复合微生物预处理玉米秸秆产沼气的试验研究

利用白腐菌、木霉菌以及白腐菌和木霉菌复合菌在相同的条件下对玉米秸秆进行预处理,对预处理后的秸秆进行厌氧发酵制取沼气。结果表明,利用微生物进行秸秆预处理能促进秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气的进程,提高产气量和产气效率,其中以混合菌预处理效果最好,产气量比未经预处理秸秆的产气量提高11.95%、产气时间提前6 d、产气高峰期提前16 d,容积产气率达到1.196 mL/(mL.d),原料产气率达到518.33 mL/g。仅利用白腐菌进行秸秆预处理也具有良好的效果,而利用木霉进行秸秆预处理对厌氧发酵的促进作用效果较差。说明利用木质素降解菌株进行秸秆预处理对提高秸秆的厌氧发酵效率具有重要的作用。     

白腐菌预处理稻草秸秆对Z28产纤维素酶的影响

研究了白腐菌预处理稻草秸秆对Z28产纤维素酶的影响.结果表明:在稻草秸秆上接种黄孢原毛平革菌,经过28d处理后,Z28发酵产纤维索酶,CMCase活力提高了31.4%,FPA活力提高了51.2%,β-葡萄糖苷酶活力提高了60.8%,未灭菌处理组β-葡萄糖苷酶的活力提高率远远大于灭菌处理组.     

常温降解玉米秸秆复合菌系及其微生物多样性研究

为了能够在常温条件下高效降解玉米秸秆,从常年种植玉米的农田土壤中选取土样,通过连续的限制性培养,以纤维素降解率为筛选主要指标,得到了一组高效纤维素分解复合菌系。复合菌系木质纤维素最适的分解温度为30℃,p H值为8,此时滤纸和玉米秸秆的降解率分别为66.5%和66.1%,玉米秸秆中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的降解率分别为17.0%,85.1%和34.4%。通过高通量测序方法分析了复合菌系的微生物多样性,结果表明:在属的水平上,复合菌系主要由33.9%假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas),11.8%拟杆菌属(Bacteroides),6.9%食酸菌属(Acidovorax),3.8%产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes),1%丁酸弧菌属(Butyrivibrio)等组成;在种的水平上,菌系主要由2%粪产碱杆菌(Alcallgenes-faecalis),1.5%空气除氮微枝杆菌(Microvirgula-aerodenitrificans)等组成。常温复合菌系能高效分解纤维素、半纤维素等成分,在寒区农业废弃物资源化利用方面有着一定的应用潜力。     

黑曲霉AS0006预处理玉米秸秆产沼气研究

为了提高玉米秸秆与牛粪混合发酵的产气效率,文章对黑曲霉AS0006预处理后的玉米秸秆进行了研究,考察了不同预处理时间的玉米秸秆在混合厌氧发酵过程中的日产气量、累积产气量、TS和VS去除率以及木质纤维素去除率等发酵特性的变化情况。研究结果表明:黑曲霉AS0006对木质纤维素有较强的降解能力,玉米秸秆经黑曲霉AS0006预处理28 d后,纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的降解率分别为26.86%,11.93%和25.09%;经过黑曲霉AS0006预处理的玉米秸秆与牛粪混合发酵可以提高日产气量并缩短厌氧发酵周期,其中,预处理21 d后的玉米秸秆的产气高峰最大,为523.4 mL/d;经过黑曲霉AS0006预处理的玉米秸秆与牛粪混合发酵后, TS和VS去除率以及木质纤维素去除率均比未经预处理的玉米秸秆高。     

一株纤维素降解新菌种发酵玉米秸杆的生物产氢特性研究

试验从连续流发酵产氢反应器(ZL92114474.1)中分离筛选出一株高效纤维素降解产氢细菌Clostridium sp.X9.X9利用微晶纤维素(MC)作为发酵产氢底物,得到最大单位体积产氢量(YH2)、比产氢率(YH2/s)和纤维素降解率分别为780 mL H2/L-culture、5.1 mmol H2/g-cellulose和69.6%.采用酸、碱、氨水和酸化汽爆方式预处理玉米秸秆,结果表明,酸化汽爆方式可以获得最佳的预处理效果.X9利用酸化汽爆玉米秸秆(cSES)发酵产氢的YH2、YH2/8和纤维素降解率分别达到730 ml H2/L-culture、4.3 mmol H2/g-cellulose和64%.这说明新菌种X9在利用玉米秸秆类生物质纤维素发酵产氢方面具有很好的应用潜力.     

全细胞生物催化竹笋壳制备燃料乙醇的研究

以竹笋壳为原料,采用白腐菌(TST-01)对其进行预处理后,选择纤维素酶和木聚糖酶进行酶解,并在酶解产物中添加固定化混合菌种(嗜单宁管囊酵母和酿酒酵母)进行乙醇发酵。结果表明:白腐菌表现出优良的木质素降解性能,经过24d,木质素的降解率达到62.1%;6%木聚糖酶和10%纤维素酶混合,在初始pH值为4.5的条件下酶解6h,总糖转化率可达到67.54%;固定化混合菌种在发酵48h的酒精质量浓度可达到19.84g/L,高于游离混合菌种,也远高于单一菌种。     

一株纤维素降解菌的筛选及其在沼气应用中的研究

利用实验室保存的细菌、真菌和从牛粪、猪粪中分离出来的多株菌株,对秸秆纤维素进行降解试验,从而筛选出了能够降解秸秆纤维素(降解率为43.75%)的优势菌株.用几株降解效果较理想的菌株处理秸秆,对处理后的秸秆进行沼气发酵,通过高效气相色谱仪对沼气成分进行分析,发现从牛粪中筛选出的N2菌株效果较好,发酵2周后,其产气中甲烷含量为62.48%(体积分数,下同),二氧化碳含量为31.83%,氮气含量为2.11%.通过生理生化鉴定,初步鉴定N2菌株为枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis).     

紫外诱变筛选高效木质素降解菌株的研究

通过紫外诱变对白腐菌进行驯化培养,获得高效木质素降解菌,其LiP活力为600IU/mL,MnP活力为1600IU/mL。利用紫外诱变菌株S对玉米秸秆中的木质素进行降解试验,结果表明,木质素降解率为48.4%,比出发菌株的木质素降解率(42.6%)提高了13.6%。     

一株纤维素降解新菌种发酵玉米秸秆的生物产氢特性研究

从连续流发酵产氢反应器(ZL9211474.1)中分离筛选出一株高效纤维素降解产氢细菌Clostridium.sp.X9,X9利用微晶纤维素(MC)作为发酵产氢底物,得到最大单位体积产氢量(YH2)、比产氢率(YH2/s)和纤维素降解率分别为780mL H2/L-culture、5.1mmol H2/g-cellulose和69.6%.采用酸、碱、氨水和酸化汽曝4种方式预处理玉米秸秆,结果表明,酸化汽曝方式可以获得最佳的预处理效果.X9利用酸化汽曝预处理的玉米秸秆发酵产氢的YH2、YH2/s和纤维素降解率分别达到730mL H2/L-cuhllre、4.3mmol H2/g-ceulllose和64.0%.这说明新菌种X9在利用玉米秸秆类生物质纤维素发酵产氢方面具有很好的应用潜力.     

青霉菌对秸秆复合菌系好氧发酵的影响

文章研究了青霉菌对玉米秸秆复合菌系好氧发酵的影响以及青霉菌与其他微生物间的相互作用。研究结果表明:添加青霉菌可以提高秸秆复合菌系对木质纤维素的降解;当青霉菌的添加量超过0.3%时,其提高效果与添加量为0.3%时没有显著差异;好氧发酵结束后,添加青霉菌试验组的总腐殖酸、胡敏酸和富里酸含量均高于对照组,青霉菌添加量为0.3%的试验组的总腐殖酸、胡敏酸、富里酸与胡富比最高,分别为521.75,331.64,190.11 g/kg和1.74;添加青霉菌可以提高漆酶活性,降低木质素过氧化物酶活性;青霉菌与复合菌系存在竞争关系,但添加青霉菌改变了好氧发酵过程中复合菌系的微生物群落结构;在好氧发酵末期,真菌优势菌群为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota),细菌优势菌群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)。     

Solvent fractionation of renewable woody feedstocks: Organosolv generation of biorefinery process streams for the production of biobased chemicals

A new organosolv biomass fractionation process (Clean Fractionation, CF) for the separation of lignocellulosic raw material into cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin has been developed. The lignocellulosic material is separated with a ternary mixture of methyl isobutyl ketone, ethanol and water in the presence of an acid promoter, which selectively dissolves lignin and hemicellulose, leaving cellulose as an undissolved solid. The resulting single phase liquor is treated with water giving an organic phase containing lignin and an aqueous phase containing hemicellulose. For woody feedstocks, the yield of the cellulose fraction across all separations averaged 47.7 wt% (±1.1). Representative separations gave cellulose fractions with average Klason lignin contents of 2.0% at acid concentrations of 0.1 M H₂SO₄ or greater. Little or no galactose, mannose or arabinose is observed in the cellulose, and at an acid concentration of 0.2 M, average xylose contents as low as 0.22% were observed. Average glucan contents for representative cellulose samples of 92.7% were observed, and rose as high as 98.2% for separations using 0.2 M H₂SO₄. Glucan contents as high as 97% were also observed if the cellulose was bleached using either a QPD or QPDE sequence. The average yield of the lignin fraction was 18.3 wt%. Representative lignin samples gave an average Klason lignin value of 91% with selected lignin samples exhibiting residual sugar levels of <0.5%. The aqueous hemicellulose fraction contains a higher level of non-sugar components, but can be purified by ion exchange chromatography.     

里氏木霉和黑曲霉降解香蕉秆产可发酵糖的研究

研究了里氏木霉和黑曲霉以香蕉秆作为碳源生产纤维素酶的培养特性。采取30℃培养木霉30 h后接种黑曲霉,32℃混合培养,得到FPA和β-Gluase活性互补的酶系组成:FPA为920.6 U/g,β-Gluase为864.2U/g。对发酵曲降解香蕉秆的研究结果表明:当木霉纯培养曲和黑曲霉纯培养曲以2∶1混合酶解时,最大酶解得率达到30.6%,酶解得率比木霉纯培养曲提高16.8%;优化条件下混合培养的酶解得率为31.5%,达到最大酶解得率所需时间比木霉纯培养曲缩短4 h,酶解得率提高20.2%。混合培养不仅优化了纤维素酶系组成,提高了糖化效率,而且可大大简化生产全酶系纤维素酶的工艺。     

Effect of microbial pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of cotton stalks for ethanol production

The potential of microbial pretreatment of cotton stalks by Phanerochaete chrysosporium to degrade lignin and facilitate fuel ethanol production was investigated under two culture conditions: submerged cultivation (SmC) and solid state (SSC) cultivation. Although microbial pretreatments showed significant lignin degradation (LD) (19.38% and 35.53% for SmC and SSC, respectively), a study on hydrolysis and fermentation of the microbial-pretreated cotton stalks showed no increase in cellulose conversion (10.98% and 3.04% for SmC and SSC pretreated samples, respectively) compared to untreated cotton stalks (17.93%). Solid state cultivation demonstrated better selectivity of 0.82 than 0.70 with submerged pretreatment. Washing of pretreated cotton stalks did not significantly increase cellulose conversion. However, heating and washing remarkably improved (P<0.05) cellulose conversion to 14.94% and 17.81% for SmC and SSC 14 day pretreatment, respectively. Ethanol yields, up to 0.027 g ethanol g^?1 initial cotton stalks, were low for all untreated and pretreated samples mainly due to the low cellulose conversion. Although potential and some critical aspects of fungal pretreatment using P. chrysosporium have been explored in this study, additional investigation is still required especially to improve the selectivity for preferential LD and to optimize hydrolysis efficiency. The mechanism of catalytic binding of cellulolytic enzymes to cotton stalks as affected by the presence of fungal mycelia also warrants further study.     

Liquefaction/Solubilization of Low-Rank Turkish Coals by White-Rot Fungus (Phanerochaete chrysosporium)

Microbial coal liquefaction/solubilization of three low-rank Turkish coals (Bursa-Kestelek, Kütahya-Seyitömer and Mu?la-Yata?an lignite) was attempted by using a white-rot fungus (Phanerochaete chrysosporium DSM No. 6909); chemical compositions of the products were investigated. The lignite samples were oxidized by nitric acid under moderate conditions and then oxidized samples were placed on the agar medium of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. FTIR spectra of raw lignites, oxidized lignites and liquid products were recorded, and the acetone-soluble fractions of these samples were identified by GC-MS technique. Results show that the fungus affects the nitro and carboxyl/carbonyl groups in oxidized lignite sample, the liquid products obtained by microbial effects are the mixture of water-soluble compounds, and show limited organic solubility.     

Mild alkaline pre-treatments loosen fibre structure enhancing methane production from biomass crops and residues

Three ligno-cellulosic substrates representing varying levels of biodegradability (giant reed, GR; fibre sorghum, FS; barley straw, BS) were combined with mild alkaline pre-treatments (NaOH 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 N at 25 °C for 24 h) plus untreated controls, to study pre-treatment effects on physical-chemical structure, anaerobic digestibility and methane output of the three substrates. In a batch anaerobic digestion (AD) assay (58 days; 35 °C; 4 g VS l⁻¹), the most recalcitrant substrate (GR) staged the highest increase in cumulative methane yield: +30% with NaOH 0.15 N over 190 ml CH₄ g⁻¹ VS in untreated GR. Conversely, the least recalcitrant substrate (FS) exhibited the lowest gain (+10% over 248 ml CH₄ g⁻¹ VS), while an intermediate behaviour was shown by BS (+15% over 232 ml CH₄ g⁻¹ VS). Pre-treatments speeded AD kinetics and reduced technical digestion time (i.e., the time needed to achieve 80% methane potential), which are the premises for increased production capacity of full scale AD plants. Fibre components (cellulose, hemicellulose and acid insoluble lignin determined after acid hydrolysis) and substrate structure (Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy) outlined reductions of the three fibre components after pre-treatments, supporting claims of loosened binding of lignin with cellulose and hemicellulose. Hence, mild alkaline pre-treatments were shown to improve the biodegradability of ligno-cellulosic substrates to an extent proportional to their recalcitrance. In turn, this contributes to mitigate the food vs. fuel controversy raised by the use of whole plant cereals (namely, maize) as feedstocks for biogas production.     

白腐菌对染料废水脱色的研究

白腐菌利用其分泌的特殊降解酶系或其它机制能将各种合成染料彻底降解为CO2和H2O,并具有良好的脱色效果。实验采用白腐菌为黄孢原毛平革菌,分别研究了不同废水浓度、不同染料废水投加时间、不同染料废水pH值、振荡等条件对模拟染料废水的脱色效果的影响。     

氨化水饱和预处理麦秸厌氧消化产气性能的研究

试验以氨水为预处理试剂,研究在水饱和状态下,氨水添加量及负荷率对麦秸厌氧消化产气性能的影响。对氨化预处理前后麦秸的主要组分进行测定,采用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对氨化水饱和预处理秸秆及秸秆中木素、纤维素和半纤维素的结构变化进行研究。结果表明,在3种负荷率下,氨化水饱和预处理后麦秸单位质量VS产气量分别提高了14%~23%,26%~36%和31%~45%。4%氨化预处理后的麦秸在65 g/L负荷率下获得最大377 mL/g的生物气产量。组分分析表明,氨化水饱和预处理可有效脱除39%~42%的半纤维素及11%~20%的纤维素,对木素含量影响较小。结构分析表明,氨化水饱和预处理可脱除细胞壁中的蜡质成分,使木素中部分官能团、纤维素中的氢键和糖苷键、半纤维素的部分氢键和糖单元之间的连接键发生断裂;从而使纤维素从木素的包裹中释放出来并发生溶胀,破坏其晶体结构;使半纤维素亲水性增强且更易于降解。这些秸秆内部结构的变化是提高麦秸厌氧消化产气性能的根本原因。     

A processing scheme for industrial ethanol production from straw

We describe a model for the industrial production of ethanol, using wheat straw as a raw material, for use in automobiles as a fuel mixed with gasoline. In particular for Greece, we have in mind that wheat straw production of the Thessalia Plain.The energy requirements of the factory are covered totally by burning the produced lignin. Particularly, the electric energy needs are covered by an electric generator which consumes part of the thermal energy produced by the combustion of lignin.The fermentable sugars are obtained from cellulose by hydrolysis, using an enzymatic system of cellulases which are produced from a cultivation of Trichoderma viride.The cellulose is separated from the lignin by heating the straw at 100°C, in water solution of NaOH 1%.We propose a fast fermentation method in order to reduce the cost, and the rejected/24 hr yeast from the Laval separators is processed for the production of a protein-containing animal food (8 kg of pressed yeast per 1001 of alcohol).We give the mass and energy balance and the cost, in current prices, of the produced ethanol, which is estimated to be 7.9 Dr ($0.19 U.S.) per liter. We also estimate that the plant cost will be about 20 million dollars for a production capacity of 100 thousand litres of ethanol per day.     

低共熔溶剂对甘草渣的预处理研究

以甘草渣为研究对象,9种氯化胆碱为氢键供体的低共熔溶剂（DES）作为溶剂,对甘草渣进行预处理,研究不同反应温度与反应时间对甘草渣理化特性的影响。醇类DES中,乙二醇/氯化胆碱的预处理效果最好,在150 ℃,1 h条件下最大木质素脱除率为38.33%。酸类DES中,乳酸/氯化胆碱在100 ℃,1 h处理条件下木质素脱除率最高为40.87%,纤维素保留率高达95.28%。碱类DES中,乙醇胺/氯化胆碱在4 h,150 ℃处理条件下木质素脱除率最大为73.02%。物理表征结果说明,DES可破坏纤维素分子内氢键,断开碳水化合物与木质素的酯键,使纤维素可及表面积增大,有利于后续利用。