He-Ne激光对红曲霉M9x的原生质体诱变育种

采用He—Ne激光诱变红曲霉M9x原生质体，获得一株Monacolin K产量为103．73μg／ml的诱变株M9y，其产量约是出发菌株M9x的4．1倍，经酯酶同工酶分析，其酶带条纹数、迁移率等均发生了明显变化。对诱变株进行传代稳定性试验，结果表明：经斜面传代八代以后，诱变株M9y的Monacolin K产量仍较稳定，无明显的回复突变。     

琥珀酸产生菌原生质体的复合诱变

利用酶解法制备琥珀酸产生菌的孢子原生质体,对其进行紫外线与He-Ne激光的复合诱变,筛选到了一株突变株MS-23,其琥珀酸产量为1.27g/L,是出发菌株产酸量的20.16倍。将此菌株连续传代5次,具有较好的遗传稳定性。     

原生质体复合诱变选育耐高温高产乙醇酵母菌株

以酿酒酵母Ygx-5为出发菌株,对其原生质体进行紫外线(UV)与亚硝基胍(NTG)复合诱变,经初筛和复筛,选育出1株耐高温、高产乙醇菌株U-N2。在37℃培养条件下,菌株U-N2产乙醇浓度最高可达16.32%vol,比原菌株提高20.44%,比只用紫外线诱变后的菌株提高8.04%,比只用亚硝基胍诱变后的菌株提高6.27%。经过20次传代培养,乙醇产量稳定。     

氯化锂诱变黑曲霉原生质体选育高产植酸酶菌株

采用氯化锂诱变黑曲霉原生质体,筛选高产植酸酶菌株。获得制备黑曲霉原生质体的最适条件:纤维素酶1.0%,蜗牛酶0.5%,菌龄24 h,酶解温度30℃,酶解时间2 h,渗透压稳定剂0.7 mol/L NaCl。采用氯化锂对制得的原生质体进行诱变,结果表明:经0.15%LiCl诱变后,原生质体存活率为23.37%,此时,获得一株植酸酶活最高的突变株,为19.24 U/mL,比出发菌株提高54.41%,该菌株具有良好的遗传稳定性。     

氯化锂诱变赤灵芝原生质体选育高产三萜类菌株

采用化学诱变剂氯化锂诱变赤灵芝原生质体,对高产三萜类菌株进行筛选。结果表明:经0.3%氯化锂诱变后,原生质体致死率为72.8%,胞内、胞外三萜类产量达到最高,分别为55.33mg/g和14.88×10-2mg/mL,比原菌株分别提高了461.72%和136.57%。第2代、第3代诱变菌株比原菌株胞内三萜类产量分别提高了483.05%和496.04%,胞外三萜类产量分别提高了158.66%和171.38%,诱变菌株遗传稳定性良好。     

低双乙酰啤酒酵母激光诱变条件的研究

以激光为诱变剂照射啤酒酵母，得到1株双乙酰值低的啤酒酵母。用该菌株酿造的啤酒，发酵液中双乙酰含量为0．0836mg／L，比用原菌株酿造的啤酒下降了53％。激光诱变的条件为：波长623．8nm(红色)、功率6mW的He—Ne激光，用滤纸片法照射啤酒酵母，照射时间为5min。     

原生质体诱变选育高富硒量冬虫夏草菌株的研究

以冬虫夏草菌丝体为材料,经原生质体诱变获得了生物量和富硒能力均高于出发菌株的无性型菌株。实验结果表明:经紫外线诱变的8号再生菌株的生物量和富硒能力分别是13.445mg/mL和125.8μg/g,分别比出发菌株提高55.16%和50.12%。     

ε-PL聚赖氨酸产生菌原生质体的制备与再生

本实验对ε-聚赖氨酸产生菌-白色链霉菌的原生质体制备、再生条件进行了研究,建立了白色链霉菌原生质体诱变体系.在此基础上,通过对原生质体进行脉冲光诱变,氦氖激光诱变,筛选得到一株高产菌株;通过双层平板实验证明比出发菌株抑菌圈的H/C大0.28～0.45cm;通过发酵证明比出发菌株产ε-聚赖氨酸的能力提高40%以上.     

冬虫夏草原生质体诱变育种研究

以冬虫夏草原生质体为材料,经紫外诱变获得了性状优于出发菌株的突变株。实验结果表明:生物量最高的再生菌株为诱变30s的8号菌株,生物量达到1.3445g/100mL,比出发菌株生物量提高55.16%;胞内多糖产量最高的再生菌株为诱变30s的3号菌株,胞内多糖产量达到54.570mg/g,比出发菌株多糖产量提高52.9%;富硒能力较高的突变菌株是诱变30s的8号菌株,富硒量达到125.8μg/g,比出发菌株提高50.11%。由结果可知,原生质体诱变技术可以用于冬虫夏草的菌种选育。     

不同物理诱变方式对休哈塔假丝酵母产乙醇的影响

采用不同物理方式（紫外线、He-Ne激光和微波）对休哈塔假丝酵母（Candida albicans）进行诱变,结合致死率、正突变率、乙醇产量等试验,分析不同诱变因子对该菌株发酵木糖的影响。结果表明,三种物理诱变对菌株诱变能力有差别,具有代表性的紫外线突变株（ZW-6）、He-Ne激光突变株（HN-3）及微波突变株（WB-3）的乙醇产量分别为17.44 g/L、18.49 g/L和18.11 g/L,较原始菌株分别提高13.91%、20.77%和18.29%;乙醇得率分别为0.35 g/g、0.38 g/g和0.37 g/g,较原始菌株分别提高13.80%、23.17%和19.50%。与紫外线及微波各诱变菌株相比,He-Ne激光诱变菌株的正突变率高,激光照射10 min时,正突变率高达48.62%;He-Ne激光诱变菌株的木糖利用率、乙醇产量、乙醇得率均提高最多,提高的范围最大,分别较原始菌株提高1.69%～44.77%、13.12%～40.59%、29.73%～47.75%。因此,确定He-Ne激光为最佳物理诱变因子。     

耐高温植酸酶毕赤酵母工程菌发酵中试条件优化

本文对植酸酶毕赤酵母基因工程菌PEY-2的发酵条件进行研究,结果表明:其摇瓶最佳产酶条件为诱导时间72h,诱导前适宜增殖时间48 h,接种量10％,种龄24h,诱导初始pH 6.0,生长阶段初始pH 5.5.在此基础上进行了50 L罐的发酵中试,50 L罐诱导产酶量达5.0×103 IU/mL,实现了高密度发酵.热稳定...     

Production of phytase in a low phosphate medium by a novel yeast Candida krusei

A yeast strain producing high levels of phytase was isolated from soil and identified as Candida krusei. The phytase was located on the yeast cell wall and was a glucanase-extractable protein. The phytase production was controlled by the phosphate concentration in the medium used. The maximum production of phytase occurred in a medium containing 0.5 mg of phosphorus per 100 ml, and most of the cells were ellipsoid-shaped and did not exhibit budding. Increasing the concentration of phosphorus in the medium to more than 5 mg of phosphorus per 100 ml caused inhibition of phytase production and 90% of the cells exhibited budding. On the other hand, transferring cells grown in the high-phosphate medium into a phosphate-free one derepressed the phytase production. For example, transferring cells grown in 2 mg of phosphorus per 100 ml into the phosphate-free medium, enhanced the total phytase activity up to 5.5-fold that in the medium containing 0.5 mg of phosphorus per 100 ml. The phytase showed two optimum pHs of 2.5 and 5.5, an optimum temperature of 40 degrees C and the K(m) value for Na-phytate was 0.03 mM. Using in vitro experiments that simulated the conditions of the digestive tract, 50-80% phosphorus was liberated from different plant samples (wheat bran, rice bran and feeds) by the strain.     

中性植酸酶产生菌的筛选、鉴定及酶学性质

从土壤中分离到一株高产中性植酸酶的菌株,酶活力达12.52U/mL。对其进行形态、生理、生化、分子生物学鉴定,初步鉴定为放射型根瘤杆菌(Agrobacterium radiobacter)。酶学性质研究结果表明：该酶的最适反应温度为45℃;最适反应pH 值为7.0;65℃处理60min 酶活力保持80% 左右,有一定耐热性;在pH5.5～8.0 之间,稳定性较好;Ba2+ 对酶活力有一定的激活作用,Fe2+、Mg2+、Zn2+ 和Cu2+ 对酶活力均有一定程度的抑制作用,其中Fe2+ 的抑制作用最强。     

构巢曲霉产植酸酶的酶学特性分析

从构巢曲霉AnP-16菌株发酵液中纯化单一组分的耐热耐酸植酸酶,并对酶学特性进行分析,为其在食品工业中的应用提供理论依据。通过硫酸铵盐析、离子交换层析和疏水层析纯化植酸酶,SDS-PAGE电泳测定其分子量。结果表明,从该菌株发酵液中纯化到了单一组分的植酸酶,纯化倍数60.8倍、回收率41.6%,酶分子量约52 kDa。植酸酶最适作用温度和pH分别为55 ℃和pH4.0,在pH3.0~6.0范围酶活性较高,pH2.0~7.0下孵育3 h,仍能保持80%以上活性。植酸酶耐热性好,70 ℃孵育1 h仍能保持81%活性。Hg2+、Mn2+、Fe2+、Cu2+和Zn2+ 5 mmol/L浓度下对酶活性有明显抑制作用,但Ca2+和Mg2+在1和5 mmol/L浓度时均增强酶活性;有机溶剂甲醇和乙醇在2%浓度有激活作用;SDS抑制酶活性,但其它表面活性剂(Triton X-100和Tween 80)和有机溶剂(丙酮和异戊醇)对酶活性无明显影响。植酸酶有宽泛的底物特异性,但对植酸钠的催化活性最强,其K_m值为0.576 mmol/L。基于植酸酶耐酸耐热及宽广的底物催化活性,其有望应用于粮油食品加工领域,提高食品的营养价值。     

Characterization of extra- and intracellular phytases from Rhizopus oligosporus used in tempeh production

Rhizopus oligosporus strain CT11K2, commonly used in tempeh (fermented soybean) production produced both extra- and intracellular phytases. The enzymes were isolated from growth media and the cultured mould and partially purified by acetone fractionation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Intracellular phytase activity was higher than that of the extracellular enzyme. Both enzymes showed maximum activity at pH 4.5 and 55 degrees C, suggesting relatively high thermostability. The enzymes were partially inhibited by high concentrations of substrate. The Km and Vmax values of the extracellular phytase were 0.15 mM and 0.076 mumol Pi per min per ml DEAE-cellulose purified enzyme, respectively, and for the intracellular phytase were 0.17 mM and 0.34 mumol Pi per min per ml enzyme, respectively. Extracellular phytases showed inactivation and activation energies for the hydrolysis of phytic acid of approximately 28,300 cal per mol and 6100 cal per mol, respectively, while inactivation and activation energies for the intracellular phytase were approximately 33,200 per mol and 9500 cal per mol, respectively.     

Degradation of phytate by Pichia kudriavzevii TY13 and Hanseniaspora guilliermondii TY14 in Tanzanian togwa

The fermented cereal-based gruel togwa is used as weaning food for children in Tanzania. Togwa is rich in minerals but these are often not available for uptake in the human intestine due to natural inhibitors, such as phytate (IP(6)). The yeasts Pichia kudriavzevii TY13, Hanseniaspora guilliermondii TY14 and TY20, isolated from Tanzanian togwa, and selected for high phytase activity in complex yeast medium YPD, were now studied regarding their ability to degrade IP(6) in maize-based model togwa. A modified constitutively high-phytase producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY80 and commercial Aspergillus ficuum phytase were included for comparison. In addition, a strain of Lactobacillus plantarum was included in the model-togwa set-up. All yeasts in the study grew and reached final cell density 1.5-2 log units higher than the start value. S. cerevisiae BY80 degraded 85% of the IP(6) in 48 h; the same degradation level as with A. ficuum phytase (89%). Of the togwa-isolated yeasts, P. kudriavzevii TY13 and H. guilliermondii TY14 showed strong phytate degradation in the model-togwa; 95% or more of the initial IP(6) was degraded after 48 h. This corresponds to a remaining level of 0.4 and 0.3μmol IP(6)/g dw. Co-inoculation with L. plantarum did not increase IP(6) degradation. Moreover, fermentation with P. kudriavzevii TY13 yielded a successive increase in inorganic phosphate (P(i)), from 0.7 to 5.4 mM, suggesting a phytase production in TY13 which is fairly insensitive to P(i) repression. The study shows that phytate in a model togwa is available for yeast phytase enzymes, and addresses the importance of strain selection for effectively degrading the phytate. Certain yeasts originating from togwa seem to have developed a natural high phytase production, and P. kudriavzevii TY13 and H. guilliermondii TY14 seem particularly well adapted to phytate degradation in togwa, and is our choice for further studies and strain improvement.     

Purification and properties of a low-molecular-weight phytase from Cladosporium sp. FP-1

A fungus producing high levels of phytase was isolated from air and identified as Cladosporium sp. The phytase production was stimulated by phytate in the medium used. The maximum production of phytase (108 U/ml) occurred in a medium containing 1.0 g of phytate per 100 ml. The phytase was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. Based on SDS-PAGE analysis, the molecular weight of the purified phytase was calculated to be approximately 32.6 kDa, and the narrow protein band indicated that this phytase is not glycosylated. The phytase has an optimum pH of 3.5, and an optimum temperature of 40 degrees C. The phytase activity was stimulated by 2-mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol, and inhibited by Ba2+, Pb2+, iodoacetate, p-chloromercuribenzoate and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. The phytase displayed high affinity for phytate and the Km was 15.2+/-3.1 microM. NMR analyses (1D and 2D) indicated that the end hydrolysis product of phytate was myo-inositol 1,2,5-triphosphate.     

不同发芽条件对大麦中植酸含量及植酸酶活力的影响

大麦发芽过程中,发芽温度、浸麦水pH值及浸麦水中金属离子的种类和含量是影响大麦中植酸含量及植酸酶活力的重要因素。实验发现,当发芽温度为16℃时,植酸酶较高温和低温发芽更早的被激活,其活力达到4.032 8U/g(绝干),更加有利于植酸的分解;在浸麦水为中性条件下浸麦,植酸酶活力上升较快,植酸含量迅速下降;在浸麦期间添加Ca2+、Mg2和Fe3+等金属离子对植酸酶的活力有较大抑制作用。     

PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CANOLA SEED (BRASSICA sp.) PHYTASE

Germinated Altex and Westar (Brassica napus) and Candle and Tobin (B. campestris) cultivars of Canola were screened for phytase activity. On the basis of this preliminary screening, 7-day germinated Altex seedlings were selected as a source for isolation and characterization of phytase. Partial purification of a crude extract (FI) by acetone precipitation resulted in an 8-fold increase in phytase activity. Ion-exchange chromatography of the partially purified preparation (FII) yielded two fractions (FIIIA and FIIIB) both of which demonstrated phytase and phosphatase activities. Further purification by gel filtration chromatography resulted in two fractions (FIVA1 and FIVA2) from fraction FIIIA and two fractions (FIVB1 and FIVB2) from fraction FIIIB. Fraction FIVB1 demonstrated both phytase and phosphatase activities, FIVA2 and FIVB2 demonstrated phosphatase activity but no phytase activity and FIVA1 showed phytase but no phosphatase activity. Fraction FIVB1, which showed highest phytase activity (5.3 IU/mg protein), had the following characteristics: temperature optimum of 50°C, pH optimum of 5.2, K_m of 0.36 mM and relative activity for pyrophosphate 232 times higher than for phytate.     

Stable current outputs and phytate degradation by yeast‐based biofuel cell

In this paper, we report for the first time that Candida melibiosica 2491 yeast strain expresses enhanced phytase activity when used as a biocatalyst in biofuel cells. The polarization also results in an increase of the yeast biomass. Higher steady‐state electrical outputs, assigned to earlier production of an endogenous mediator, were achieved at continuous polarization under constant load. The obtained results prove that the C. melibiosica yeast‐based biofuel cell could be used for simultaneous electricity generation and phytate bioremediation. In addition, the higher phytase activity obtained by interruptive polarization suggests a new method for increasing the phytase yield from microorganisms. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.