钛酸锶钡(BaxSr1-xTiO3)陶瓷制备及其介电性能的研究

采用乙酸钡、乙酸锶和钛酸丁酯为原料的溶胶凝胶方法制备了BaxSn1-xTiO3(x=0．6)超细粉体,将BST超细粉体压制成型,进行烧结,得到(Ba0.6Sr004)TiO3陶瓷。通过热分析(DSC／TG)、X射线衍射(XRD)分析(Ba0.6Sr0.4)TiO3粉体合成过程及其相结构变化。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)描述(Ba0.6Sr0.4)TiO3烧结体的相结构和显微组织结构变化。阻抗分析仪测量(Ba0.6Sr0.4)TiO3陶瓷的-50～100℃介电温谱。实验结果表明BaxSn1-xTiO3粉体的相结构为立方相钙钛矿结构,其合成温度及烧结温度分别为800℃及1250℃,均低于传统工艺的相应温度。(Ba0.6Sr0.4)TiO3陶瓷在-50～100℃温度范围内,其电容率随着烧结温度升高而增大.介电损耗tgδ在-50～100℃温度范围内,随温度的增加而降低。1250℃的(Ba0.6Sr0.4)TiO3陶瓷烧结体样品存在介电峰弥散化。     

(1-x)(K_(0.5)Na_(0.5))NbO_3-x(Sr_(0.4)Ba_(0.6))_(0.7)Bi_(0.2)TiO_3无铅铁电陶瓷介电性能研究

采用传统固相烧结法,在铌酸钾钠陶瓷基体中掺入Sr、Ba、Bi和Ti元素,制备了(1-x)(K0.5Na0.5)-NbO3-x(Sr0.4Ba0.6)0.7Bi0.2TiO3((1-x)KNN-xBSBT)(0.01≤x≤0.04)陶瓷。XRD测试结果表明,(1-x)KNNxBSBT(0.01≤x≤0.04)为纯钙钛矿相;介电温谱表明,(1-x)KNN-xBSBT为弛豫铁电体;0.97KNN-0.03BSBT陶瓷介电常数具有很好的温度稳定性,在室温至400℃介电常数变化很小。     

Ba1-xSrxTi0.88Sn0.12O3陶瓷结构与介电性能的研究

采用高温固相烧结法制备了Ba1-xSrxTi0.88Sn0.12O3(x=0.10,0.20,0.30,0.40,0.50)陶瓷,研究了Sr含量及烧结温度对Ba1-xSrxTi0.88Sn0.12O3陶瓷结构与介电性能的影响.XRD初步分析表明Ba1-xSrxTi0.88Sn0.12O3陶瓷在室温为立方钙钛矿结构.进一步的研究表明Ba1-xSrxTi0.88Sn0.12O3陶瓷的介电性能与对A位、B位进行的离子取代密切相关.随着Sr含量的增加,不同烧结温度下Ba1-xSrxTi0.88Sn0.12O3陶瓷的介电性能下降,相变温度Tc移向低温.尽管在所研究的组分范围内Ba1-xSrxTi0.88Sn0.12O3表现出扩散相变铁电体的特征,但是典型的介电弛豫行为并没有被观察到.     

(Ca1-xSrx)[(Li1/3Nb2/3)0.95Zr0.15]3+δ陶瓷微波介电特性

研究了A位Sr2 取代对(Ca1-xSrx)[(Li1/3Nb2/3)0.95Zr0.15]3 δ(0.0≤x≤0.2,CSLNZ)陶瓷的微观结构及微波介电特性的影响.当0≤x≤20%(摩尔分数)时,体系为单一钙钛矿相,随Sr2 含量的增加,介电常数和谐振频率温度系数增大,而品质因素先增大,x=0.05时,开始下降.用键价理论分析了谐振频率温度系数随B位键价的变化关系.当Sr2 含量为5%(摩尔分数)时,陶瓷微波介电性能最佳:εr=32.5,Qf=13500GHz,τf=-2.4×10-6/℃.     

低掺杂量MgO对钛酸锶钡陶瓷的结构和性能的影响

采用传统的陶瓷工艺制备了MgO掺杂的Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3(BST)陶瓷样品.系统地研究了MgO掺杂量为0.06%～0.18%的Ba0.5Sr0.4TiO3陶瓷的微结构和介电性能.XRD分析显示,在我们所选取的掺杂范围内,MgO并没有影响到BST陶瓷的主晶相钙钛矿结构,且一定量的Mg离子进入到BST的晶格中.扫描电子显微镜对样品的形貌观察揭示了,随着MgO含量的增加其晶粒尺寸逐渐减小.介电性能和介电偏压测试表明,相对未掺杂BST样品的介电损耗明显降低且居里点逐渐向低温移动,可调性随着MgO掺杂量的增加而减小,MgO的掺杂量为0.18%(质量分数)时居里温度移到-49℃,可调性为16%,且样品的居里温度在外加电场作用下向高温方向移动.微波性能测试表明MgO掺杂BST陶瓷相对未掺杂样品具有较高的Q值.     

(Ba1-xSrx)La4Ti4O15（x=0.8～0.95）陶瓷的微结构及微波介电性能研究

采用固相反应法制备了(Ba1-xSrx)La4Ti4O15(x=0.8~0.95)复合体系微波介质陶瓷,并对其进行物相组成、晶体结构分析以及微波介电性能的研究.研究结果表明,(Ba1-xSrx)La4Ti4O15陶瓷主晶相为SrLa4Ti4O15,并伴随有第二相SrLa8Ti9O15.SEM观察表明,Ba0.2Sr0.8La4Ti4O15陶瓷内部微观结构致密,晶粒尺寸在10~20μm之间,晶界清晰.随着x值逐渐增大,(Ba1-xSrx)La4Ti4O15陶瓷中晶粒形态发生变化,气孔增多.在x=0.8时,(Ba1-xSrx)La4Ti4O15陶瓷具有优良的微波介电性能,即εr=40.86,Q×f≈62806 GHz,τf=20×10 6/℃.随着Ba2+的含量逐渐增加,该陶瓷的介电常数εr单调上升,品质因子Q×f值增加,说明适量的Ba2+替代Sr2+能改善陶瓷的微波介电性能.     

(Mg1-xSrx)2Al4Si5O18陶瓷的显微结构与微波介电性能研究

采用固相烧结反应法制备(Mg1-xSrx)2Al4Si5O18陶瓷.Sr掺杂促进低温相β-Mg2Al4Si5O18向高温相α-Mg2Al4Si5O18转变,并拓宽了(Mg1-xSrx)2Al4Si5O18陶瓷的致密化烧结温度范围.X射线衍射结果表明在0≤x<0.2范围内,(Mg1-xSrx)2Al4Si5O18陶瓷以(Mg,Sr)2Al4Si5O18堇青石固溶体形式存在;在0.6相似文献   

新型的Sol-gel法制备Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3铁电陶瓷

采用新型的Sol-gel工艺制备了Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3(BST)超细粉体,将BST粉体进行压制和烧结,获得了晶粒尺寸在1μm以内的BST陶瓷块体.观察了BST陶瓷块体的结晶情况并测定了其电学性能.在Sol-gel工艺中,加入了有机大分子量聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(polyvinyl pyrrolidone,PVP)制备BST前驱体.实验结果表明PVP的加入可有效增加前驱体的稳定性和分散性,降低BST陶瓷的预烧温度约250℃,并在1200℃获得晶粒细小、致密的BST陶瓷.BST陶瓷,显示弥散相变特征.     

新型的Sol-gel法制备Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3铁电陶瓷

采用新型的Sol-gel工艺制备了Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3(BST)超细粉体,将BST粉体进行压制和烧结,获得了晶粒尺寸在1μm以内的BST陶瓷块体.观察了BST陶瓷块体的结晶情况并测定了其电学性能.在Sol-gel工艺中,加入了有机大分子量聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(polyvinyl pyrrolidone,PVP)制备BST前驱体.实验结果表明:PVP的加入可有效增加前驱体的稳定性和分散性,降低BST陶瓷的预烧温度约250℃,并在1200℃获得晶粒细小、致密的BST陶瓷.BST陶瓷,显示弥散相变特征.     

细晶Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3(BST)陶瓷材料的制备与介电性能

采用改进的Sol-gel工艺和传统烧结技术制备了晶粒尺寸在0.15～10μm的Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3(BST)陶瓷,观察了样品的显微结构,并对样品的介电性能进行了测试,分析了晶粒尺寸对材料介电性能的影响.实验结果表明:改进的Sol-gel工艺和两步烧结法可以有效地控制Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3(BST)陶瓷的晶粒尺寸.晶粒尺寸的降低,材料的介电常数也随之下降,介电峰呈现明显的铁电-顺电弥散相变;但当陶瓷的晶粒尺寸＜1 μm,介电常数出现峰值,铁电相变温区变窄.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...