ACQUIRING AND PATTERN RECOGNITION OF SPECTRUM INFORMATION OF WELDING METAL TRANSFER

In order to recognize various metal transfer modes, by the creation of a pattern recognition system for metal transfer mode, five kinds of spectrum signal in gas metal arc welding (MIG, MAG and CO2) are collected and taken as training samples. These samples are pretreated by computer. Several key characteristic parameters of the spectrum signal are creatively extracted, and a corresponding recognition function and a minimum-distance-classifier are constructed. The results show that using this method, the pattern recognition of several kinds of metal transfer mode for the metal gas arc welding can be done successfully. It has good accuracy and recognition precision, basis for controlling the metal gas arc welding metal transfer automatically, and relative important parameters in welding process, such as the frequency of droplet transfer and the approximate diameter of each droplet, can also be obtained.     

以电弧光谱信号传感MIG/MAG焊熔滴过渡的工艺适应性

熔滴过渡控制的实现，取决于获得宽工艺适应性的熔滴过渡传感信号。通过试验，获取了熔化极气体保护焊电弧，在不同熔滴过渡形式下的光谱分布、谱线信号的时域波形和频域特征。对试验结果的分析表明，电弧光谱信号在上述诸方面均表现出对不同熔滴过渡形式的适应性，是一种有潜力的高品质熔滴过渡信号源。     

熔化极气体保护焊熔滴过渡光谱信号模式识别系统的研究

为实现熔化极气体保护焊熔滴过渡类型的自动识别,开发了熔滴过渡光谱信号模式识别系统,利用此系统,获得了大量各种熔滴过渡类型的光谱信号。以此为样本,根据模式识别的原理和方法,在Windows环境下,以Visual Basic为开发语言,设计了熔滴过渡光谱信号模式识别软件,成功地对各种熔滴过渡类型进行了自动识别。     

不同波长激光对激光—MAG电弧复合焊接熔滴行为的影响

通过计算分析了金属对Nd：YAG激光和CO2激光的吸收率;以8.0mm厚高强钢板为试验材料,采用高速摄像系统观测熔滴过渡模式和等离子体形态的变化.建立脉冲MAG焊接熔滴力学模型,从熔滴受力角度分析了不同波长两种激光YAG激光和C02激光在激光—MAG焊接中对熔滴过渡形式和熔滴过渡频率的影响.结果表明,Nd：YAG激光和CO2激光输出特性存在差异,金属表面对YAG激光的吸收率约为CO2激光的3倍多;在焊接电流180A、焊接电压26V、光丝间距3mm的相同条件下,YAG激光—MAG电弧复合焊接熔滴过渡频率高于CO2激光—MAG电弧复合焊接的熔滴过渡频率,且熔滴过渡频率均随着激光功率的增加而降低,但是增加等量的激光功率,YAG激光—MAG电弧复合焊接熔滴过渡频率下降幅度更大;CO2激光—MAG电弧复合焊接过程中,熔滴的过渡形式由射滴过渡转变为颗粒过渡,在YAG激光—MAG电弧复合焊接过程中,熔滴过渡形式主要为射滴过渡.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF DROPLET TRANSFER IN CO2 LASER-MIG HYBRID WELDING WITH SHORT-CIRCUITING MODE

LF6 aluminum alloy plates with 4.5 mm thickness are welded in this experiment.Welding is carried out by using the CO2 laser-MIG paraxial hybrid welding in flat position. The experimental results indicate that the inherent droplet transfer cycle time of conventional MIG arc is changed due to the interaction between CO2 laser beam and MIG arc in the short-circuiting mode of laser-MIG hybrid welding. Because of the preheating action of CO2 laser to electrode and base material, the droplet transfer frequency of MIG arc is increased in the hybrid welding process. When laser power is increased to a certain degree, the droplet transfer frequency is decreased due to the effect of laser-induced keyhole. Furthermore, through analyzing the MIG welding current and arc voltage waveforms and the characteristics of droplet transfer in the hybrid welding process, the effect of laser energy and the action point between laser beam and arc on the frequency of droplet transfer and weld appearance is investigated in details.     

Arc profile characteristics of Al alloy in double-pulsed GMAW

In order to study arc profile variation process with double-pulsed gas metal arc welding of aluminum alloy, a synchronous acquisition system and an analysis system have been established to acquire and analyze electrical signals and instantaneous images of arc profile. The results show that in double-pulse mode, the arc profile is matched with high-frequency pulse and thermal pulse. The droplet transfer mode always accompanies with high-frequency pulse cycle “one drop per pulse.” The arc profile variation and droplet transfer in thermal base are lower than that in thermal peak. The serial-type arc is easier to occur in thermal base stage. High current density distribution at the top and bottom of traveling droplet leads to dazzling region. The variation of wire extension is influenced by thermal pulse frequency. The variance of arc size in thermal base is higher than in thermal peak, which leads arc force to vary with thermal pulse frequency. The variation of the droplet transfer and arc force in double pulse can improve the weld pool mobility.     

Effect of forces on dynamic metal transfer behavior of cable-type welding wire gas metal arc welding

A cable-type welding wire (CWW) gas metal arc welding (GMAW) method was proposed as a novel approach, using CWW for the consumable electrode. Droplet transfer influences the welding process, and the forces on the droplet were analyzed to elucidate the metal transfer phenomenon observed during the welding process. The effects of the arc pressure, rotating force, and welding parameters were analyzed to understand the metal transfer. The special structure of the CWW affected the arc characteristics and forces during metal transfer as part of the welding process. The droplet formed by droplets from each thin wire, the arc, and electromagnetic forces on droplet formation and the coupling process were analyzed. The arc pressure and rotating forces are beneficial to metal transfer and increase the droplet transfer frequency. The droplet size decreases with increasing welding parameters.     

Estimation and control of droplet size and frequency in projected spray mode of a gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process

New estimators are designed based on the modified force balance model to estimate the detaching droplet size, detached droplet size, and mean value of droplet detachment frequency in a gas metal arc welding process. The proper droplet size for the process to be in the projected spray transfer mode is determined based on the modified force balance model and the designed estimators. Finally, the droplet size and the melting rate are controlled using two proportional-integral (PI) controllers to achieve high weld quality by retaining the transfer mode and generating appropriate signals as inputs of the weld geometry control loop.     

面能量对激光—电弧复合焊接焊缝及熔滴过渡的影响

引入面能量的定义,从激光功率、电弧参数和焊接速度等方面来研究面能量的变化对焊缝熔深、熔宽、焊缝成形系数和熔滴过渡的影响,试图建立激光能量与电弧能量之间的最佳配比关系以及面能量与熔深的定量关系。采用高速摄像系统观测熔滴过渡模式和等离子体形态的变化,并采集焊接过程中的电弧和熔滴图像;利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察焊缝形貌,并测量焊缝熔宽、熔深等数据。试验研究发现:激光与电弧两热源之间存在最优匹配范围;电弧电压与焊接电流之间存在U(15 1)0.05I的关系式;焊接速度的降低与焊缝熔深的增加并非线性关系,可选择的焊接速度是一个区间,该区间内存在一个最佳的焊接速度,并对应一个最佳的面能量。因此,在具体的激光—电弧复合焊接中,需要根据板厚、接头形式等确定激光与电弧的能量参数,选择合适的面能量。     

脉冲MIG焊熔滴过渡光谱控制法的研究

在有关电弧光谱信息研究的基础上,提出并成功地实现了脉冲MIG焊熔滴过渡的光谱控制法。它是一种物理状态控制法。试验表明：当峰值电流、基值电流、脉冲频率等焊接参数改变时,本方法均能保 持熔滴过渡为1峰0基的过渡。它具有精确控制熔滴过渡的能力,能更好地得到稳定的焊接过程和焊接质量。它还具 有抗干扰能力强、工艺适应性好、在线调节方便等一系列优点,并可期望用于2峰0基、3峰0基等的控制中,有很大的 发展潜力,为脉冲MIG焊过程和质量的自动控制提供了一个崭新的方法,是电弧光谱信息应用的新的重要发展。 试验还表明,光谱峰后切换法是实现1峰0基的最佳控制策略。论述了该方法的控制系统、原理、控制策略、焊接参数、 试验结果与分析等。     

CO2弧焊熔滴过渡过程的特征及其定量评价

研究了ＣＯ２焊接熔滴短路过渡特征参数及其统计规律，结果表明各特征参数对ＣＯ２焊接短路过渡过程变化的敏感程度不一致，某些特征参数的敏感性比短路过渡频率更强烈。为综合考虑这些参数的影响，以特征参数综合值来描述和实时评判ＣＯ２焊接短路过渡过程，得到一个能全面定量描述和评判ＣＯ２焊接过程的综合评价函数。试验和评判表明，该评价函数能够对ＣＯ２焊接短路过渡过程的不同规范状态给予综合评价。     

短路过渡CO2焊接熔滴形状数值模拟与控制

为了进一步提高短路过渡CO2气体保护电弧焊的工艺性能和焊接质量,根据高速CCD摄像获得的熔滴及其短路过渡图像,分析了熔滴与熔池短路前的形状对熔滴与熔池的短路、熔滴在熔池中的铺展及液桥缩颈形成的影响.采用熔滴静力平衡模型研究了电磁力(燃弧电流)、表面张力、重力与熔滴形状的关系,并通过对燃弧电流的精确控制实现了对熔滴形状的有效控制.当熔滴与熔池短路前为细长形状时,短路过渡过程稳定柔顺,而当熔滴为扁平形状时,则不利于熔滴的短路过渡,甚至产生瞬时短路.燃弧阶段的熔滴形状体现了各种力对熔滴的作用,而电磁力(燃弧电流)是决定熔滴形状的主要因素.根据燃弧电流对熔滴形状的影响规律,提出了采用前期大、后期小的燃弧电流控制原则,以在燃弧的不同阶段获得不同的熔滴形状.试验结果表明该控制方法获得了良好的适合于熔滴短路过渡的短路前熔滴形状,短路过渡过程柔顺稳定,消除了瞬时短路以及由此导致的飞溅,改善了熔滴的短路过渡行为,短路过渡结束后焊丝端部的残余液态金属具有良好的一致性.     

Ar+O_2 混合气体熔化极脉冲焊时的旋转喷射过渡特征

通过高速摄影方法,观察分析了在Ａｒ＋Ｏ２混合气体熔化极脉冲焊中形成旋转喷射过渡时的电弧形态和熔滴过渡形态。结果表明：当形成脉冲旋转喷射过渡时,熔滴呈液流束的形式向熔池过渡;焊接电弧呈鼓形;焊缝截面呈“扇形”或“锅底”形,它们与脉冲能量及气体物理性质等有关。     

保护气体对高氮钢焊接熔滴过渡模式和气孔缺陷的影响研究

采用激光-电弧复合热源对8 mm厚的高氮钢板进行焊接试验,研究不同保护气体组成对焊缝形貌、熔滴过渡特征和气孔缺陷的影响。结果表明,采用纯氩做保护气体时,熔滴过渡模式以射流过渡为主,并伴有少量排斥过渡;保护气体成分为Ar+N₂混合气体时,熔滴过渡模式为短路过渡;保护气体成分为Ar+N₂+O₂混合气体时,熔滴过渡模式为射流过渡。保护气体的组成对焊缝气孔缺陷也存在一定的影响,保护气体为纯氩时,焊缝气孔率最大,其值为2.52%;保护气体为90% Ar+10% N₂时,气孔率最低,仅为0.16%;Ar+N₂中添加1%的O₂后,气孔率略有升高,但与纯氩时相比,气孔率仍下降明显。采用Ar+N₂+O₂三元混合气作为保护气体时,能够有效抑制焊缝内气孔数量,同时可以改善熔滴过渡模式,提高焊接过程稳定性。     

Effect of laser on the welding process of short-circuiting transfer MIG welding of aluminum alloys

In this paper, the effect of laser on the welding process in metal inert gas (MIG) welding of aluminum alloys was studied exploiting high-speed imaging and welding electrical signals collecting. Bead-on-plate welding experiments were conducted using conventional short-circuiting transfer MIG welding and laser-short-circuiting transfer MIG hybrid welding. The obtained results point out that it took less time to strike the arc in laser-MIG hybrid welding, and the stability of arc striking was increased. When the laser was introduced into the arc atmosphere, the arc was compressed, and the welding energy was more concentrated. The arc cathode spot was fixed to the laser beam impinging spot, so the arc could burn stably. In laser-MIG hybrid welding, the droplet short-circuiting transfer stability and the weld appearance were improved significantly. Moreover, an analysis method of judging droplet transfer stability which bases on statistical techniques was proposed. By this method, it can be concluded that the short-circuiting transfer process became more stable in laser-MIG hybrid welding.     

超声辅助MIG焊接中超声作用特性研究

超声辅助熔化极惰性气体保护(Ultrasonic assisted metal inert gas,U-MIG)焊是一种新型熔化极焊接方法,利用外加声场将相应声学效果引入焊接熔池达到改善接头性能的目的。通过试验系统化研究超声对电弧形态、熔滴过渡以及接头宏观形貌的作用规律,主要目标是更好地理解超声在不同焊接条件下的作用特点。对高速摄像采集的电弧数据进行处理,结果发现随电弧电压增加,超声对电弧的压缩效果也逐渐增大;而随送丝速度增加,焊接电流增大,电弧压缩效果减弱。针对熔滴受力特点分析,可以看出超声作用后熔滴会受到一个促进熔滴过渡的附加力作用。在焊接电流为200 A时,该附加力达到最大,约为2.8×10-3 N,继续增大焊接电流,该附加力逐渐降低。对比不同送丝速度时焊缝宏观形貌,结果显示为了获得更高的焊接效率不能无限提高送丝速度,存在一个最佳的参数匹配值。结合平面驻波理论分析,随温度增加,声辐射力逐渐减弱,这在一定程度上也会削弱附加力作用效果。利用熔池薄膜模型探讨电弧、熔滴过渡以及熔池振荡三者之间的关系,超声对电弧形态、熔滴过渡的影响均可改变熔池的振荡特性,这间接表现为接头形貌的改变。通过试验与理论分析,为U-MIG焊接方法进一步发展与应用打下坚实基础。     

Investigation on droplet momentum in VPPA-GMAW hybrid welding of aluminum alloys

Variable polarity plasma arc-gas metal arc welding (VPPA-GMAW) is a superior technology for welding thick plates of high-strength aluminum alloys. It integrates the advantages of energy focusing and high penetration depth in VPPA welding, and those of high welding efficiency and wide range of technological parameters in GMAW process. In this work, we investigated the droplet momentum in paraxial VPPA-GMAW hybrid welding of 7A52 aluminum alloys, and the technological parameters of welding process was also optimized. The images of droplet transfer were captured by high-speed camera, while the droplet speeds and sizes were statistically analyzed by t tests of independent samples. The results showed that the speeds of droplet arriving at the weld pool were significantly between GMAW and VPPA-GMAW processes, and the droplet speed increases with increasing plasma currents within a certain range. Meanwhile, the droplet momentum in VPPA-GMAW process is larger than that in conventional GMAW process. We also found that as the droplet momentum increased, the depression of weld pool grew more obvious and greatly facilitated the deep-penetration welding. In VPPA-GMAW process, it became more and more easier for the droplet to fall off the wire when the electromagnetic force gradually increased during pulse period. Droplet movement through the arc zone was further accelerated since the central pressure of arc column increased during base period. This research can provide some theoretical support for thick plate welding of high-strength aluminum alloys and help for deeper understanding of the hybrid arc coupling mechanism.     

基于脉冲微束等离子弧焊的快速成形系统中实时自适应送丝方式

对基于脉冲微束等离子弧焊的直接金属快速成形系统中,填充金属丝的熔滴过渡方式和送丝方向对成形轨迹质量的影响进行了研究。研究结果表明:“搭桥过渡”方式形成的轨迹形态连续、光滑;送丝方向固定的方式在成形与送丝方向间夹角过大的轨迹时,会发生熔滴未完全熔于熔池、金属丝与已凝固成形轨迹发生干涉等缺陷。根据研究结果研制了一个基于成形件断面轮廓实时调整送丝方向的自适应送丝子系统。论述了转角、合成速度、加速度等控制参数的确定算法。对自适应送丝方式和方向固定的送丝方式进行了对比试验。结果显示:自适应送丝方式避免了熔滴未完全熔于熔池、金属丝与已凝固成形轨迹发生干涉等缺陷,对保证成形轨迹的质量有显著作用。     

Behavior of the plasma characteristic and droplet transfer in CO2 laser–GMAW-P hybrid welding

The plasma behavior and metal transfer in CO₂ laser?+?GMAW-P hybrid welding have been investigated. A 650 nm laser, in conjunction with the shadow graph technique, is used to observe the metal transfer process. The effect of the mutual distance and laser power on the metal transfer has been discussed. The results indicate that the laser-induced plasma plume have a significant impact to the arc shape, resistance, electrode melting, droplet formation, detachment, and impingement onto the workpiece. The laser-induced plasma changes the conductive path and forces affecting on the droplet. High laser power and short distance between laser beam and arc (DLA) reduce the pulse base time (PB) of the voltage of phase, increase the droplet detachment time (PD) and the pulse current time (PP) of the voltage of phase, and it also lead to an upward and inward force near the bottom of the droplet. As a consequence, the droplet formation time is increased, and eventually an off-axis droplet phenomenon is deduced. The vapor jet force induced by the the keyhole plasma acts on the droplet as a retention force; this force decreases when the DLA becomes larger and increases when the laser power becomes higher. The observation may help in understanding the weld characteristics with respect to variation in mutual distance and laser power which may be beneficial in using the main process parameters to produce desired weld quality.     

Experimental Study on Metal Transfer and Welding Spatter Characteristics of Cellulose Electrode

Welding spatter cause many problems during the welding process and this issue is particularly important for cellulose electrode welding.The hot flying spatter balls often deteriorate the working environment,and decrease the welding efficiency.Many factors affect the welding spatter,and metal transfer behavior is one of the main factors.Many studies concerning the spatter mechanism in arc welding process were made;most of them focused on the solid wire welding and the study on cellulose electrode is rarely reported.In this paper the metal transfer behavior and the weld spatter characteristics of three commercial cellulose electrodes were studied experimentally by using a high speed camera for visually capturing the metal transfer.The relationship between the metal transfer and the welding spatter was analyzed experimentally by comparing the spatter loss coefficient,which is for quantitative evaluation of welding spatter,with the statistical analysis of the large droplet transfer mode.The results showed that short circuiting transfer,large droplet spray transfer,fine droplet spray transfer and explosive transfer govern the metal transfer modes in cellulose electrode welding.Weld spatter occurred mainly in the deflection of large droplet process,explosive transfer process and fine droplet spraying process.Different metal transfer modes lead to different spatter.The deflection of large droplet and explosive transfer are the main factors of the spatter formation.Minimizing the droplet size and reducing the deflection of large droplet and explosive transfer leads to the reduction the amount of spatter in cellulose electrode welding.