2,6-二甲基-4-苯基-3,5-吡啶二甲酸的合成

为了制备2,6-二甲基-4-苯基-3,5-吡啶二甲酸,首先采取Hantzsch合成法,以0.10 mol苯甲醛、0.125 mol碳酸氢铵和0.25 mol乙酰乙酸乙酯为原料,在40 mL甲醇溶剂中回流0.5 h,合成了1,4-二氢-2,6-二甲基-4-苯基-3,5-吡啶二甲酸二乙酯,产率为45.9%;取0.01 mol 1,4-二氢-2,6-二甲基-4-苯基-3,5-吡啶二甲酸二乙酯在0.02mmol六水三氯化铁的醋酸水溶液中回流反应1 h进行芳构化合成了2,6-二甲基-4-苯基-3,5-吡啶二甲酸二乙酯,产率为50.2%;最后,2,6-二甲基-4-苯基-3,5-吡啶二甲酸二乙酯进行水解合成目标产物,产率为62.7%。     

对甲苯磺酸催化合成4-苯基-6-甲基-5-乙氧羰基-3，4-二氢嘧啶-2（H）-酮

研究了对甲苯磺酸催化合成4-苯基-6-甲基-5-乙氧羰基-3，4-二氢嘧啶-2（H）-酮，并得出最优工艺条件：对甲苯磺酸用量0．8g，反应温度70℃，反应时间50min，n（苯甲醛）：n（乙酰乙酸乙酯）：n（尿素0．0375moI）为1，0：1．2：1．5，此条件下产率为86．9％。     

磷钨钼酸催化合成4-苯基-6-甲基-5-乙氧羰基-3，4-二氢嘧啶-2（H）-酮

以磷钨钼杂多酸为催化剂，无水乙醇为溶剂，苯甲醛、乙酰乙酸乙酯、尿素为原料，合成了4-苯基-6-甲基-5-乙氧羰基-3，4-二氢嘧啶-2（H）-酮，系统研究了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、原料配比诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明：磷钨钼杂多酸是合成4-苯基-6-甲基-5-乙氧羰基-3，4-二氢嘧啶-2（H）-酮的良好催化剂。确定的最优合成工艺条件为：尿素37．5mmol时，n（苯甲醛）：n（乙酰乙酸乙酯）：n（尿素）=1：1．2：1．5，催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的1．5%，反应温度为60℃，反应时间1．0h。在此条件下，产品收率可达44．6%.     

2,3-二氢-1,5-苯并噻庚因-4(5H)-酮及其衍生物合成方法的改进

邻氨基硫酚在邻、对氯甲苯溶剂中分别与丙烯酸、肉桂酸、呋喃丙烯酸反应得到相应的2，3-二氢-1，5-苯并噻庚因．4（5H）．酮及其衍生物（Ia-c），收率分别为87．6％、76．3％和69．5％。用红外光谱、核磁共振光谱、质谱对产物进行了分析，证明所得产物为目标化合物。研究Y2，3．二氢．1，5．苯并噻庚因-4（5H）-酮（Ia）的合成，其优化条件为：n（酚）：n（酸）为1：1，溶剂用量为70mL，加料时反应温度为100℃，加料时间为60min，然后将反应温度升至反应混合物沸点，并将反应过程中产生的水及时去除。     

2-（4’-羟基苯氧基）-3-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的合成

以对苯二酚与2，3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶单醚化合成精吡氟氯禾灵的重要中间体2-（4’-羟基苯氧基）-3-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶。探讨并得到了反应的最佳工艺条件：K2CO3为缚酸剂，二甲基亚砜和甲苯为溶剂，n（2，3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶）：n（对苯二酚）：n（K2CO3）=1：2：1．08，不需要脱水。在回流条件下加入2，3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶并反应5h。在此条件下，2，3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的转化率100％，产品的选择性大于98％。     

中间体2-氨基-4-二甲氨基-6-三氟乙氧基均三嗪的合成

以三聚氯氰为原料，分别与氨水、二甲胺及三氟乙醇反应，合成2-氨基-4-二甲氨基-6-三氟乙氧基均三嗪。考察了原料配比，溶剂选择，反应时间，反应温度等因素对产品产率的影响，并通过试验得到了该反应的优化了工艺条件。胺化条件：n（三聚氯氰）：n（氨水）：n（二甲胺）=1：2：1．8～1．9，反应时间30min；醚化条件：n（2-氨基-4-二甲氨基-6-氯均三嗪）：n（氢氧化钾）：n（三氟乙醇）=1：1：1．1，反应时间2h。在此条件下，收率达到88．7％。     

1,3-2,4-二(3,4-二甲基)亚苄基山梨糖醇合成研究

以山梨糖醇与3，4-二甲基苯甲醛为原料，制备1，3-2，4-二（3，4-二甲基）亚苄基山梨糖醇聚丙烯透明化成核剂。在山梨糖醇与3，4-二甲基苯甲醛进料摩尔比为1．0：（2．1～2．2）、反应为5．5～6．5h、搅拌转速为330～350r／min、反应温度为75±5℃的反应条件下，以C6烷烃做反应溶剂，应用特定的反应促进剂和催化剂，反应收率达到95％左右，产物熔程短、纯度高，对PP透明改性效果理想。     

3-氯-6-甲基二苯并[c，f][1，2]硫氮杂卓-11（6H）-酮5，5-二氧化物的合成

以4-氯-2-磺酰氯苯甲酸甲酯为原料,经缩合、甲基化、氢解及环合反应合成噻萘普汀重要中间体3-氯-6-甲基二苯并[c,f][1,2]硫氮杂卓-11（6H）-酮5,5-二氧化物,讨论了缩合反应中傅酸剂吡啶的用量对反应的影响以及氢解反应中氢化钠用量对反应的影响,得到了较优的工艺条件：n（4-氯-2-磺酰氯苯甲酸甲酯）-忍（吡啶）=1：1．86、n[4-氯-2-（N-甲基-N-苯基-胺磺酰基）-苯甲酸甲酯]：n（氢化钠）=1：3。对环合反应条件进行了研究,确定了适宜反应温度为100-110℃。总收率为55．9％,其化学结构经IR、^1H NMR、MS得以确证。     

D，D’二乙基-α-（取代苯胺基）-（取代苯基甲基）膦酸酯的绿色合成

以芳香醛、芳香胺与亚磷酸二乙酯为原料,无溶剂和催化剂存在下,一锅法合成了6种0,0’二乙基-α-（取代苯胺基）．（取代苯基甲基）膦酸酯。以苯甲醛、苯胺与亚磷酸二乙酯的一锅法反应为模板反应,筛选出适宜的反应条件为：n（苯甲醛）：n（苯胺）：n（亚磷酸二乙酯）=1：1：1．2,100℃下反应2h,收率达57．7％。采用该合成方法在适宜反应条件下合成其它5种O,O’二乙基-α-（取代苯胺基）-（取代苯基甲基）膦酸酯,收率为51．1％-76．0％。     

5-二乙氨甲基-6-甲基-2，4-二羟基嘧啶的合成

以6-甲基-2,4-二羟基嘧啶（6-MU）在无水乙醇中与甲醛和二乙胺反应,合成了5-二乙氨甲基-6-甲基-2,4-二羟基嘧啶。考察了影响反应收率的各种因素,确定了优化的反应条件,即：n（6-MU）：n（二乙胺）：n（CH2O）=1．0：2．0：2．0,反应溶剂无水乙醇,6-MU的投料量为0．02mol的情况下,溶剂量60mL,反应时间3h,产物收率34．9％。质谱和。HNMR对产品进行了结构鉴定,确定所得产品为目标物。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。