Dissolved and particulate organic carbon concentrations in stream water and relationships with land use in multiple-use watersheds of the Han River (Korea)

This study examines temporal variation in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations in streams in the Han River watershed, Korea. On days without significant antecedent rain, DOC and POC concentrations ranged from 0.87 to 3.23 mg C/L and 0.24 to 2.92 mg C/L, respectively. Following rain events, both DOC and POC concentrations were higher. Soil and compost had δ¹³C values similar to stream δ¹³C-DOC and δ¹³C-POC. These results demonstrate the importance of studies using tracer approaches and the value of research on sources of organic carbon transported in streams in multiple use monsoonal watersheds.     

Variations in Spectral Slope in Lake Taihu,a Large Subtropical Shallow Lake in China

Spectral slope (S), describing the exponential decrease of the absorption spectrum over a given wavelength range, is an important parameter in the study of of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) dynamics, and also an essential input parameter in remote sensing models. Furthermore, S is often used as a proxy for CDOM composition, including the ratio of fulvic to humic acids and molecular weight. The relative broad range in S values reported in the literature can be explained by the different spectral ranges and fitting methods used. A single exponential model is used to fit the S values for 17 investigations involving 458 samples in Lake Taihu from January to October in 2004. The average S value was 15.18 ± 1.39 μm⁻¹ for the range of 280–500 nm, which fell within the range reported in the literature. The frequency distribution of S value basically obeyed a normal distribution. Significant differences in S values between summer and other seasons showed that phytoplankton degradation was one of the important sources of CDOM in summer, whereas CDOM mainly came from the river input in other seasons. Furthermore, the estimated S value decreased with increasing wavelength range used in regression. The maximum and minimum values derived from the regression were 17.89 ± 1.25 μm⁻¹ and 13.62 ± 2.11 μm⁻¹ for the wavelength ranges of 280–380 nm and 400–500 nm, respectively, a decrease of 23.9%. S values significantly decreased with the increase of CDOM absorption coefficients. CDOM absorption coefficients could be more appropriately estimated from exponential model introducing the variation of S with absorption coefficients, making them useful for a remote sensing bio-optical model of Lake Taihu. DOC-specific absorption coefficient a*(λ) and the parameter M describing molecular size of the humic molecules could also be used as a proxy for the sources and types of CDOM. A general relationship was found between S and a*(λ), and M values. S increased with the decrease of DOC-specific absorption coefficient and the increase of M corresponding to the decrease of molecular weight.     

饮用水生物稳定性评价指标及体系

饮用水乍物稳定性的研究是近年来水处理领域的研究热点.该文对比分析了国内外不同生物稳定性控制指标与配水系统中水的牛物稳定性关系,并分别就BDOC(可生物降解溶解性有机碳)、AOC(生物可同化有机碳)、TP(磷),以及AOC-TDWMS和用细菌生长潜力(BGP)各自的测定方法及工程研究中的应用进行比较.     

Resurrection of the Lake Michigan Eutrophication Model,MICH1

The Lake Michigan model, MICH1, was developed more than 30 years ago. This framework was evaluated using field data collected in 1976 and was later applied to predict total phosphorus and phytoplankton concentrations in Lake Michigan during the 1980s and early 1990s. With a renewed interest in the interaction of phytoplankton with toxics and the applicability to Total Maximum Daily Load studies, several new models have been developed and older models have been revived. As part of our interest in plankton dynamics in Lake Michigan, the MICH1 model was resurrected. The model was evaluated over the 1976–1995 period, with a surprisingly good model fit to lake-wide average total phosphorus (TP) field data. However, the model was less successful in mimicking the chlorophyll-a measurements, especially in the hypolimnion. Given the results, the model was applied to perform a few long-term TP model simulations. Using the model with average 1994–95 phosphorus loadings, a steady state was reached within approximately 20 years, and the lakewide phosphorus concentration was below the International Joint Commission water quality guideline of 7 μg/L. This exercise demonstrated that a relatively simple, four-segment model was able to mimic the TP lake-wide data well. However, this model was less suitable to predict future chlorophyll-a concentrations due to the limitation in the representation of the foodchain and the difficulty of the coarse segmentation of the model to capture the deep chlorophyll-a layer. Strengths and limitations of this model can guide future development of eutrophication models for Lake Michigan and the other Great Lakes.     

周村水库大气湿沉降氮磷及溶解性有机物特征

为揭示周村水库大气湿沉降中污染物的污染特征,通过收集周村水库2016年3月至2017年2月大气湿沉降样品,测定了大气湿沉降中氮磷以及溶解性有机物的质量浓度,分析了污染物的污染特征及大气湿沉降量的变化规律。结果表明:周村水库的降水主要集中在夏秋季,占全年的68.50%;降水中总氮质量浓度在1.67~7.63 mg/L之间,氨氮和硝氮是其主要组分,分别占总氮的52.91%和28.49%;降水中的硝氮和氨氮年湿沉降通量分别为772.45mg/m^2和1411.99 mg/m^2,且与降水量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01);单因子水质评价法和综合污染指数法评价得出大气湿沉降中的降水大多为劣Ⅴ类的重度污染水体;总磷和有机物的湿沉降通量最大值出现在夏季,与降水量也呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01);大气湿沉降中的溶解性有机物以富里酸为主,呈现较强的自生源特征。     

水处理工艺过程中有机物分子量分布规律

针对太湖流域某湖泊水源有机物分子量分布的特性,考察饮用水处理各工艺单元对有机物的去除效应。结果表明:原水以小分子量有机物为主,小于1k Dalton的有机物占36.1%;常规工艺对大分子量有机物去除率高,尤其对分子量在10k Dalton以上的有机物去除率达32.7%以上,但对小分子量有机物去除率低,其中分子量小于1k Dalton的有机物反而增加了12.6%左右。超滤深度处理工艺中PES膜工艺对小分子量有机物,特别是分子量小于10kDalton的有机物去除率达76.4%,出水UV254值及SUVA值比砂滤出水分别下降了22.0%和11.2%;PVDF膜工艺对各分子量有机物均有较好的去除,但对大分子有机物去除效果优于小分子有机物,其出水UV254值及SUVA值比砂滤出水分别下降了28.8%和6.3%。     

衡水湖叶绿素a含量变化及其与氮、磷浓度关系的初步研究

采用2010年衡水湖监测数据,运用回归统计方法,分析衡水湖水体叶绿素a浓度变化特征,及其与TN、TP、TN/TP的相关关系,建立相应的回归方程.结果表明:衡水湖叶绿素a浓度在时间上变化规律与TP的变化较为一致,为7月、8月＞9月＞10月＞6月、11月＞5月,其对数与TP的对数呈明显正相关,与TN/TP的对数有显著负相关关系,而与TN的对数则无明显的相关性.     

天津海河磷的分布特征

采集海河干流重要断面、相应排污渠以及部分支流(北运河、子牙河、南运河)共29个监测断面的水样,对样品中的溶解性活性磷(SRP)、总溶解态磷(TDP)与总磷(TP)进行测定,并分析其分布特征。结果显示:海河干流各断面的TP质量浓度为0.4~3.5mg/L,已超出GB3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类水质标准,SRP质量浓度0.09~0.75 mg/L,TDP质量浓度0.24~1.42 mg/L;各排污渠(支流)TP质量浓度0.2~5.0 mg/L,SRP质量浓度0.01~3.63 mg/L,TDP质量浓度0.12~4.16 mg/L。排污渠(支流)多数断面的含磷量比相应干流的高。天津海河总磷以总溶解态磷为主要形态,这和海河悬浮颗粒物浓度较低有关。     

梯级水电开发下黄河上游龙-刘河段DOC时空分布特征及通量研究

针对梯级水电开发影响下河流生源物质循环的科学问题,选取黄河上游梯级开发河段（龙羊峡-刘家峡段,共5个水库）为研究区域,以溶解性有机碳（DOC）为主要研究对象,采用采样监测方法分析DOC以及理化指标的时空分布特征,并且基于静态箱式算法模型估算各水库DOC的输移通量。结果表明：DOC及常规理化指标存在明显的时空异质性,DOC浓度呈现汛期（5.37~7.00 mg/L）高于非汛期（2.90~5.56 mg/L）的特征,汛期由于水库出现垂向水温分层现象,DOC在沿水深垂直方向上呈波动变化。在采样年里,龙羊峡-刘家峡段DOC的年输入通量为258.53 kt,年输出通量为192.23 kt,拦截率为25.6%,具有拦截效应的水库为龙羊峡、公伯峡和刘家峡,其余水库为输送效应。     

泥沙吸附磷前后Zeta电位变化试验

选取长江南京段、淮河蚌埠段以及甬江口3种来源不同的细颗粒泥沙,通过泥沙对磷的等温平衡吸附试验,研究细颗粒泥沙吸附磷前后Zeta电位的变化。结果表明:泥沙的Zeta电位绝对值随着单位质量泥沙对固相磷的平衡吸附量的增大而增大,泥沙稳定性增强,不易絮凝;泥沙的Zeta电位绝对值变化量与单位质量泥沙对固相磷的平衡吸附量呈正比关系,对于不同来源的泥沙,单位质量泥沙对固相磷的平衡吸附量增量相同时,Zeta电位绝对值的增幅不同,甬江泥沙增幅最大,淮河泥沙次之,长江泥沙最小;Zeta电位绝对值相对变化量与固相磷相对吸附量呈正比,甬江泥沙Zeta电位绝对值相对变化量对固相磷相对吸附量变化的敏感度更高,长江与淮河泥沙的敏感度相近。     

颗粒态和溶解态磷浓度计算公式的推导与验证

河流水体中的含磷营养物质与较细颗粒的悬移质泥沙发生吸附作用,将对水质循环过程产生影响。基于拟合磷与泥沙颗粒吸附过程的Langmuir方程和修正Langmuir方程分别推导了计算颗粒态磷(PP)和溶解态磷(DP)的计算公式。并采用香溪河泥沙样品的磷吸附实验数据和野外观测数据验证了推导公式,计算结果与实测值符合良好。研究结果表明:当悬移质泥沙浓度较低时,可采用线性吸附方程近似计算颗粒态和溶解态磷浓度,但当悬移质泥沙浓度较高时,需要采用本研究推导的计算公式,特别是解吸和吸附现象并存时,需要使用基于修正的Langmuir模型推导的计算式。研究成果可用于水质或水生态模型建模。     

红枫湖水库底质污染物富集现状分析

通过测定红枫湖水库底质样品中有机碳、总氮、总磷、氨态氮、有机氮和亚铁的含量,对红枫湖水库底质与湖泊富营养化的关系进行了评价分析。结果表明:有机质质量比平均值为38.43 g/kg,含量丰富;总磷质量分数平均值为0.140%,含量高且在湖中各点差异明显;湖泊底质氮质量分数为0.574%,总体偏高;总有机碳和总氮的相关系数r1=0.219(p0.05),相关性不显著,有机碳与总磷的相关系数r2=0.809(p0.01),具有显著相关性;底质有机指数较高;底质中碳氮比值表明其中的有机质主要来源于藻类等浮游生物,总氮和总磷主要来源于外源污染物的排入。     

溶解性有机质对低影响开发设施运行影响的研究进展

低影响开发(LID)设施在治理城市内涝和径流污染中发挥重要作用,在我国海绵城市建设中应用广泛。溶解性有机质(DOM)是一类具有较强的吸附、络合作用的溶解态物质,其质量占比高达径流污染物的50%以上。为阐明DOM对LID设施运行的影响,结合国内外研究现状及进展,综述DOM自身性质及其对LID设施中重金属(HMs)、持久性有机物(POPs)的归趋以及对微生物环境的影响,指出DOM会通过吸附、络合与HMs、POPs作用,造成LID设施填料吸附位点饱和、填料堵塞、微生物相对丰度(RAs)改变等。本研究旨在为LID设施设计和运行优化提供参考。     

Phosphorus Inputs to Lake Simcoe from 1990 to 2003: Declines in Tributary Loads and Observations on Lake Water Quality

Total phosphorus (TP) inputs to Lake Simcoe have led to hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion and loss of cold water fish habitat. Since 1990, efforts have been made to reduce the total TP input to the lake below a defined target of 75 t/year, which was predicted to lead to reductions in spring TP concentration and improvements in end-of-summer hypolimnetic DO concentrations. The total TP load to the lake during the most recent period of record (1998/99-2003/04) ranged from 53 to 76 t/yr and averaged 67 t/yr, compared to an average of 114 t/yr estimated between 1990/91 and 1997/98 (range 85-157 t/yr). Reductions in TP loads from the catchment via tributary discharge (∼26 t) accounted for the majority of the decrease in total load between the two time periods. Total P concentrations decreased significantly in four out of six long-term monitored tributaries; however, concentrations in all six tributaries remain above the level recommended to avoid nuisance plant growth (30 μg/L). Although TP loads to the lake are currently below the target 75 t/yr, excessive growths of filamentous algae and macrophytes continue to be a problem in the nearshore zone. End-of-summer minimum hypolimnetic DO concentrations (average 4.3 mg/L, 1998/99-2003/04) remain substantially below the level (7 mg/L) that is considered protective of lake trout. Efforts to reduce TP loads to the lake therefore need to continue.     

GWLF模型的改进及其在新安江流域的应用研究

通用流域污染负荷方程(generalized watershed loading function,简称GWLF)作为一个简单有效的集总参数流域模型已经受到了国内外研究者的广泛认可。在笔者前期研究成果的基础上,对原始GWLF模型的算法和已有水文框架进行了深入修改,添加了河道模块内泥沙悬浮、沉积过程以及污染物衰减过程,进一步增加了模型在空间属性基础上的通用性。以安徽省新安江屯溪监测站为收口断面的上游流域为研究区域,对改进后的GWLF模型(revised GWLF)进行了应用测试,并在月尺度上针对流量、泥沙量、溶解性氮负荷量和溶解性磷负荷量的模型输出结果与原始GWLF模型进行了比较。3项统计学指标和时间序列图表明,改进版模型能够在不添加额外数据需求的前提下,更好地重现流域内水文、泥沙和水质的循环过程。     

长江中、下游干流磷的沿程分布特征研究

为了解长江中下游磷营养盐的分布特征及磷素的污染状况,2014年5月29日至6月7日沿长江中、下游干流在湖北武汉,江西九江,安徽安庆,江苏的南通、镇江、南京,上海等地设置采样断面,现场监测表层、中层和底层水体中总磷（TP）、溶解性总磷（TDP）、颗粒态总磷（TPP）、溶解性正磷酸盐（SOP）的含量,分析干流磷的沿程分布特征。研究结果表明：长江中、下游干流各采样地TP平均含量范围在0．15～0．25 mg／L,各采样地下游TP平均含量高于上游,各采样地下游左岸及右岸TP平均含量较中泓处高,且左岸TP平均含量较右岸高;各采样地TDP平均含量范围为0．02～0．13 mg／L,且采样地下游TDP平均含量较上游高;各采样地TPP平均含量范围为0．10～0．20 mg／L,沿长江中下游沿程方向TPP占TP百分比逐渐减小,但TPP仍是长江中下游TP的主要贡献者,TPP分布与叶绿素a的分布极为相似,二者呈显著正相关;各采样地SOP平均含量范围为0．02～0．11 mg／L,且 SOP平均含量沿长江中、下游沿程方向显示出增加趋势,SOP是TDP的主要组成部分,SOP平均含量占TDP平均含量70％以上。总体上,长江中下游水体中各形态磷含量较低,水质良好。     

不同流速下溢流堰对河道水质的影响

通过对不同流速条件下水体经过45°阶梯式溢流堰坝体后水体营养盐及有机污染物指标的定期监测和分析,探讨阶梯式溢流堰在何种水动力条件下对水体的改善作用最大。结果表明:水体经过溢流堰曝气作用后,不同流速条件下其复氧程度不同,中流速(125.00 cm/s)条件下效果最佳,DO增加率最大;水体经过45°阶梯式溢流堰曝气作用后,IMn、NH3-N、TN、TP含量均降低,其中IMn、NH3-N、TN在中流速条件下去除效果最佳,而TP去除率在低流速条件下最大;由于溢流堰距离较短,因此部分水质指标改善效果不显著。     

长江常熟段水溶解性有机物分子质量分布特性

采用超滤膜法对水溶解性有机物进行物理分级,研究长江常熟段水源水中不同分子质量区间DOC和UV254分布的变化特征及其原因。结果表明,长江常熟段水源水总体水质较好,高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷等指标均未超过地表Ⅲ类水体水质标准,符合饮用水源地卫生要求。2008年11月至2009年9月期间,水源水中分子质量小于1kDa的DOC所占比例平均为64.3%,分子质量小于1kDa的UV254所占比例平均为45.2%,表明长江水源水中水溶解性有机物主要以小分子质量的有机物为主,汛期水源水中分子质量在3～10 kDa区间的DOC和UV254比例较枯水期有显著提高。