煤岩体能量积聚与释放的过程,当煤岩体中所积聚的弹性应变能达到其极限冲击能时,就可能发生冲击矿压.煤岩体的强度弱化减冲理论,就是在强冲击危险区域,采取松散煤岩体方式,降低强度和冲击倾向性,使得应力高峰区向岩体深部转移,并降低应力集中程度,从而使发生冲击矿压的强度降低,这样煤岩体中所积聚的弹性应变能达不到最小冲击能,因此可防治冲击矿压的发生.煤岩体的强度弱化减冲理论在三河尖矿的生产实践中得到了有效的证明.     

TSP203超前预报技术的缺陷与TST技术的应用

国内外的隧道地质超前预报技术正在发展之中,目前TSP203技术在中国的用户较多,它采用一维观测系统,获得的地震资料是零偏移距反射道集,不能准确确定掌子面前方围岩的波速分布,也不能准确推定反射地质界面的位置和力学性状,造成很多漏报和误报,亟待改进。作为改进对策,TST隧道超前预报技术采用二维和三维观测系统和偏移成像处理技术,利用不同偏移距的共散射点道集,同时利用走时和振幅等运动学和动力学信息,准确确定掌子面前方围岩速度分布、反射地质构造的准确位置和界面两侧围岩力学性状的差异,具有坚实的物理基础,克服了TSP203技术的缺陷,大大地提高了超前预报的准确性和可靠性,降低了预报的风险。     

基于能量原理的岩爆机理及应力状态分析

讨论了岩石破坏与能量耗散、能量释放的内在联系.基于能量原理,指出了岩爆发生的机制与特点,证明岩爆是发生在储存有高弹性应变能的硬脆性岩体中的地质灾害.结合圆形洞室围岩应力分布,分析了发生岩爆的地下洞室围岩的应力状态及相应的灾变位置.     

深部开采岩爆机理数值分析方法与应用

应用自行开发的岩石破裂与失稳分析数值工具（RFPA系统），模拟了深部开采中岩爆的发生，发展全过程，用应用场分布再现了岩爆和破坏失稳的机理，并结合辽宁抚顺红透山铜矿深部开采及其岩爆问题，进行数值模拟。结果表明，岩爆的发生是可以预测的，并提出了岩爆预测新方法。     

F-structure model of overlying strata for dynamic disaster prevention in coal mine

The rupture and movement scope of overlying strata upon the longwall mining face increased sharply as the exploitation scale and degree growing recently, and the spatial structure formed by fractured strata became much more complex. The overlying strata above the working face and adjacent gobs would affect each other and move cooperatively because small pillar can hardly separate the connection of overlying strata between two workfaces, which leads to mining seismicity in the gob and induces rockburst disaster that named spatial structure instability rockburst in this paper. Based on the key stratum theory, the F-structure model was established to describe the overlying strata characteristic and rockburst mechanism of workface with one side of gob and the other side un-mined solid coal seam. The results show that F-structure in the gob will re-active and loss stability under the influence of neighboring mining, and fracture and shear slipping in the process of instability is the mechanism of the seismicity in the gob. The F-structure was divided into two categories that short-arm F and long-arm F structure based on the state of strata above the gob. We studied the underground pressure rules of different F-structure and instability mechanism, thus provide the guide for prevention and control of the F-structure spatial instability rockburst. The micro-seismic system is used for on-site monitoring and researching the distribution rules of seismic events, the results confirmed the existence and correct of F-spatial structure. At last specialized methods for prevention seismicity and rockburst induced by F-structure instability are proposed and applied in Huating Coal Mine.     

Numerical simulation study on hard-thick roof inducing rock burst in coal mine

In order to reveal the dynamic process of hard-thick roof inducing rock burst, one of the most common and strongest dynamic disasters in coal mine, the numerical simulation is conducted to study the dynamic loading effect of roof vibration on roadway surrounding rocks as well as the impact on stability. The results show that, on one hand, hard-thick roof will result in high stress concentration on mining surrounding rocks; on the other hand, the breaking of hard-thick roof will lead to mining seismicity, causing dynamic loading effect on coal and rock mass. High stress concentration and dynamic loading combination reaches to the mechanical conditions for the occurrence of rock burst, which will induce rock burst. The mining induced seismic events occurring in the roof breaking act on the mining surrounding rocks in the form of stress wave. The stress wave then has a reflection on the free surface of roadway and the tensile stress will be generated around the free surface. Horizontal vibration of roadway surrounding particles will cause instant changes of horizontal stress of roadway surrounding rocks; the horizontal displacement is directly related to the horizontal stress but is not significantly correlated with the vertical stress; the increase of horizontal stress of roadway near surface surrounding rocks and the release of elastic deformation energy of deep surrounding coal and rock mass are immanent causes that lead to the impact instability of roadway surrounding rocks. The most significant measures for rock burst prevention are controlling of horizontal stress and vibration strength.     

Classification of microseismic events in high stress zone

For the purpose of having a better understanding of failure mechanisms of rock fracturing in mines, the equivalent point source models of tensile, shear and explosive seismic events were established, and the relationship between far-field seismic dis-placements of the waves and the corresponding equivalent forces were analyzed as well. Based on the results of a microseismic monitoring carried out in the mining progress of 9202 working face under the upper remnant coal pillar in Sanhejian Mine, the waveform features of the seismic events associated with different failure modes were further analyzed. The results show that the signals corresponding to different failure mechanisms have different radiation patterns of the seismic displacements, and different characteristics in waveform features, such as dominant frequency, energy released, the ratio of S- to P-wave energy, and so on. In addition, the rock burst happened in the high stress zone is mainly the result of the strong shear fracturing in the mining process. The results of this study have significantly improved the understanding of the characteristics of the failures associated with under-ground mining, and will greatly benefit the prevention and control of rock burst hazards in burst-prone mines.     

Influence of deviatoric stress on rockburst occurrence:An experimental study

As mining delves deeper into the crust, it is necessary to investigate the complex rock responses associated with higher stress gradients. Therefore, it is essential to better understand the mechanisms associated with the rockburst phenomenon. However, due to the large-scale and difficult monitoring of real mining excavations, laboratory scale tests must be utilised to determine the conditions conducive to burst. To this end, this research focuses on the implementation of a new rockburst testing apparatus to replicate the stress conditions of a rock mass excavation at the time of bursting. This apparatus allows the determination of rockburst stresses and a relationship between deviatoric stress and in-situ pressure/depth. Using this relationship it is then possible to estimate the standardised stress levels for a certain rock type which might lead to rockburst occurrence. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that with increasing in-situ pressure, the likelihood(measured as a lower differential stress) and the extent(indicated by the increasing range of deviatoric stress) of rockburst increases. These findings provide valuable information about the conditions necessary for bursting in deep mining.     

Rock burst induced by roof breakage and its prevention

Based on the research on rock burst phenomenon induced by the breakage of thick and hard roof around roadways and working faces in coal mines, a criterion of rock burst induced by roof breakage (RBRB) was proposed and the model was built. Through the model. a method calculating the varied stresses induced by roof breakage in support objects and coal body was proposed and a unified formula was derived for the calculation of stress increment on support objects and coal body under different breaking forms of roof. Whilst the formula for calculating dynamic load was derived by introducing dynamic index K _d. The formula was verified in Huating Mine by stress measurement. According to the formula for stress increment calculating, the sensitivities of dynamic load parameters were further studied. The results show that the thickness and breaking depth of roof, width of support object are the sensitive factors. Based on the discussion of the model, six associated effective methods for rock burst prevention are obtained.     

岩爆问题中岩块弹射速度的数值计算与实验研究

发生岩爆时,弹射出的岩块携带着大量的动能。为计算破坏块体的弹射速度,首先建立了数值计算的平面模型,利用能量守恒原理和破坏前后模型的应变能差计算出能量释放量,进一步算出岩块的弹射速度;后通过单轴压缩实验,运用高速相机拍摄试件破坏的过程,根据2张照片的时间差和岩块移动的距离,得出岩块的弹射速度。经比较,实验与数值模拟的结果相近,验证了数值方法的合理性。这种较简单的数值方法可为计算岩爆问题中岩块的弹射速度和地下采场发生破坏时能量转移的定量计算提供参考。     

Location of high seismic activity zones and seismic hazard assessment in Zabrze Bielszowice coal mine using passive tomography

In the paper results of passive tomography calculations have been presented to assess rockburst hazard and locate high seismic activity zones in the vicinity of longwall 306 in Zabrze Bielszowice coal mine. The area of study was 1000 m in X direction by 900 m in Y direction. The zones of high values of P-wave propagation velocity have been found to correlate with the distribution of large seismic tremors.     

Focal mechanism caused by fracture or burst of a coal pillar

As a regional, real-time and dynamic method, microseismic monitoring technology is quite an appropriate technology for forecasting geological hazards, such as rock bursts, mine tremors, coal and gas outbursts and can even be used to prevent or at least reduce these disasters. The study of the focal mechanisms of different seismic sources is the prerequisite and basis for forecasting rock burst by microseismic monitoring technology. Based on the analysis on the mechanism and fracture course of coal pillars where rock bursts occur mostly, the equivalent point source model of the seismicity caused by a coal pillar was created. Given the model, the seismic displacement equation of a coal pillar was analyzed and the seismic mechanism was pointed out by seismic wave theory. The course of the fracture of the coal pillar was simulated closely in the laboratory and the equivalent microseismic signals of the fractures of the coal pillar were acquired using a TDS-6 experimental system. The results show that, by the pressure and friction of a medium near the seismic source, both a compression wave and a shear wave will be emitted and shear fracture will be induced at the moment of breakage. The results can be used to provide an academic basis to forecast and prevent rock bursts or tremors in a coal pillar.     

隧道洞口软硬围岩交接段地震响应大型振动台模型试验研究

为提高强震区交通隧道洞口段的地震安全性和结构抗震性能,以汶川地震白云顶隧道进口段为研究背景,开展了隧道洞口软硬围岩交接段地震响应的大型振动台模型试验研究。介绍了试验方案设计,主要包括试验设备、相似设计、动力荷载、动力特性及加载制度。对试验数据进行了分析,主要研究了隧道洞口软硬围岩交接段由硬岩向软岩方向发展过程中隧道结构地震动峰值加速度（PGA）、纵向应变、接触应力及结构内力的空间变化规律。研究结果表明：隧道洞口软硬围岩交接段由硬岩向软岩方向发展,隧道结构PGA放大系数由1.04增大至1.68,纵向应变增加倍数由1.09增大至4.29,接触应力增加倍数由6.34增大至32.16,安全系数最小值减小百分比由26.18%增大至53.48%;随着受软岩影响的增大,作用于隧道结构的地震惯性力和强制位移不断增加,致使结构安全性不断降低。研究成果可为高烈度地震区交通隧道抗震设防设计提供参考。     

煤矿开采诱发地震的成因及预防

由于围岩破坏过程的复杂性,煤矿开采诱发地震成因比天然地震成因更为复杂.结合徐州某煤矿矿震灾害实例,分析煤矿开采诱发地震的成因及矿震波的特性,提出防治矿震危害的措施;计算冒落岩石的重力势能、顶板岩石冒落时冲击气浪的能量和矿震震级,并将计算的震级与地震台网测定的结果进行比较后发现误差较小,即相对误差为3.7%.研究结果表明：矿震波形呈现周期大、衰减快以及前后无关联的特征;虽然矿震可以分为顶板冒落、顶板开裂、矿柱冲击和断层剪切等类型,但实际上大多是多种类型的复合,围岩应力分布复杂;矿震的过程就是能量的释放过程.矿震成因非常复杂,如何有效利用数值预测技术预测矿震还有待进一步研究和探讨.     

煤层厚度变化区域矿震活动规律研究

为更有效地预防采掘期间深部煤层分叉或厚度变化区域冲击矿压的发生,以某矿回采工作面为工程实践背景,基于矿震活动在能量释放与震动频次方面的变化特征及在空间上的分布规律,分析了煤层分叉及煤层厚度变化对冲击矿压的影响。结果表明:在大能量矿震发生前,日震动频次连续处于高位而日释放能量较长时间维持低水平;在煤层厚度变化区域,矿震活动活跃,容易发生大能量矿震。通过对矿震进行"时间-空间"分析,可以确定矿震集中区域和能量积聚时间段,从而可对煤层厚度变化影响区域进行有针对性的卸压防冲工作。     

岩爆预测的最大熵最优相对隶属度方法

通过分析国内外岩爆预测的判据,选择岩爆发生所需的力学条件、完整性条件、储能条件和脆性条件作为岩爆预测指标。引入岩爆预测的相对隶属度概念,计算了岩爆的相对隶属度模糊矩阵和预测指标的权重,以信息熵来描述并比较岩爆评价中的不确定性,定义了加权广义权距离来表征岩爆的差异。根据最大熵原理建立了岩爆预测的模糊最优化模型,对一些岩石地下工程实例进行了分析,预测结果与其他方法的分析结果以及实际情况基本一致。并将模型运用于葡萄山隧道岩爆预测,预测结果与实际岩爆情况符合较好。     

煤田采区火成岩分布地震反演技术的应用研究

将基于模型的地震反演技术应用于国桩采区地震资料岩性解释过程中．首先对基于模型的地震反演原理进行了阐述，并针对煤田测井数据特点进行了数据处理与分析，然后对地震子渡进行了分析提取，实现了精细的火威岩的层位标定．通过对国桩采区的火成岩及煤系地层进行的综合地质分析，利用地震反演技术实现了火成岩与煤系地层的薄层分布信息预测．结果表明，该方法有效的提高地了地震数据的分辨率，能解释常规剖面上不易识别出的一些地质现象，为采区火成岩的分布，薄煤层的开采、有利区带的评价提供详实的信息。