不饱和聚酯树脂／大麻纤维复合材料的热氧老化

采用模压工艺制备不饱和聚酯(UP)树脂/大麻纤维复合材料,研究了105℃下热氧老化600h前后复合材料力学性能的变化;采用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)对老化前后复合材料的结构进行对比分析,并通过SEM技术观察复合材料的断面形貌.结果表明,偶联剂KH570处理对复合材料力学性能的总体改善效果最佳.老化600h后,偶联剂处理复合材料具有的最佳力学性能如拉伸强度、拉伸模量、弯曲强度、弯曲模量及冲击强度分别为19.06MPa、5.78GPa、52.988MPa、1.01GPa和3.881kJ/m2.红外分析显示,偶联剂处理得到的复合材料在老化前后的红外图形变化不明显,有些吸收峰甚至得到了加强.SEM结果表明,老化600h后,偶联剂处理的复合材料中纤维仍能较均匀地分散在树脂基体中,两者间的界面粘结良好.     

碱处理对不饱和聚酯树脂/苎麻布复合材料力学性能及界面形貌的影响

本文以氢氧化钠(NaOH)溶液处理苎麻布,采用模压工艺制备不饱和聚酯(UP)树脂/苎麻布复合材料,研究碱液处理对苎麻布、复合材料力学性能及表面、界面形貌的影响.实验结果表明,经适当碱液处理后,苎麻布的拉伸断裂强力及拉伸断裂伸长率均增加,苎麻布的表面形貌更加光滑蓬松,复合材料的拉伸强度及弯曲强度均下降,但冲击强度及弯曲模量得到提高.30wt%NaOH溶液处理可使复合材料的弯曲模量达到最大值,166.38MPa,比未经碱液处理所制得复合材料的弯曲弹性模量提高了110%.碱处理后,复合材料的冲击断面上纤维被树脂紧紧包裹,纤维裸露拔出现象远不如未处理复合材料那样明显.     

热氧老化对PBO纤维复合材料力学性能的影响

采用人工加速老化试验方法研究了热氧老化对PBO纤维复合材料力学性能的影响。利用材料万能试验机研究了PBO纤维复合材料的拉伸、弯曲和剪切等静态力学性能随热氧老化时间的变化情况,结果表明,经过在60℃热氧老化不同时间后,PBO纤维复合材料的拉伸强度变化较小,弯曲强度和层间剪切强度出现了一定程度的下降,最大降幅分别为8.8%和11.7%,拉伸模量和弯曲模量增大。采用DMA研究了热氧老化时间对PBO纤维复合材料动态力学性能的影响,结果表明,热氧老化使得PBO纤维复合材料的耐热性提高,贮能模量下降,随着老化时间逐渐增加,E″逐渐向高温方向移动。     

玄武岩纤维增强聚丙烯基复合材料的力学性能研究

本文主要研究玄武岩增强聚丙烯复合材料的力学性能。分别制备了玄武岩纤维含量为10%、20%、30%和40%的纤维增强复合材料,并分析纤维含量对复合材料拉伸性能和弯曲性能的影响。研究表明,玄武岩纤维的加入大幅度提高了复合材料的拉伸性能和弯曲性能,但复合材料的断裂伸长率有所下降;随着玄武岩纤维含量的增加,复合材料的拉伸、弯曲强度和模量呈先增加后减小的趋势,当纤维含量在30%时达最大值;复合材料的弯曲强度和模量的变化规律与拉伸性能相同。     

汽车内饰用PP/黄麻纤维复合材料力学性能

采用转矩流变仪混合造粒,通过注射成型方法制备了聚丙烯(PP)/黄麻纤维复合材料,研究了对纤维表面进行处理的NaOH浓度、纤维含量和相容剂的含量对PP/黄麻纤维复合材料力学性能的影响,采用扫描电镜对纤维表面及复合材料的断面形貌进行分析。结果表明:黄麻纤维经过碱处理后PP/黄麻纤维复合材料的力学性能优于纤维未处理的复合材料的力学性能,随着NaOH浓度的提高,PP/黄麻纤维复合材料的拉伸强度和冲击强度增加,在NaOH浓度为16%时,其拉伸强度和冲击强度最佳;其弯曲强度随着NaOH浓度的提高先增加而后下降,在8%浓度时,弯曲强度最大。随着纤维含量的提高,PP/黄麻纤维复合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度先增加后下降,在纤维含量达到20%时,PP/黄麻纤维合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度达到最大。随着纤维含量的提高,PP/黄麻纤维复合材料的冲击强度降低。相容剂的加入使得PP/黄麻纤维复合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度明显增加。     

MMT对WPC吸水前后拉伸及弯曲性能的影响

木粉经过NaOH溶液处理后，表面出现了孔洞结构，用处理后的木粉与PP废玩具塑料(X-PP)制备的木塑复合材料(WPC),其内部的木粉和X-PP的界面连接性与未处理的相比较好；在WPC中加入蒙脱土(MMT),复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和弯曲模量均升高，断裂伸长率和吸水性降低，添加5%的MMT,复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和模量分别为19.3、29.1和2 410.1 MPa,与未添加的WPC相比，分别提高了12.2%、6.6%和7.6%;吸水后，WPC的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和弯曲模量从16.1、26.4和2 130.2 MPa分别下降至14.2、21.2和1 732.1 MPa,添加MMT可以有效降低WPC吸水后性能的下降率。当添加5%的MMT时，WPC吸水后的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和模量的下降率分别从9.8%、12.8%和13.4%下降至3.6%、5.2%和5.5%。     

表面改性对竹纤维与聚丙烯纤维混杂毡平铺复合材料湿热老化影响

采用碱处理以及碱-偶联剂处理竹纤维,利用非织造和热压工艺制备了竹纤维(BF)与聚丙烯纤维(PP)混杂毡平铺复合材料。研究了改性前后竹纤维与聚丙烯纤维混杂毡平铺复合材料的湿热老化行为的变化,并用SEM研究了复合材料界面结合状况。结果表明:竹纤维与聚丙烯纤维混杂毡平铺复合材料的吸湿规律符合Fick吸湿定律,和竹纤维含量无关,复合材料的吸湿行为不仅与竹纤维含量有关,还与材料内部孔洞密切相关。湿热老化对复合材料拉伸性能影响不显著,经过碱处理或者碱-偶联剂处理后,竹纤维与聚丙烯纤维混杂毡平铺复合材料耐湿热老化性能有较明显的提升效果,综合考虑湿热老化后复合材料的性能,碱-偶联剂处理后复合材料耐湿热老化性能最优,当湿热老化60 d后,复合材料的弯曲和拉伸强度分别为60.55、33.10 MPa,较未处理分别提高了49.51%、18.06%,弯曲和拉伸模量分别为3.91、3.58 GPa,较未处理分别提高了64.7%、7.28%。SEM结果显示:经过碱-偶联剂处理后,竹纤维与聚丙烯树脂之间的黏结得到了提升,复合材料内部孔隙减少,阻碍了水分在材料内的扩散,从而提升了复合材料的耐湿热老化性能。     

玻璃纤维布/苎麻纤维布混杂增强不饱和聚酯树脂的研究

采用玻璃纤维布与苎麻纤维布混杂增强不饱和聚酯(UP)树脂制备复合材料,研究玻纤布与苎麻布的相对比例及偶联剂处理对复合材料力学性能的影响,研究了不同复合材料的吸水性并与玻璃纤维复合材料和苎麻纤维复合材料二者进行了比较。结果表明,混杂纤维增强复合材料的拉伸强度、拉伸模量随混杂纤维中苎麻布含量的增加而下降,弯曲强度及弯曲模量在混杂纤维中苎麻布与玻纤布的比例为10∶20和15∶15时分别达到最大值188.09 MPa和1.56 GPa;所有偶联剂处理均可明显改善复合材料的拉伸模量及弯曲模量,硅烷类偶联剂的效果更佳,NDZ401可使复合材料的拉伸强度得到最大幅度(37.66%)的提高,而KH570及NDZ401对改善弯曲强度效果最佳;复合材料吸水后,厚度变化率大于宽度变化率,温度升高,复合材料吸水后尺寸变化率及吸水率均增大,混杂纤维复合材料的吸水率与玻纤布复合材料的吸水率相近,远低于苎麻布复合材料的吸水率。     

风电叶片用碳/玻层内混杂VARI成型复合材料结构与性能研究

采用真空辅助树脂灌注成型(VARI)工艺制备碳纤维/玻璃纤维(碳/玻)层内混杂织物的复合材料层合板,系统研究了不同混杂比的层内混杂复合材料的结构与性能。结果表明,随着碳纤维含量的增加,碳/玻层内混杂复合材料的0°拉伸强度逐渐增加而90°拉伸强度稍有下降;0°压缩强度和压缩模量均有上升;弯曲强度稍有降低而弯曲模量逐渐升高;层内剪切强度几乎维持不变;混杂复合材料的储能模量在混杂比达到1∶1时最高,随碳纤维含量继续增加而下降,碳纤维含量的提高也使混杂复合材料的内耗峰明显下降,界面阻尼降低;扫描电子显微镜观察复合材料90°拉伸断裂截面发现,不同混杂比的层内混杂复合材料中环氧树脂对纤维浸润充分,几乎没有观察到纤维拔出与基体的气孔缺陷。     

盐雾老化对风电叶片用环氧树脂性能的影响

采用差示扫描量热(Differential Scanning Calorimetry,简称DSC)、红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,简称FTIR)、静态力学性能测试等分析方法对复合材料风电叶片用环氧树脂浇铸体老化前后的性能进行分析,通过对比盐雾老化前后树脂浇铸体的玻璃化转变温度(Glass transition temperature,简称Tg)和力学性能,研究了环氧树脂浇铸体的老化机理。结果表明,树脂浇铸体的Tg随着老化时间的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,老化20天时Tg由未老化前的55℃升高到62℃,20天后开始下降,到50天时下降为51℃,比未老化的下降了4℃。随着老化时间的增加,树脂浇铸体力学强度和模量均呈下降趋势,50天盐雾老化后树脂浇铸体的弯曲强度和拉伸强度分别下降了13%和12%,而弹性模量和弯曲模量分别下降了16%和9%。     

Effect of Chemical Surface Modifications on the Properties of Alfa Fiber-Polyester Composites

Composite materials based on Alfa fibers and unsaturated polyester resins were manufactured by the hand layup technique. Mechanical properties of composites prepared form Alfa fibers collected from the region of Boussaada (Algeria), treated by various concentrations of NaOH solutions (1, 3, 6, 9, and 12%) during 24 h were found to be better than those of the untreated ones. The 6% NaOH-treated fibers composite showed maximum improvement in tensile strengths about 63% and the 9% NaOH treated fibers composite showed maximum improvement in flexural strength about 52%, respectively. The tensile modulus improved by 50.48%. The flexural modulus was also improved by 44.06% compared to the untreated Alfa fiber composite. FTIR characterization of Alfa fibers showed that the number of hydroxyl groups (OH) decreased and the crystallinity index increase by 16.60% after alkaline treatment. SEM observations on fibers' surfaces showed that the alkaline treatment improved the interface adhesion of fiber–matrix.     

不饱和聚酯树脂/大麻纤维复合材料性能的研究

采用模压工艺制备了不饱和聚酯(UP)树脂/大麻纤维复合材料,研究了大麻纤维加入量及纤维的碱处理、乙酰化处理及偶联剂处理对复合材料力学性能的影响;采用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪对复合材料的结构进行了表征和分析。结果表明,随着大麻纤维含量的增加,UP树脂/大麻纤维复合材料的拉伸弹性模量逐渐增加,拉伸强度、弯曲强度、弯曲弹性模量及冲击强度等均先降低而后逐渐增大;偶联剂处理对复合材料力学性能的改善效果最好;偶联剂与纤维之间发生了酯化反应。     

Influence of alkali fiber treatment and fiber processing on the mechanical properties of hemp/epoxy composites

Industrial hemp fibers were treated with a 5 wt % NaOH, 2 wt % Na₂SO₃ solution at 120°C for 60 min to remove noncellulosic fiber components. Analysis of fibers by lignin analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXRD) and differential thermal/thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TGA), supported that alkali treatment had (i) removed lignin, (ii) separated fibers from their fiber bundles, (iii) exposed cellulose hydroxyl groups, (iv) made the fiber surface cleaner, and (v) enhanced thermal stability of the fibers by increasing cellulose crystallinity through better packing of cellulose chains. Untreated and alkali treated short (random and aligned) and long (aligned) hemp fiber/epoxy composites were produced with fiber contents between 40 and 65 wt %. Although alkali treatment generally improved composite strength, better strength at high fiber contents for long fiber composites was achieved with untreated fiber, which appeared to be due to less fiber/fiber contact between alkali treated fibers. Composites with 65 wt % untreated, long aligned fiber were the strongest with a tensile strength (TS) of 165 MPa, Young's modulus (YM) of 17 GPa, flexural strength of 180 MPa, flexural modulus of 9 GPa, impact energy (IE) of 14.5 kJ/m², and fracture toughness (K_Ic) of 5 MPa m^1/2. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Hemp‐fiber‐reinforced unsaturated polyester composites: Optimization of processing and improvement of interfacial adhesion

The processing variables for making hemp‐fiber‐reinforced unsaturated polyester (UPE) composites were optimized through orthogonal experiments. It was found that the usage of initiator, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, had the most significant effect on the tensile strength of the composites. The treatment of hemp fibers with a combination of 1,6‐diisocyanatohexane (DIH) and 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) significantly increased tensile strength, flexural modulus of rupture, and flexural modulus of elasticity, and water resistance of the resulting hemp‐UPE composites. FTIR spectra revealed that DIH and HEA were covalently bonded to hemp fibers. Scanning electron microscopy graphs of the fractured hemp‐UPE composites demonstrated that treatment of hemp fibers with a combination of DIH and HEA greatly improved the interfacial adhesion between hemp fibers and UPE. The mechanism of improving the interfacial adhesion is proposed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Interfacial,dynamic mechanical,and thermal fiber reinforced behavior of MAPE treated sisal fiber reinforced HDPE composites

The present article summarizes an experimental study on the mechanical and dynamic mechanical behavior of sisal fiber reinforced HDPE composites. Variations in mechanical strength, storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E″), and damping parameter (tan δ) with the addition of fibers and coupling agents were investigated. It was observed that the tensile, flexural, and impact strengths increased with the increase in fiber loading up to 30%, above which there was a significant deterioration in the mechanical strength. Further, the composites treated with MAPE showed improved properties in comparison with the untreated composites. Dynamic mechanical analysis data also showed an increase in the storage modulus of the treated composites The tan δ spectra presented a strong influence of fiber content and coupling agent on the α and γ relaxation process of HDPE. The thermal behavior of the composites was evaluated from TGA/DTG thermograms. The fiber–matrix morphology in the treated composites was confirmed by SEM analysis of the tensile fractured specimens. FTIR spectra of the treated and untreated composites were also studied, to ascertain the existence of type of interfacial bonds. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3306–3315, 2006     

Injection molded noil hemp fiber composites: Interfacial shear strength,fiber strength,and aspect ratio

Noil hemp fiber‐reinforced polypropylene composites were fabricated using intermixer and injection molding machines. X‐ray microtomography and Weibull statistical methods were employed to characterize the aspect ratio distributions of noil hemp fibers in the polypropylene matrices. The influence of fiber content (0–40 wt%) and compatibilizer addition (5 wt%) on IFSS (interfacial shear strengths) was evaluated by means of the modified Bowyer and Bader model. The evaluated IFSSs decreased from 9.7 to 7.2 MPa as the fiber content increased from 10 to 40 wt%. Also, the outcomes indicated increases to IFSSs for the maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP)‐coupled composites than uncoupled ones. They were used to predict theoretical tensile strength of the composites. A good agreement has been found between the theoretical and the experimental tensile strengths of composites indicating that the developed model has excellent capability to predict the tensile strength of noil hemp fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Ultimately, the influences of interfacial shear strength; fiber strength and fiber aspect ratio were investigated using the developed model to predict composite tensile strengths. POLYM. COMPOS., 213–220, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Effect of fiber modification with a novel compatibilizer on the mechanical properties and water absorption of hemp‐fiber‐reinforced unsaturated polyester composites

Hemp‐fiber‐reinforced unsaturated polyester (UPE) composites were prepared by compression molding. The treatment of hemp fibers with N‐methylol acrylamide (NMA) and sulfuric acid as a catalyst significantly increased tensile strength, flexural modulus of rupture and flexural modulus of elasticity, and water resistance of the resulting hemp–UPE composites. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra revealed that some NMA was covalently bonded to hemp fibers. Scanning electronic microscopy graphs of the fractured hemp–UPE composites revealed that treatment of hemp fibers with NMA greatly improved the interfacial adhesion between hemp fibers and UPE. The chemical reactions between hemp fibers and NMA as well as the mechanism of improving the interfacial adhesion were proposed and discussed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers     

苎麻落麻的表面处理及其复合材料的性能研究

采用甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯腈接枝,硅烷偶联剂(A-151)偶联,聚氯乙烯(PVC)包覆等方法对苎麻落麻纤维进行表面处理;测试了处理前后落麻纤维的吸水率、单丝强度及其与环氧树脂(EP)、酚醛树脂(PF)和不饱和聚酯(UP)等的接触角;观察了偶联和包覆后落麻纤维的表面状况;选取偶联和包覆后的落麻纤维制备了UP/落麻毡和PP/落麻纤维复合材料,测试了其拉伸和弯曲性能并观察了处理前后复合材料的拉伸断面形貌。结果表明,接枝、偶联和包覆不仅降低了落麻纤维的吸水速率。而且也降低了平衡吸水量;接枝对落麻纤维单丝强度影响最大,偶联次之,包覆最小;接枝、偶联和包覆均能大幅度改善落麻纤维与EP、PF和UP的浸润性;偶联和包覆后的落麻纤维表面都比处理前粗糙;偶联使UP/落麻毡复合材料的拉伸强度、拉伸弹性模量提高了21％,弯曲强度提高了34％,弯曲弹性模量提高了40％,包覆使PP/落麻纤维复合材料的拉伸、弯曲强度提高了20％左右。     

One‐step green treatment of hemp fiber used in polypropylene composites

In this article, an eco‐friendly and cost effective surface treatment method is proposed for hemp fiber, enabling fabrication of hemp fiber/polypropylene (PP) composites, which show better mechanical properties than the PP composites containing untreated or alkali treated hemp fiber. Various techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), moisture analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), are employed for the characterization of hemp fiber and polymer composites interface. Based on these results, the conventional alkali treatment of hemp fiber results in the damage of elementary fiber by eliminating parts of lignin and hemicellulose, which could be the reason for the decline of mechanical properties for the resulted polymer composites. On the contrary, water treatment cleans the fiber surface by effectively removing the water‐soluble polysaccharides while ensures minimum degradation on elementary fiber structure, which contributes to the improved mechanical properties of final polymer composites: the Young's modulus, fracture stress and fracture strain were enhanced by 3.66, 7.86, and 14.6%, respectively, when compared with untreated fiber reinforced composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:385–390, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers