Adaptive Channel Estimation Aided Log-Map Turbo Decoder Implementation for DS-CDMA Based Mobile Systems

Practical implementation of convolutional turbo codec is impeded by the difficulty of real-time execution in high transmission rate communication systems due to high computational complexity, iterative block decoding structure, as well as the requirement of accurate on-line channel reliability estimation for maximum-likelihood decoding. Relying on innovative channel estimation techniques involving DS-CDMA specific noise/interference variance estimation and fading channel variation tracking, this paper provides a low-complexity all-digital design of an iterative SISO log-MAP turbo decoder for DS-CDMA based mobile communication systems. The issues of quantization and data flow in both pre-decoder processing module and iterative trellis decoding module are prudently addressed to ensure highly efficient hardware implementation. The efficient design strategies applied confine the decoding complexity while leading to an excellent performance within 0.2 dB of the software decoder.     

800Mbps准循环LDPC码译码器的FPGA实现

本文提出了一种适用于准循环低密度校验码的低复杂度的高并行度译码器架构。通常准循环低密度校验码不适于设计有效的高并行度高吞吐量译码器。我们通过利用准循环低密度校验码的奇偶校验矩阵的结构特点,将其转化为块准循环结构,从而能够并行化处理译码算法的行与列操作。使用这个架构,我们在Xilinx Virtex-5 LX330 FPGA上实现了(8176,7154)有限几何LDPC码的译码器,在15次迭代的条件下其译码吞吐量达到800Mbps。      

Resource efficient LDPC decoders for multimedia communication

Achieving high image quality is an important aspect in an increasing number of wireless multimedia applications. These applications require resource efficient error correction hardware to detect and correct errors introduced by the communication channel. This paper presents an innovative flexible architecture for error correction using Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes. The proposed partially-parallel decoder architecture utilizes a novel code construction technique based on multi-level Hierarchical Quasi-Cyclic (HQC) matrix. The proposed architecture is resource efficient, provides scalable throughput and requires substantially less power compared to other decoders reported to date. The proposed decoder has been implemented on a Xilinx FPGA suitable for WiMAX application and achieves a throughput of 548 Mbps. Performance evaluation of the decoder has been carried out by transmitting JPEG images over a wireless noisy channel and comparing the quality of the reconstructed images with those from other similar decoders.     

LDPC码全并行译码器的设计与实现

本论文用可编程逻辑器件(FPGA)实现了一种低密度奇偶校验码(LDPC)的编译码算法.采用基于Q矩阵LDPC码构造方法,设计了具有线性复杂度的编码器. 基于软判决译码规则,采用全并行译码结构实现了码率为1/2、码长为40比特的准规则LDPC码译码器,并且通过了仿真测试.该译码器复杂度与码长成线性关系,与Turbo码相比更易于硬件实现,并能达到更高的传输速率.     

一种准循环LDPC解码器的设计与实现

面向准循环LDPC码的硬件实现,定点分析了各种解码算法的解码性能,偏移量最小和(OMS)算法具备较高解码性能和实现复杂度低的特点.提出一种基于部分并行方式的准循环LDPC解码器结构,在FPGA上利用该结构成功实现了WiMAX标准中的LDPC解码器.FPGA验证结果表明,采用该结构的解码器性能优良,实现复杂度低,数据吞吐率高.     

准循环LDPC码的半并行译码器设计

利用准循环LDPC码的结构特点,使用半并行结构的译码器可以实现复杂度和译码速率的有效折中.提出了一种半并行结构的实现方法,并通过FPGA上的实现验证了性能.     

基于FPGA的Turbo译码交织器设计

介绍了一种Turbo译码交织器的现场可编程门阵列（Field Programmable Gate Array，FPGA）硬件实现方案，将交织算法的软件编程和FPGA内部的硬件存储块相结合，有效地降低了译码器的硬件实现复杂度，减小了译码延时，并且给出了具体的译码器内交织器FPGA实现原理框图。     

基于无冲突多项式交织器的高速并行Turbo解码器

提出了基于高次多项式无冲突交织器的Turbo码并行解码的优化实现方法,解码器采用MAX-Log-MAP算法,完成了从Matlab算法设计验证到RTL设计、FPGA验证,并在LTE无线通信链路中验证.设计的Turbo并行高速解码器半次迭代的效率为6.9 bit/cycle,在最高迭代为5.5次、时钟频率为309MHz下,达到207Mb/s的吞吐率,满足高速无线通信系统的要求,交织和解交织采用存储器映射方法.该设计节约了计算电路和存储量.     

A contribution to the reduction of the dynamic power dissipation in the turbo decoder

In the field of mobile communication systems, the energy issue of a turbo decoder becomes an equivalent constraint as throughput and performance. This paper presents a contribution to the reduction of the power consumption in the turbo decoder. The main idea is based on re-encoding technique combined with dummy insertion during the iterative decoding process. This technique, named “toward zero path” (TZP) helps in reducing the state transition activity of the Max-Log-MAP algorithm by trying to maintain the survivor path on the ‘zero path’ of the trellis. The design of a turbo decoder based on the TZP technique, associated with different power reduction technique (saturation of state metrics, stoping criterium) is described. The resulting turbo decoder was implemented onto a Xilinx VirtexII-Pro field-programmable gate array (FPGA) in a digital communication experimental setup. Performance and accurate power dissipation measurements have been done thanks to dynamic partial reconfiguration of the FPGA device. The experimental results have shown the interest of the different contributions for the design of turbo decoders.     

Memory-Reduced Maximum A Posteriori Probability Decoding for High-Throughput Parallel Turbo Decoders

Wireless communication standards make use of parallel turbo decoder for higher data rate at the cost of large hardware resources. This paper presents a memory-reduced back-trace technique, which is based on a new method of estimating backward-recursion factors, for the maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) decoding. Mathematical reformulations of branch-metric equations are performed to reduce the memory requirement of branch metrics for each trellis stage. Subsequently, an architecture of MAP decoder and its scheduling based on the proposed back trace as well as branch-metric reformulation are presented in this work. Comparative analysis of bit-error-rate (BER) performances in additive white Gaussian noise channel environment for MAP as well as parallel turbo decoders are carried out. It has shown that a MAP decoder with a code rate of 1/2 and a parallel turbo decoder with a code rate of 1/3 have achieved coding gains of 1.28 dB at a BER of 10\(^{-5}\) and of 0.4 dB at a BER of 10\(^{-4}\), respectively. In order to meet high-data-rate benchmarks of recently deployed wireless communication standards, very large scale integration implementations of parallel turbo decoder with 8–64 MAP decoders have been reported. Thereby, savings of hardware resources by such parallel turbo decoders based on the suggested memory-reduced techniques are accounted in terms of complementary metal oxide semiconductor transistor count. It has shown that the parallel turbo decoder with 32 and 64 MAP decoders has shown hardware savings of 34 and 44 % respectively.     

一种交错并行高速TPC译码器的设计

Turbo乘积码(TPC)作为一种高码率编码在带限通信系统中有着广泛的应用,但是大多数TPC译码器存在结构复杂、资源消耗高、处理时延大的问题.为此,提出了一种交错并行流水线处理结构的译码器,并通过译码过程中测试序列的合理排序以及使用相关运算代替最小欧式距离计算等算法优化设计,简化了译码器的实现复杂度,现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)资源消耗相比传统设计降低了35%,提高了译码速度.在Xilinx公司的FPGA芯片XC5VSX95T上完成了译码器的硬件实现,达到80 Mbit/s的译码速度,通过增加子译码器个数还可进一步提升译码吞吐率.     

Area-efficient high-throughput MAP decoder architectures

Iterative decoders such as turbo decoders have become integral components of modern broadband communication systems because of their ability to provide substantial coding gains. A key computational kernel in iterative decoders is the maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) decoder. The MAP decoder is recursive and complex, which makes high-speed implementations extremely difficult to realize. In this paper, we present block-interleaved pipelining (BIP) as a new high-throughput technique for MAP decoders. An area-efficient symbol-based BIP MAP decoder architecture is proposed by combining BIP with the well-known look-ahead computation. These architectures are compared with conventional parallel architectures in terms of speed-up, memory and logic complexity, and area. Compared to the parallel architecture, the BIP architecture provides the same speed-up with a reduction in logic complexity by a factor of M, where M is the level of parallelism. The symbol-based architecture provides a speed-up in the range from 1 to 2 with a logic complexity that grows exponentially with M and a state metric storage requirement that is reduced by a factor of M as compared to a parallel architecture. The symbol-based BIP architecture provides speed-up in the range M to 2M with an exponentially higher logic complexity and a reduced memory complexity compared to a parallel architecture. These high-throughput architectures are synthesized in a 2.5-V 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS standard cell library and post-layout simulations are conducted. For turbo decoder applications, we find that the BIP architecture provides a throughput gain of 1.96 at the cost of 63% area overhead. For turbo equalizer applications, the symbol-based BIP architecture enables us to achieve a throughput gain of 1.79 with an area savings of 25%.     

Symbol-based turbo codes

We present a new turbo-coding method which parses the input block into n-bit symbols and interleaves on a symbol-by-symbol basis. This is used in conjunction with different modulation techniques to take advantage of tradeoffs between bit error rate performance, code-rate, spectral efficiency, and decoder complexity. The structure of the encoder and decoder of these codes, which We call symbol-based turbo codes, are outlined. The bit error rate performance of a few specific codes are examined. A discussion on decoder complexity is also included. Symbol-based turbo codes are good candidates for low delay transmission of speech and data in spread spectrum communication systems     

LDPC码译码器的设计与实现

由于传统的LLR BP译码算法不易于FPGA实现,为了降低实现复杂度,采用一种改进的LLR BP译码实现方法,设计了一种码长为40、码率为0.5的规则LDPC码译码器,并完成了FPGA仿真实现.仿真和综合的结果表明,所设计的译码器吞吐量达到15.68 Mbit/s,且译码器的资源消耗适中.     

LTE中卷积码的译码器设计与FPGA实现

基于长期演进（LTE）的Tail—biting卷积码,介绍了维特比译码算法,它是一种最优的卷积码译码算法。由于Tail—biting卷积码的循环特性,采用固定延迟译码的方法,降低了译码复杂度。通过使用全并行的结构及简单的回溯存储方法,设计了一个具有高速和低复杂度的固定延迟译码器。在FPGA上实现并验证,验证结果表明译码器的性能满足了LTE系统的要求。     

Implementation and performance of a turbo/MAP decoder

The implementation and performance of a turbo/MAP decoder are described. A serial block MAP decoder operating in the logarithm domain is used to obtain a very-high-performance turbo decoder. Programmable gate arrays and EPROMs allow the decoder to be programmed for almost any code from four to 512 states, rate 1/3 to rate 1/7 (higher rates are achieved with puncturing) and interleaver block sizes to 65,536 bits. Seven decoding stages were implemented in parallel. For rate 1/3 and 1/7 16-state codes with an interleaver size of 65,536 bits and operating at up to 356 kbit/s the codec achieved an E_b/N₀ of 0⋅32 and −0⋅30 dB respectively for a BER of 10⁻⁵. BERs down to 10⁻⁷ were also achieved for a small increase in E_b/N₀. An efficient implementation of a continuous MAP decoder is also presented, along with a synchronization technique for turbo decoders. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

符合CMMB标准的LDPC解码器设计

根据CMMB中LDPC码校验矩阵的结构特点,提出了一种部分并行译码结构的实现方法,并在Altera的StratixlI-EP2S180F1020C3型FPGA上实现了这种结构.该设计合理利用了LDPC校验矩阵的规律,使用了一种适当的存储器调用的控制策略.在几乎不增加硬件资源的情况下,实现了两种码率的复用.     

可重构Viterbi基核单元的设计与实现

为适应多种通信标准,提出了一种新的可重构Viterbi译码器基核单元,由该基核单元可动态重构成不同约束长度(3~9)、不同编码效率(1/2或1/3)以及不同生成多项式的Viterbi译码器。在Xilinx Virtex4系列FPGA上,对该基核单元组成的译码器进行综合实现,并进行了仿真。结果表明,该译码器的速度能达到50 Mbps,适合在802.11无线局域网及3G网络中使用。     

Code construction and FPGA implementation of a low-error-floor multi-rate low-density Parity-check code decoder

With the superior error correction capability, low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes have initiated wide scale interests in satellite communication, wireless communication, and storage fields. In the past, various structures of single code-rate LDPC decoders have been reported. However, to cover a wide range of service requirements and diverse interference conditions in wireless applications, LDPC decoders that can operate at both high and low code rates are desirable. In this paper, a 9-k code length multi-rate LDPC decoder architecture is presented and implemented on a Xilinx field-programmable gate array device. Using pin selection, three operating modes, namely, the irregular 1/2 code mode, the regular 5/8 code mode, and the regular 7/8 code mode, are supported. Furthermore, to suppress the error floor level, a characterization on the conditions for short cycles in a LDPC code matrix expanded from a small base matrix is presented, and a cycle elimination algorithm is developed to detect and break such short cycles. The effectiveness of the cycle elimination algorithm has been verified by both simulation and hardware measurements, which show that the error floor is suppressed to a much lower level without incurring any performance penalty. The implemented decoder is tested in an experimental LDPC orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system and achieves the superior measured performance of block error rate below 10/sup -7/ at signal-to-noise ratio of 1.8 dB.