用于气液两相流流型识别的ECT传感器的优化设计

为提高电容层析成像系统图像重建的质量,采用有限元方法,建立电容层析成像系统敏感阵列电极二维数学模型,同时以8电极水气两相流电容层析成像为研究对象,分析不同电极覆盖率以及屏蔽电极与电极外表面距离对电容层析成像系统电容值及敏感区域的影响.结果表明,电极覆盖率在80%左右时,电容传感器灵敏度均匀性得到提高,屏蔽半径是管道内径...     

绝缘材料介电谱测量的接触法和非接触法误差分析

理论分析了几何尺寸测量误差和复电容测量误差对接触法和非接触法介电谱测量误差的影响,并对二者的误差进行了比较,然后对电极间隙距离、试样介电常数对介电谱测量误差的影响进行了仿真分析.基于介电谱仪测量得到高温硫化硅橡胶的介电谱,分析了几何尺寸(试样厚度)测量误差对接触法和非接触法测量结果准确性的影响.结果表明:非接触法受几何尺寸和复电容测量准确性的影响比接触法要大,对仪器测量的准确性要求较高,容易产生比接触法更大的误差.非接触法的相对介电常数测量误差随试样相对介电常数的增加先快速增大然后逐渐稳定;试样相对介电常数不大于5时,随着电极间隙距离的增加,相对介电常数的测量误差快速增大.非接触法适用于几何尺寸和介电常数测量准确性足够高的场合.     

基于COMSOL电容层析成像

过程层析成像技术是两相流检测中的一种新型的检测技术,有广泛的适用性.本文采用一种新的方法一COMSOL对电容层析成像研究并仿真.首先介绍电容成像系统的结构和电容传感器的数学模型;其次,用COMSOL对管道横截面建模、划分网格并仿真;最后,分析了不同介电常数和不同介质对成像质量的影响.     

电容层析成像系统径向电极对传感器性能及敏感场分布的影响

电容层析成像系统传感器的敏感场分布受多相流介质分布的影响,软场特性给图像重建带来很大困难.该文以8电极油水两相流电容层析成像为研究对象,采用有限元仿真的方法,分析了径向电极及其嵌入尺寸对电容层析成像系统电容值及敏感场分布的影响.通过仿真分析,确定了径向电极的嵌入尺寸,从而能够在缩小测量电容值的动态变化范围,减轻数据采集电路设计难度的同时,提高电容响应的灵敏度,改善传感器敏感场的分布,提高电容层析成像系统的性能.     

影响高压断路器用均压油纸电容器绝缘性能的因素

随着电压等级的不断提高,高压断路器串联的断口数相应增多,各断口的电压不均匀程度增大。为均匀各断口间的电压分布,通常在断口间并联均压电容器。油纸电容器以其重量轻,可靠性高等优点越来越多地应用到高压断路器中。文中采用有限元分析方法,分析了影响均压电容器表面电场强度分布的几个因素,包括均压电容器与屏蔽罩间的距离、屏蔽均压电容器端部的两屏蔽罩间距离及均压电容器两侧深入屏蔽罩的均匀度。并得出如下结论:在满足屏蔽罩对地绝缘的条件下,均压电容器与屏蔽罩间的距离越大越好;在既满足主断口绝缘性能又满足电容器绝缘性能的前提下,屏蔽均压电容器端部的两屏蔽罩间距离越大越好;在保证断口绝缘性能的前提下,均压电容器两侧深入屏蔽罩的距离越均匀越好。研究结果为新产品结构设计及工程设计提供了一定的理论指导和依据。     

基于电场有限元分析的非接触法相对介电常数测量结果的修正方法

为了提高基于非接触法的相对介电常数测量的准确性,利用电场有限元分析建立对应的模型并获得了电极及其附近的电场和电位分布.分析了电极系统存在的边缘效应,给出了其对相对介电常数测量结果的影响.分析了潜在因素对非接触法测量误差的影响,确定了修正时需要考虑的因素为电极间隙距离、试样厚度与电极间隙距离之比和试样的相对介电常数.根据电极间隙距离、距离比、相对介电常数测量值到相对介电常数真实值的关系,采用三维插值法和匹配法修正测得的相对介电常数.采用仿真对修正方法进行了验证并针对实测高温硫化硅橡胶相对介电常数使用了该方法,结果验证了该方法的有效性.结果 表明:随着电极间隙距离和试样相对介电常数的增加误差幅值增大,随距离比的增加误差存在减小的趋势.对电极间隙距离、距离比和相对介电常数分别在0.2～5 mm、0.5～1和1～20内建模获得2 380组相对介电常数的真实值和计算值,发现相对误差在-0.37％～-41.72％内变化.     

GIS局部放电圆板型内置传感器性能影响因素的研究

监测GIS中的局部放电是发现GIS绝缘缺陷、防止事故发生的重要手段。用超高频(UHF)圆板型内置传感器来监测GIS局部放电具有灵敏度高、抗干扰能力强的优点。笔者通过仿真计算研究了传感器自身结构和GIS腔体对传感器性能的影响。研究结果表明,填充介质介电常数的增加、圆板电极半径的增大、引线增粗、圆板电极与金属接地板间距离的增大,都会使传感器的输入阻抗降低,驻波比(VSWR)减小,有利于传感器与输出电缆间的匹配。另外还发现传感器在较高频率下的增益随自身结构的变化不大,而GIS腔体的存在使传感器的增益增大。     

特高压SF_6气体绝缘套管内屏蔽结构研究

为了研究特高压SF6气体绝缘套管内屏蔽结构的电场分布特性并制定合理的结构设计方案,通过对特高压SF6气体绝缘套管进行有限元电场分析,研究了边缘效应和结构参数对内屏蔽电极表面电场的影响。在此基础上,针对仅通过控制电极表面电场进行内屏蔽结构设计的局限性,研究了SF6局放起始电场强度对内屏蔽结构设计的影响。结果表明:内屏蔽电极边缘外形对电极边缘电场强度影响较大,而对电极中部电场强度影响较小,因此进行内屏蔽结构设计需要考虑边缘效应对电极表面电场的影响,将边缘外形设计和电极尺寸设计分开进行;此外,边缘外形对边缘SF6局放起始电场强度影响较大,在进行边缘外形设计时需要综合考虑表面电场强度和局放起始电场强度的影响。     

电容层析成像技术应用于冰水两相测试研究

采用电容层析成像(electrical capacitance tomography,ECT)方法研究冰水两相系统中冰在水中的运动和冰锋面的移动等。研究过程中,先采用传统的闭合电极电容层析成像传感器,即电极布置于被测管道某一截面的外侧一周,得到被测截面的冰-水分布,以及冰在水中的运动轨迹。之后,为研究冰锋面的迁移情况,针对测试件的特殊结构设计了新型非闭合电极电容层析成像传感器,即沿容器高度上布置了几组电极,每组电极两两相对。当冰锋面浸没过某一对电极时,该对电极电容值迅速减小,因此采用这种布置方式可以获得冰锋面的运动。采用电容层析成像这种非接触测量方式可以获得冰在水中的移动及冻结情况,为进一步研究冻土中的复杂现象提供新型测试手段。     

合闸时陡波过程对中间接头击穿特性的影响

电缆中间接头停电检修后,再次合闸投入运行时,屡次发生合闸瞬间或合闸后极短运行时间内出现的击穿现象,解剖发现击穿起始点位于导体屏蔽罩与电缆绝缘结合处内半导电屏蔽管上。为了查明中间接头击穿特性,利用试验、数学计算及电场仿真的方法,分析了中间接头内半导电屏蔽管的材料及结构对击穿性能的影响。研究结果表明,中间接头导体屏蔽罩与电缆绝缘结合处内半导电屏蔽管上电场随等效介电常数、伸出长度增加而增加。研究成果可为电缆中间接头绝缘结构设计、安装及应用提供参考。     

影响介质阻挡放电的因素

针对影响介质阻挡放电的因素较多,理论还不完全成熟的现状,通过试验研究了影响介质阻挡放电的部分因素,如施加电压的幅值、极板间气隙的间距、不同介电常数的阻挡介质、不同厚度的同一种介质、网眼大小不同的丝网、不同结构形式的极板结构。试验发现电极结构以及阻挡介质的材料对放电影响较大,采用针板电极及电阻率高的阻挡介质容易形成稳定的放电。该研究可供下一步进行其它影响因素的试验和理论研究及应用参考。     

Feasibility Study on Estimation of Permittivity Distribution by using Genetic Algorithm and Finite Element Analysis

We have investigated a measurement system for permittivity distribution based on the measured capacitance using a pair of large distance electrodes with shield and additional electrodes. However, the estimation of the permittivity distribution has not yet been established. In the paper, we propose a new numerical estimation method based on genetic algorithm (GA) and finite element method (FEM). The gene in the present GA method will have the information on such parameters as the location, radius and relative permittivity of a dielectric. The estimation of capacitance was done by using FEM with the numerical mesh data generated by the information on the gene. We also describe the feasibility of estimation of permittivity distribution using GA and FEM. Copyright © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Study on estimating electric potential in space between parallel electrodes

We have been studying on estimating distribution of permittivity between measurement electrodes using capacitance and electric potential. Two arc electrodes were separated by long distance and there electrodes were surrounded by additional electrodes respectively. In past research work, we carried out numerical electric analysis for calculating the capacitance and electric potential using Finite Element Method (FEM) and compared with experimental and numerical results. The capacitance values were almost agreed with experimental and numerical results. However, the electric potential values were different between experimental and numerical results in conventional studies. In this paper, we proposed an equivalent circuit including the stray capacity and measurement method for capacitance, the electric potential in space between long distance electrodes was estimated.     

同轴谐振腔测量片状介质材料的介电常数

基于同轴谐振腔,提出一种测量低损耗片状介质材料相对介电常数的方法。结合麦克斯韦方程组和电磁场边界条件,分析部分填充介质的同轴谐振腔内TEM谐振模,推导填充介质同轴谐振腔的本征方程。采用多项式拟合法简化计算模型。本文通过计算分析,设计一个空腔工作频率在1.8183 GHz的同轴谐振腔进行研究。在HFSS电磁仿真软件中进行仿真分析,研究填充介质材料的厚度和放置高度对测量结果的影响,仿真测量结果与理论模型结果一致。在实验中搭建测量系统实现全自动测量。实验测量同轴谐振腔空腔的谐振频率为1.8183 GHz。对FR4介质材料的相对介电常数进行测量。经过多次测量表明测量系统稳定性良好。实验结果符合实际标称值,与仿真误差小于5%,证明该方法的可行性和准确性。     

Dielectric properties of the surface layer in ultra-thin films of a VDF/TrFE copolymer

We measured the temperature and frequency dispersion of the permittivity of vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene (VDF/TrFE) thin films spin-coated on glass substrates with evaporated aluminium electrodes. Assuming the existence of two surface layers with different dielectric properties from the bulk material, a thickness of 2 nm was deduced for each surface layer. The temperature dependence of the frequency dispersion of the permittivity of the surface layers was obtained. Each surface layer has a dielectric relaxation which is essentially the same as the segment mode of the amorphous region of the bulk. It shows no anomaly at the temperature of the paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transition for thick samples. The surface layers appear to be amorphous.     

Dielectric measurement using non-contact microwave single probe for dielectric materials

A high frequency dielectric measurement method was proposed using a non-contact probe. The microwave reflection intensity was measured for Al₂O₃ and SrTiO₃ substrates at room temperature as a function of distance between sample and probe. The difference of reflection intensity for Al₂O₃ and SrTiO₃ substrates was observed in the region where the distance of 0.2 mm between sample and probe, and it was caused from dielectric permittivities of samples. The reflection coefficient of sample was estimated in comparison with results of electromagnetic simulation. The reflection intensity for Al₂O₃ and SrTiO₃ substrates was transformed to dielectric permittivity at reflection intensity minimum point.     

Study Apparent Grounding Resistivity in Vertical-layer Soil

Soil structure effects grounding systems designed to guarantee safe operation of electric power systems. This work investigated effects of the presence of two/three vertical adjacent mediums on measured apparent soil resistivity. The Wenner method was used to measure the apparent soil resistivity in the vertical-layer soil. Different vertical-layer soils were studied, such as two-vertical-layer soil, three-parallel-vertical-layer soil, and three-perpendicular-vertical-layer soil. Numerical models were used to model the four electrodes at different vertical-layer soil by using the current source simulation method. The measured apparent soil resistivities at different vertical-layer soils were compared with the apparent soil resistivity at a uniform-layer soil. Results show that the apparent soil resistivity was affected by the presence of vertical-layer/s soil. Different parameters affected the measured apparent soil resistivity, such as measuring angle slope with vertical layer, distance between measuring electrodes, and distance between measuring electrodes and interface between the vertical-layer soil.     

Dielectric properties of epoxy nanocomposites

The dielectric properties of epoxy nanocomposites with insulating nano-fillers, viz., TiO₂, ZnO and AI₂O₃ were investigated at low filler concentrations by weight. Epoxy nanocomposite samples with a good dispersion of nanoparticles in the epoxy matrix were prepared and experiments were performed to measure the dielectric permittivity and tan delta (400 Hz-1 MHz), dc volume resistivity and ac dielectric strength. At very low nanoparticle loadings, results demonstrate some interesting dielectric behaviors for nanocomposites and some of the electrical properties are found to be unique and advantageous for use in several existing and potential electrical systems. The nanocomposite dielectric properties are analyzed in detail with respect to different experimental parameters like frequency (for permittivity/tan delta), filler size, filler concentration and filler permittivity. In addition, epoxy microcomposites for the same systems were synthesized and their dielectric properties were compared to the results already obtained for nanocomposites. The interesting dielectric characteristics for epoxy based nanodielectric systems are attributed to the large volume fraction of interfaces in the bulk of the material and the ensuing interactions between the charged nanoparticle surface and the epoxy chains.     

电容式两相流流型传感器敏感场仿真及传感器参数分析优化

采用有限元法,对电容式两相流流型传感器形成的敏感场进行计算机仿真,分析了传感器各参数对测量的影响,在此基础上进行了传感器的优化设计。