牛血浆蛋白对猪肉盐溶蛋白质凝胶特性的影响

以牛血浆和猪后腿肉为原料,研究牛血浆蛋白对猪肉盐溶蛋白质加工特性的影响。结果表明：牛血浆具有改善猪肉盐溶蛋白质凝胶特性的作用,当pH6.5时,添加牛血浆蛋白0.9g/100mL时效果最佳;添加0.9g/100mL牛血浆蛋白的猪肉盐溶蛋白凝胶煮制损失、凝胶保水性、凝胶强度与添加0.125g/100mL微生物转谷氨酰胺酶(MTG)的凝胶相当。     

猪血浆蛋白与大豆蛋白在乳化肠中的应用

添加外源蛋白对肉肠类食品进行改性是目前的一个研究热点.以猪血浆蛋白和大豆蛋白为外源蛋白,按比例添加于乳化肠中,考察不同外源蛋白对乳化肠表面结构、色差、质构、剪切力的影响.结果表明:添加2%～6%的猪血浆蛋白可以显著降低乳化肠的蒸煮损失(P<0.05),提高猪肉凝胶的硬度、弹性、咀嚼度、回复性和剪切力,改善肉糜凝胶的质构,同时引起肠色泽的显著变化;而大豆蛋白在较低浓度时也表现出较好的降低乳化肠蒸煮损失率的特性,但对肠凝胶质构特性和色泽影响不显著.     

碳酸钙与外源蛋白复配物对含有MTGase的鱼糜凝胶特性的促进作用

目的研究钙盐、外源蛋白及其复配物对含微生物产转谷氨酰胺酶(MTG)的鲢鱼糜凝胶品质的影响。方法将碳酸钙、乳酸钙、卵清蛋白、大豆分离蛋白及其复配物添加到含MTG(2 U/gg_(鱼蛋白))的鲢鱼糜中并制成凝胶,测定鱼糜凝胶的持水性、质构特性(破断强度、凹陷深度、硬度、内聚性、咀嚼性)、白度和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱。结果添加碳酸钙、乳酸钙、卵清蛋白、大豆分离蛋白及其复配物均可不同程度地改善含MTG的鱼糜凝胶的凝胶特性,且添加其复配物优于单独添加碳酸钙、乳酸钙、卵清蛋白、大豆分离蛋白。经试验优化,将8μmol/U_(MTG)碳酸钙、4 mg/U_(MTG)卵清蛋白、4 mg/U_(MTG)大豆分离蛋白添加到含有2 U/g_(鱼蛋白)MTG的鲢鱼糜中可获得最佳凝胶品质,鱼糜凝胶的破断力、凹陷深度最高,硬度、咀嚼性、白度均显著高于单独添加MTG(P0.05),也明显高于添加2 U/g_(鱼蛋白)其他品牌商品MTG的(P0.05)。结论 CaCO_3与外源蛋白复配物对含有MTG的鱼糜凝胶特性具有显著促进作用,将碳酸钙、卵清蛋白、大豆分离蛋白与MTG按比例混合可制成鱼糜制品专用的复配酶制剂。     

微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶对牛乳改性作用的研究进展

微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶（MTG）是一种催化酰基转移反应的酶。综述了MTG对牛乳蛋白和乳脂肪球的改性机理及其对牛乳热稳定性、凝胶性、乳化性等方面的影响。为其在乳品工业的应用提供了理论依据。     

魔芋葡甘聚糖-可得然胶共混凝胶替代动物脂肪对乳化肠品质特性的影响

为探究魔芋葡甘聚糖（konjac glucomannan,KGM）和可得然胶（curdran gum,CUD）的添加对猪肉乳化肠品质特性的影响,采用KGM-CUD共混凝胶代替乳化肠中质量分数依次为0%（G1组,对照组）、33%（G2组）、66%（G3组）以及100%（G4组）的猪背膘,研究KGM-CUD共混凝胶对猪肉乳化肠蒸煮损失、色差、持水性、质构特性和脂质氧化的影响,并进行感官评价。结果表明：当KGM-CUD共混凝胶质量分数为0.3%,且KGM∶CUD=8∶2（m/m）时,KGM-CUD共混凝胶乳化效果最佳。与对照组G1组相比,G2组和G3组蒸煮损失显著降低（P＜0.05）,持水性无显著差异（P＞0.05）;G2组红度值显著上升（P＜0.05）;G3组红度值和硬度显著上升（P＜0.05）。随着替代比例的上升,乳化肠抗氧化能力逐渐增强,G2组和G3组微观结构与对照组相比无显著差异,但G4组存在明显空隙,且总体可接受度略有降低。结果表明,用0.3%的KGM-CUD共混凝胶（KGM∶CUD=8∶2）替代乳化肠66%的脂肪时,能提高乳化肠的营养价值和产品质量,显著延长保藏期。     

羊血浆蛋白对高温杀菌鱼糜制品凝胶特性的影响

为改善高温杀菌鱼糜制品的品质,研究羊血浆蛋白对121℃处理鱼糜制品凝胶特性的影响。以白鲢鱼糜为原料,测定羊血浆蛋白的添加对鱼糜凝胶质构特性、凝胶强度、持水性、折叠性、白度和流变特性的影响,并通过测定分子间作用力和溶解率的变化探究其影响机制。结果表明,与对照组相比,随着羊血浆蛋白的添加,高温处理鱼糜制品的硬度、弹性、胶粘性和咀嚼性显著增大(P<0.05),持水性显著增强(P<0.05),折叠性能增强,白度降低。当添加量为2%时,鱼糜制品的凝胶强度增加了92.88%。分子间作用力和溶解率分析显示,添加羊血浆蛋白能够提高体系氢键和非二硫共价键含量,从而改善高温处理鱼糜制品凝胶品质。     

乳化大豆油与乳化猪油对肌原纤维蛋白/面筋蛋白凝胶的影响

为了改善蛋白凝胶的品质,研究不同比例的乳化大豆油与乳化猪油对肌原纤维蛋白/面筋蛋白凝胶的弹性、硬度、咀嚼性、持水性、可冻结水、非可冻结水、分子间作用力、蛋白二级结构的影响。结果表明：与对照组（未添加脂肪的凝胶）相比,随着乳化大豆油与乳化猪油添加量（5%-20%）的增加,肌原纤维蛋白/面筋蛋白凝胶的硬度、咀嚼性、弹性、胶粘性以及持水性均显著上升（p＜0.05）;可冻结水含量逐渐增加、非可冻结水含量逐渐降低;凝胶的疏水相互作用、氢键、二硫键作用逐渐增强,离子键作用逐渐减弱;蛋白二级结构由α-螺旋逐渐转化为β-折叠和β-转角。     

黄花菜粉对牛肉糜凝胶特性和流变性质的影响

该文研究黄花菜粉对牛肉糜凝胶特性和流变性质的影响。 将60、80、100 目黄花菜粉按添加量分别为2%、4%、6%、8%、10%制得牛肉糜凝胶,以未添加组为对照。结果表明,添加黄花菜粉能显著降低牛肉糜的蒸煮损失（p＜0.05）,牛肉糜凝胶的保水性和凝胶强度均随黄花菜粉添加量的增加而增强,黄花菜粉添加量为4%可显著增加牛肉糜持水性和凝胶强度。动态流变测量表明,牛肉糜的G′值经历3 个阶段,25 ℃～47 ℃时,添加不同目数黄花菜粉肉糜和空白对照组肉糜的储能模量G′值均缓慢升高;在47 ℃～60 ℃时,添加100 目黄花菜粉肉糜的G′值迅速上升;在60 ℃～80 ℃所有试验组牛肉糜的G′值快速上升。 添加量为4%的100 目黄花菜粉牛肉糜凝胶相对于其他组具有更好的品质特性,蒸煮损失（10.26%）、保水性（83.59%）、凝胶强度（2 448.25 g）、色泽（L*值48.19、a*值0.94、b*值5.35）、硬度（8 339.87 g）、弹性（0.92）、内聚性（0.68）、咀嚼性（6 527.52 g）和回复性（0.29）。     

不同植物油预乳化液对乳化羊肉肠品质的影响

以乳化羊肉肠为研究对象,以添加羊尾油的乳化羊肉肠作对照组,分别用预乳化后的大豆油、菜籽油、葵花籽油或杏仁油乳化液替代75%的羊尾油作处理组,考察不同植物油预乳化液替代动物脂肪对乳化羊肉肠的蒸煮损失、色泽、质构和微观结构等性质的影响。结果表明：植物油预乳化液替代脂肪不仅可以降低乳化羊肉肠的脂肪添加量（p<0.05）,还可显著增加羊肉肠的水分含量和蛋白质含量（p<0.05）;在蒸煮损失方面,葵花籽油组和杏仁油组最低,对照组最高;大豆油组、菜籽油组、葵花籽油组、杏仁油组持水性比对照组分别增加了0.47%、0.44%、0.54%、0.31%;与对照组相比,大豆油组、葵花籽油组硬度、咀嚼性显著增加（p<0.05）,菜籽油组、葵花籽油组、杏仁油组弹性显著增加（p<0.05）。微观结构上,对照组整体多呈团簇状,经植物油预乳化液替代后可赋予肠体立体的凝胶网络结构,尤其葵花籽油组网络线条更加致密,孔隙较小且分布较为均匀。     

微生物转谷氨酰胺酶对鱼糜制品凝胶性能的影响

比较了微生物转谷氨酰胺酶(MTG)对五种海鱼鱼糜制品凝胶性能的影响。研究结果表明,鱼糜中加入MTG使鱼糜制品凝胶强度有不同程度的提高,特别是对本身凝胶性能不佳的梅鱼和黄姑鱼,凝胶强度分别提高了529%和489%。在加入MTG的同时,淀粉和大豆蛋白的添加对鱼糜制品的凝胶性能也有不同程度的影响,最佳添加量分别是:MTG20～100U/100g鱼糜(因鱼糜品种不同而有所差异),10%的淀粉,5%的大豆蛋白。对添加MTG的鱼糜热凝胶条件研究表明,采用50℃,30min/80℃,30min的两段式加热,鱼糜制品的凝胶效果最好。     

亲水胶体在乳化肠体系的Plackett-Burman 法筛选中的应用

为改善乳化肠凝胶品质,采用Plackett-Burman(PB)试验设计方法对广泛应用于食品加工的8 种亲水胶体进行筛选,并对筛选出来的亲水胶体进行凝胶品质实验验证。PB 试验设计与统计分析表明：卡拉胶、黄原胶和结冷胶是改善乳化肠凝胶强度、质构特性和持水性的3 个关键因素。验证实验表明：单独添加卡拉胶、黄原胶和结冷胶均能使乳化肠的凝胶品质有一定程度的提高。这表明Plackett-Burman 试验设计方法是一种能够高效准确可靠的应用于肉制品外加亲水胶体筛选的统计学方法。     

利用微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶提高香肠制品的物性

在香肠产品加工中根据原料中的粗蛋白含量添加一定量的微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶处理后 ,采用质构分析仪测定香肠组织的凝胶破坏力的变化 ,研究了酶催化加工工艺条件和酶对香肠物性的增强效果。实验结果表明 ,将该酶加入到香肠中 ,40℃下酶作用 45min ,再经过干燥、蒸煮等工艺处理成型后 ,凝胶强度比对照组提高了 60 %以上 ,产品的粘弹性得到显著提高。同时在加工工艺不变的条件下 ,增加香肠配方中淀粉和大豆蛋白粉的比例 ,加入量增加到 5 %时 ,与原配方比较 ,产品的质地和感官指标并无显著差别 ,可达到降低成本的目的     

胡萝卜汁添加对乳化肠食用品质的影响

研究了胡萝卜汁添加对乳化肠色泽、质构特性、保水性以及感官品质的影响。基于最优基础配方,实验通过控制胡萝卜汁的添加量(0%、5%、10%、15%),探索其对于乳化肠食用品质的影响。结果表明:添加胡萝卜汁组与对照组(胡萝卜汁添加量0%)的色差、质构以及感官方面存在显著差异(P0.05)。随着胡萝卜汁添加量的增加,红度值、硬度都呈显著下降趋势,而蒸煮损失、黏聚性和弹性与对照组没有显著差异。胡萝卜汁添加量为10%的样品组的硬度、咀嚼性和胶着性最好,且通过感官评定得知该组各项指标综合评定结果最好,本实验得出10%是胡萝卜汁较优的添加量。     

L-精氨酸与迷迭香提取物联合处理对低钠低脂乳化香肠品质的影响

研究不同添加量（0.05%、0.10%、0.15%和0.20%）迷迭香提取物（rosemary extract,RE）与0.6%L-精氨酸（L-arginine,Arg）分别对乳化香肠蒸煮损失、色泽、质构、pH值、微观结构、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARs）值、羰基含量和感官品质的影响。结果表明：与空白组相比,单独添加0.6% Arg显著降低乳化香肠蒸煮损失,提高乳化香肠的红度值（a*）、硬度、pH值、整体可接受性,但是增加TBARs值和羰基含量,内部脂肪球更小、更均匀、更规则;在添加0.6% Arg的基础上,添加低含量的RE（0.05%～0.15%）会进一步提高乳化香肠的a*和整体可接受性,延缓TBARs值和羰基含量的增加以及pH值的降低,同时对乳化香肠的蒸煮损失、质构和微观结构没有明显影响;然而,添加高含量（0.20%）的RE会降低乳化香肠的硬度。综合上述各项指标,RE的添加量以0.15%为宜。     

Quality properties of sausage made with gamma-irradiated natural pork and lamb casing

Quality properties in emulsion-type sausage stuffed into irradiated natural casing were studied. Fresh salted and semidried natural pork and lamb casing was washed and irradiated at 0, 3, and 5 kGy by gamma-ray and emulsion-type pork sausage (Brattella Weiss Wurst) was manufactured. The sausage was stored in a 4°C refrigerator. The numbers of total aerobic bacteria, Enterococcus and coliform bacteria in the irradiated natural casing or sausage prepared from irradiated casing were significantly decreased or eliminated compared to those of the nonirradiated control. The D(10) values of total aerobic bacteria of the pork and lamb casing were 0.87 and 0.92 kGy, respectively. The vacuum-packaged sausages made with irradiated casings had a higher 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value than that of the nonirradiated controls only at 5-day with pork casing and at 10-day with lamb casing. The total working force for shear of the sausages was decreased in both irradiated casings but the sensory evaluation showed no difference. Therefore, the gamma irradiation was a useful technique to sanitize the natural pork and lamb casings and to extend shelf-life, primarily microbial quality, of the sausage made with natural casings.     

Monitoring of nitrite and N-nitrosamine levels in irradiated pork sausage

Residual nitrite and N-nitrosamine levels were monitored on irradiated emulsion-type cooked pork sausage in aerobic or vacuum packaging states during storage. The sausage was irradiated at 0, 5, 10, and 20 kGy and stored at 4 degrees C for 4 weeks. The residual nitrite levels were significantly reduced by gamma irradiation (P < 0.05), whereas the vacuum packaging was more effective for nitrite reduction than aerobic packaging during storage. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) levels were significantly reduced in the vacuum packaged sausage irradiated with 20 kGy after 4 weeks. Reduction of NPYR in aerobically packaged sausage was also found after 4 weeks by irradiating with a 5-kGy or higher dose. NDMA reduction was shown in vacuum packaging and irradiation at 20 kGy. Gamma irradiation was effective in reducing the residual nitrite all throughout storage and N-nitrosamines in sausage after storage.     

添加不同非肉蛋白对乳化肠品质特性的影响

研究添加3种非肉蛋白(蛋清蛋白、乳清蛋白和大豆蛋白)对乳化肠的质构、颜色、感官和微观结构的影响。结果表明：在这3种蛋白中,添加蛋清分离蛋白所获得乳化肠产品的品质好于乳清分离蛋白和大豆分离蛋白;在低脂肠中添加蛋清分离蛋白比在高脂肠中添加时硬度、胶黏性明显增加(P＜0.05);在高脂肠中添加乳清分离蛋白比在低脂肠中添加时胶黏性明显增加(P＜0.05)。添加不同的分离蛋白对感官评定影响差异不显著(P＞0.05)。     

Comparative Evaluation of Whey Protein Concentrate, Soy Protein Isolate and Calcium-Reduced Nonfat Dry Milk as Binders in an Emulsion-Type Sausage

The effects of various nonmeat binders on the yield and textural properties of knockwurst, an emulsion-type sausage product, were investigated. Three whey protein concentrate levels, calcium-reduced nonfat dry milk and soy protein isolate and an all-meat control were evaluated. Whey protein concentrate proved to be a viable binder alternative for specific emulsion-type meat products by providing similar stability, textural and sensory attributes in comparison to equal levels of soy protein isolate and calcium-reduced nonfat dry milk.     

固定化酶改性酸法大豆浓缩蛋白在猪肉肠中应用的研究

利用固定化谷氨酰胺转氨酶(MTG)对酸法大豆浓缩蛋白(SPC)进行改性,并将改性SPC应用于猪肉肠.试验表明:改性后SPC的持水性和吸油性分别比未改性SPC提高了24.8%和64.5%;与大豆分离蛋白(SPI)相比,其凝胶性和吸油性分别高出58.3%和27.0%,持水性则降低8.0%.改性后的SPC用于猪肉肠中,当添加量为6%时,猪肉肠的咀嚼性比未改性SPC和SPI分别提高了418.6%和187.1%;得率比未改性SPC和SPI分别提高了18.9%和4.8%,感官评分结果也与其相一致.     

Optimization of textural properties of reduced-fat and reduced-salt emulsion-type sausages treated with high pressure using a response surface methodology

This study optimized the high pressure conditions for development of a reduced fat sausage. A three-factor-three-level Box–Behnken design was adopted to study the simultaneous effects of one compositional variable (15, 20 and 25% fat content) and two processing variables (150, 200 and 250 MPa high pressure, along with 5, 6 and 7 min high pressure treatment time) on firmness of emulsion-type sausages. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to evaluate the potential interactive and quadratic effects between these variables. The results revealed that, the optimum processing conditions for an optimum gel setting were 22.19% fat content, 197.30 MPa high pressure and 5.92 min pressure treatment time. The adequacy of the model equation for predicting the optimum response values was effectively verified. In conclusion, the emulsion-type meat sausages using a novel high pressure based processing method were preferred for their improved textural properties and reduced fat content.Industrial relevanceFor health reasons, there is a need to reduce fat content of processed meat products. This study developed a novel processing method using high pressure to produce emulsion-type meat sausages with reduced-fat, with improved functional qualities, including objective appearance, textural properties and sensory evaluation. Importantly, this was achieved with a model, mainly based on prediction of the firmness of the pressure treated sausages with reduced fat contents.