五轴加工刀具路径生成的有效加工域规划方法

为复杂曲面五轴数控加工的刀具路径优化生成问题提出一种新的有效加工域规划方法。在对工件被加工表面和刀具的几何特征进行分析的基础上,得到在加工件表面上各处的最优可加工域宽度和刀具切削方向。通过采用离散采样和插值计算生成优化的有效加工域集,得到最优化的初始刀具路径;同时建立一种迭代搜索算法,用于解决最优加工域的选择规划问题。采用此算法生成优化的后续刀具路径,使得有效加工域最终完全覆盖整个被加工表面。给出的示例显示相对于传统的五轴加工刀具路径生成算法,有效加工域规划方法可以减少刀具路径的总长度和加工时间,得到更为优化的刀具路径和更好的工件表面质量,因此有效加工域规划方法可以被用于五轴数控加工实践以降低加工成本和提高产品质量。     

一个应用于自动化加工系统的综合刀具监测系统

对于自动化加工系统、刀具破损和异常磨损的有效实时监测是一个亟待解决的问题。本文用声发射信号监测加工中心上各种刀具的破损、折损,针对多种工序、多咱切削条件的复杂情况,进行了可变参数的模式识别算法的研究。基于这个算法,开发了一个综合刀具破损监测系统。这个系统针对自动化加工基本单元——加工中心的车、镗、铣多种工序,使得自动化加工系统的综合监测成为可能。实验验证表明,识别成功率大于90%。     

刀具扫描体生成新算法及在数控加工仿真中的应用

介绍一种新的刀具扫描体生成算法。通过将运动物体外表面上的点分成入点、出点和切点 ,新算法能够迅速找到某一时刻运动物体外表面上的切点而形成扫描体 ,从而不依赖于以往扫描体生成的包络法 ,避免求解复杂的方程 ,因而具有方法简单 ,编程容易 ,运算速度快等优点。虽然该算法是针对刀具扫描体生成开发的 ,但它适用于任何回转体扫描体的形成。     

复杂曲面五坐标加工中主曲率匹配法的刃形误差

主曲率匹配法是精密加工中一种较先进的算法,但在应用到圆环面刀具上时做了一些简化。对其中切削刃的简化所带来的误差进行了研究,建立了圆环面刀实际切削刃的数学表达式,提出了刃形误差的概念,推导出了误差表达式,并对若干关键参数的影响进行了定量研究。分析指出刃形误差是一种宽带误差,它对最大允许加工带宽有一定的限制,在实际应用主曲率匹配法时必须进行校验才能保证加工精度。     

自由曲面5轴数控加工刀位轨迹的生成算法

应用计算几何技术来决定优化的刀具定位和刀具姿态以实现环形刀的5轴自由曲面数控加工。环形刀起切削作用的环形部分曲率半径的变化范围更大,而且刀具姿态随曲率而变化。这些特性使得该方法比平底刀且固定刀具姿态的加工方法更优越。分三部分来实现：①优化刀具定位和刀具姿态。②刀具轨迹规划。③干涉检测。     

ESTIMATION OF TOOL WEAR OF CARBIDE TOOL IN ORTHOGONAL CUTTING USING FEM SIMULATION

In metal cutting, tool wear on the tool-chip and tool-workpiece interfaces (i.e. flank wear and crater wear) is strongly influenced by the cutting temperature, contact stresses, and relative sliding velocity at the interface. These process variables depend on tool and workpiece materials, tool geometry and coatings, cutting conditions, and use of coolant for the given application. Based on the predicted temperatures and stresses on the tool face from the finite element analysis (FEA) simulation, tool wear may be estimated with acceptable accuracy by incorporating an empirical wear model.

The overall objective of this study is to develop a methodology to predict the tool wear evolution and tool life in orthogonal cutting using FEM simulations. To approach this goal, the methodology is proposed with three different parts. In the first part, a tool wear model for the specified tool-workpiece pair is developed via a calibration set of tool wear cutting tests in conjunction with cutting simulations. In the second part, modifications are made to the commercial FEM code used to allow for tool wear calculation and tool geometry updating. The last part includes the validation of the developed methodology. This paper is mainly focused on the modifications made to the commercial FEM code in order to make reasonable tool wear estimates (the second part).     

ESTIMATION OF TOOL WEAR OF CARBIDE TOOL IN ORTHOGONAL CUTTING USING FEM SIMULATION

In metal cutting, tool wear on the tool-chip and tool-workpiece interfaces (i.e. flank wear and crater wear) is strongly influenced by the cutting temperature, contact stresses, and relative sliding velocity at the interface. These process variables depend on tool and workpiece materials, tool geometry and coatings, cutting conditions, and use of coolant for the given application. Based on the predicted temperatures and stresses on the tool face from the finite element analysis (FEA) simulation, tool wear may be estimated with acceptable accuracy by incorporating an empirical wear model.

The overall objective of this study is to develop a methodology to predict the tool wear evolution and tool life in orthogonal cutting using FEM simulations. To approach this goal, the methodology is proposed with three different parts. In the first part, a tool wear model for the specified tool-workpiece pair is developed via a calibration set of tool wear cutting tests in conjunction with cutting simulations. In the second part, modifications are made to the commercial FEM code used to allow for tool wear calculation and tool geometry updating. The last part includes the validation of the developed methodology. This paper is mainly focused on the modifications made to the commercial FEM code in order to make reasonable tool wear estimates (the second part).     

MACHINING CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPLEX SURFACES USING FAST TOOL SERVO SYSTEM

Optical components with complex surfaces are more and more widely applied, but it is very difficult to manufacture these components by using traditional mechanical fabricating methods. Fast tool servo system can manufacture these complex surfaces or microstructures efficiently and accurately. The relative position between the tool and workpiece surface will vary continuously in the fast tool servo machining process, owing to the height change of workpiece profile in the same circle, and this will worsen the cutting conditions and debase the machining accuracy. In this paper, the cutting characteristics are studied in the fast tool servo machining process of complex workpiece, including the varying rule of cutting angle, and its influences on the rake angle and back angle, and the choice of machining parameters. Furthermore, the conditions for identifying tool interference are given. On the basis of the above work, two kinds of typical complex workpieces are manufactured by using fast tool servo system, including radial sinusoidal workpieces and lens array. The measuring results indicate that surface accuracy can reach 0.14 μm (peak-to-valley value) and the roughness is less than 10 nm (mean value).     

TYPOLOGY OF MODELS AND SIMULATION METHODS FOR MACHINING OPERATIONS

This paper presents a new modeling approach, based on Oxley's predictive model, for predicting the tool–chip contact in 2-D machining of plain carbon steels with advanced, multi-layer coated cutting tools. Oxley's original predictive model is capable of predicting machining parameters for a wide variety of plain carbon steels, however, the tool material properties and their effects are neglected in the analysis. In the present work, the effect of the tool material, more particularly, the effect of multiple coating layers and the individual coating thicknesses on the tool–chip contact length in orthogonal machining is incorporated. The results from the model predict the tool–chip contact length with respect to major cutting parameters such as feed and rake angle, work material parameters such as the carbon content in the steel, and varying thicknesses and combinations of coating layers. This model enables more precise cutting tool selection by predicting the relative tribological impact (in terms of tool–chip contact length) for a variety of multi-layer coated tools.     

数控加工三维实时仿真系统的研究

针对数控加工三维实时仿真系统的开发,研究了加工过程三维几何模型构建、仿真过程的实时动态显示以及基于全局光照明的加工环境光照计算的具体方法。根据数控车削加工的特点,提出了一个基于构造单元的工件分解表达模型,利用此模型与刀具实体模型做布尔减运算,来实时模拟工件材料的去除过程及验证加工结果;同时,采用全局光照明模型建立了数控加工的三维仿真环境。实际应用表明,上述模型可以获得理想的真实感效果和仿真速度。     

圆环面刀具五坐标数控加工复杂曲面优化刀位算法

本文分析了圆环面刀具的特点 ,提出了一种针对圆环面刀具的五坐标数控宽行加工复杂曲面的刀位计算方法。该算法把曲面离散为点 ,从宏观范围考察瞬时刀位下刀具和型面的接触误差分布 ,并按宏观曲率吻合原则对刀位进行调整优化 ,实现了宽行线接触加工。通过对叶片曲面试算证明了该算法准确。用本算法对UGⅡ软件给出的刀位进行了评估 ,证明其刀位不是优化的     

AN 'EFFECTIVE CUTTING TOOL THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY' BASED MODEL FOR TOOL-CHIP CONTACT IN MACHINING WITH MULTI-LAYER COATED CUTTING TOOLS

This paper presents a new modeling approach, based on Oxley's predictive model, for predicting the tool-chip contact in 2-D machining of plain carbon steels with advanced, multi-layer coated cutting tools. Oxley's original predictive model is capable of predicting machining parameters for a wide variety of plain carbon steels, however, the tool material properties and their effects are neglected in the analysis. In the present work, the effect of the tool material, more particularly, the effect of multiple coating layers and the individual coating thicknesses on the tool-chip contact length in orthogonal machining is incorporated. The results from the model predict the tool-chip contact length with respect to major cutting parameters such as feed and rake angle, work material parameters such as the carbon content in the steel, and varying thicknesses and combinations of coating layers. This model enables more precise cutting tool selection by predicting the relative tribological impact (in terms of tool-chip contact length) for a variety of multi-layer coated tools.     

MACHINING PARAMETERS OPTIMIZATION FOR ALUMINA BASED CERAMIC CUTTING TOOLS USING GENETIC ALGORITHM

Alumina-based ceramic cutting tools can be operated at higher cutting speeds than carbide and cermet tools. This results in increased metal removal rates and productivity. While the initial cost of alumina based ceramic inserts is generally higher than carbide or cermet inserts, the cost per part machined is often lower. Production cost is the main concern of the industry and it has to be optimised to fully utilize the advantages of ceramic cutting tools. In this study, optimization of machining parameters on machining S.G. iron (ASTM A536 60-40-18) using alumina based ceramic cutting tools is presented. Before doing the optimization work, experimental machining study is carried out using Ti [C,N] mixed alumina ceramic cutting tool (CC 650) and Zirconia toughened alumina ceramic cutting tool (Widialox G) to get actual input values to the optimization problem, so that the optimized results will be realistic. The optimum machining parameters are found out using Genetic algorithm and it is found that Widialox G tool is able to machine at lower unit production cost than CC 650 tool. The various costs affecting the unit production cost are also discussed.     

MACHINING PARAMETERS OPTIMIZATION FOR ALUMINA BASED CERAMIC CUTTING TOOLS USING GENETIC ALGORITHM

Alumina-based ceramic cutting tools can be operated at higher cutting speeds than carbide and cermet tools. This results in increased metal removal rates and productivity. While the initial cost of alumina based ceramic inserts is generally higher than carbide or cermet inserts, the cost per part machined is often lower. Production cost is the main concern of the industry and it has to be optimised to fully utilize the advantages of ceramic cutting tools. In this study, optimization of machining parameters on machining S.G. iron (ASTM A536 60-40-18) using alumina based ceramic cutting tools is presented. Before doing the optimization work, experimental machining study is carried out using Ti [C,N] mixed alumina ceramic cutting tool (CC 650) and Zirconia toughened alumina ceramic cutting tool (Widialox G) to get actual input values to the optimization problem, so that the optimized results will be realistic. The optimum machining parameters are found out using Genetic algorithm and it is found that Widialox G tool is able to machine at lower unit production cost than CC 650 tool. The various costs affecting the unit production cost are also discussed.     

基于三角网格曲面模型的刀位轨迹计算方法

离散三角网格模型在CAD/CAM中应用很广,但针对该模型的刀位轨迹自动生成算法并不多见。在正确重建网格模型的拓扑关系基础上,给出了新的曲面几何特性分析方法,并提出了具有特色的精确的刀位轨迹计算方法,克服了直接由网格模型求交计算刀位方式存在的精度问题。测试结果显示,该方法简捷、可靠,能够达到实用化要求,并显著提高了刀位计算精度和加工效果。     

基于MODM模型的曲面NC加工刀轨行距计算

提出基于MODM的曲面NC加工刀轨行距计算理论与方法。针对新的刀轨行距换算原理提出确定基本单元行距换算系数的方法,把对相邻刀轨间的相关区域整体性质的考察转化为对有限个基本单元行距换算系数的考察,消除了现有方法中的采样特征,提高了对残余高度控制的可靠性,使计算过程得到简化。另外还设计了一个递归优化过程以减少刀轨生成数量,提高加工效率。     

FMS刀具切削状态实时在线监测智能系统

论述了一个刀具切削状态实时在线监测智能识别系统的组成原理和构造,提出了一种新型流体声发射和电动机电流的综合传感新方案,建立了机床控制系统与智能监测系统的并行通信和发具切削状态识别的专家决策系统,根据不同的工况条件自动选择传感方式、监测模式和识别方法,形成了一套完整的在线监测智能识别系统。     

微钻头计算机辅助设计及其仿真系统的研究

介绍了一个以微钻头数学模型为基础,基于工程数据库的CAD及其仿真系统。研究了微钻头的CAD及其仿真方法。提出了系统的整体结构,说明了系统各组成部分的功能。说明了在微机环境下微钻头CAD及其仿真系统的结构与实现过程。列举了应用实例,并给出了螺旋槽、钻尖后刀面及钻尖的仿真图。     

A NEW METHOD FOR CUTTING TOOL TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING CCD INFRARED TECHNIQUE: INFLUENCE OF TOOL AND COATING

ABSTRACT

Machining presents strongly-coupled thermal, mechanical, and metallurgical phenomena, such as friction, plasticity, and wear. A knowledge of the temperature at any point in the cutting zone is consequently essential to understanding the cutting process. A method using infrared analysis with CCD (silicon) sensors, which can directly provide the entire thermal map of the surfaces in the cutting zone is presented. This method can validate numerical models and can provide information on the influence of different cutting parameters and conditions. The influence of the tool and the coating on the temperature distribution is also discussed.     

评价断续车削淬硬钢时硬质合金刀片抗早期破损能力的一个新参数

本文通过分析和实验,提出了用能量法来评价刀片抗早期破损能力的观点。文中分析了切削过程中的能量转换关系,指出切削过程中的各类能量可以通过实测的宏观物理量——切削力、切削温度等来加以衡量,并建立了表明各类能量之间分配关系的回归方程式。对在实际切削条件下所测得的回归诸元进行分析计算,获得了一个与刀片早期破损具有相关关系的实验参数——临界单位冲击功率e。由于e是在实际切削条件下获得的实验参数,在评价刀片抗早期破损的能力方面,可望比沿用的静态材料力学参数具有更大的优越性。