Fabrication of gradient material by electron beam smelting based on scanning track control

A new electron beam (EB) control system was developed in a general vacuum EB machine by equipping it with an industrial control computer, programmable logic control (PLC), deflection coil, data acquisition card, power amplifier, etc. In this control system, the scanning track and energy distribution of the EB could be edited off-line, adjusted in real-time, and controlled on-line. Ti-Mo gradient material (GM) with high temperature resistance was fabricated using electron beam smelting (EBS) control. The smelting pro cesses include three steps such as preheating, smelting, and homogenizing. The results show that GM prepared by using smelting technology has fine appearance, and has good integrated interface with Ti alloy. The Mo and Ti elements are gradual diversification in the interface of the gradient material. The microstructure near the Ti alloy base metal is α+β basket-waver grain, and the microstructure near GM is single phase of β solid solution.     

外粘AFRP布加固RC梁耐冲击性能试验研究

设计了8根钢筋混凝土试验梁,其中2根未加固,6根在梁体受拉面采用不同类型的AFRP布进行外粘加固。然后采用重锤冲击加载试验,重点研究每种试验梁在不同冲击高度下的耐冲击性能。试验结果表明,经过外粘AFRP布加固后,混凝土梁体的挠度变形及塑性变形得到有效抑制,同时这种加固措施还可以延缓梁体裂纹开裂,减轻重锤冲击加载对梁体造成的冲击损伤。另外,AFRP布类型、冲击高度在一定程度上决定着梁体的损伤形态。由此表明,外粘AFRP布加固法能有效提高混凝土梁的耐冲击性,且AFRP布类型与梁体的耐冲击性能直接相关。     

Rückseitenmetallisierung Wafer‐basierter Si‐Solarzellen mittels EB‐PVD

Back Side Metallization of Wafer Based Silicon Solar Cells by Means of Electron Beam Evaporation Electron beam evaporation is an innovative vacuum deposition technology regarding the wafer backside metallization of crystalline silicon solar cells. The motivation for the consideration of electron beam evaporation as cell finishing step is based on the one hand on the competition with thin film photovoltaic modules and on the other on the remarkable cost reduction potential by applying EB‐PVD (Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition). This article presents a highly productive coater concept and gives an explanation of important aspects for the adaption of the coater concept to typical solar cell features. Various PVD technologies are compared concerning their possible use as wafer backside metallization method. Challenges and chances of the introduction of EB‐PVD in the wafer based solar cell production are considered.     

Vertical dynamic responses of a simply supported bridge subjected to a moving train with two‐wheelset vehicles using modal analysis method

The vertical dynamic responses of a simply supported bridge subjected to a moving train are investigated by means of the modal analysis method. Each vehicle of train is modelled as a four‐degree‐of‐freedom mass–spring–damper multi‐rigid body system with a car body and two wheelsets. The bridge, together with track, is modelled as a simply supported Bernoulli–Euler beam. The deflection of the beam is described by superimposing modes. The train and the beam are regarded as an entire dynamic system, in which the contact forces between wheelset and beam are considered as internal forces. The equations of vertical motion in matrix form with time‐dependent coefficients for this system are directly derived from the Hamilton's principle. The equations of motion are solved by Wilson‐θ method to obtain the dynamic responses for both the support beam and the moving train. Compared with the results previous reported, good agreement between the proposed method and the finite element method is obtained. Finally, the effects of beam mode number, vehicle number, beam top surface, and train velocity on the dynamic responses of the entire train and bridge coupling system are studied, and the dynamic responses of beam are given under the train moving with resonant velocity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental considerations of simultaneous thermal lens and beam deflection phenomena

A theoretical model, believed to be novel, that describes simultaneous thermal lens and beam deflection phenomena was experimentally tested. The effect of beam deflection on thermal lens measurements and the effect of the thermal lens on beam deflection measurements were investigated. The experiment confirmed the validity of theoretical predictions for measurements of strongly absorbing samples for which the assumption of an unchanged pump beam in the sample is still valid.     

Micromechanical testing of SU-8 cantilevers

SU‐8 is a photoplastic polymer with a wide range of possible applications in microtechnology. Cantilevers designed for atomic force microscopes were fabricated in SU‐8. The mechanical properties of these cantilevers were investigated using two microscale testing techniques: contact surface profilometer beam deflection and static load deflection at a point on the beam using a specially designed test machine. The SU‐8 Young's modulus value from the microscale test methods is approximately 2–3 GPa.     

Mixed‐mode delamination in 2D layered beam finite elements

In this work, a 2D finite element (FE) formulation for a multi‐layer beam with arbitrary number of layers with interconnection that allows for mixed‐mode delamination is presented. The layers are modelled as linear beams, while interface elements with embedded cohesive‐zone model are used for the interconnection. Because the interface elements are sandwiched between beam FEs and attached to their nodes, the only basic unknown functions of the system are two components of the displacement vector and a cross‐sectional rotation per layer. Damage in the interface is modelled via a bi‐linear constitutive law for a single delamination mode and a mixed‐mode damage evolution law. Because in a numerical integration procedure, the damage occurs only in discrete integration points (i.e. not continuously), the solution procedure experiences sharp snap backs in the force‐displacements diagram. A modified arc‐length method is used to solve this problem. The present model is verified against commonly used models, which use 2D plane‐strain FEs for the bulk material. Various numerical examples show that the multi‐layer beam model presented gives accurate results using significantly less degrees of freedom in comparison with standard models from the literature. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Extended rotation‐free plate and beam elements with shear deformation effects

This paper describes a methodology for extending rotation‐free plate and beam elements to accounting for transverse shear deformation effects. The ingredients for the element formulation are a Hu–Washizu‐type mixed functional, a linear interpolation for the deflection and the shear angles over standard finite elements and a finite volume approach for computing the bending moments and the curvatures over a patch of elements. As a first application of the general procedure, we present an extension of the three‐noded rotation‐free basic plate triangle (BPT) originally developed for thin plate analysis to account for shear deformation effects of relevance for thick plates and composite‐laminated plates. The nodal deflection degrees of freedom (DOFs) of the original BPT element are enhanced with the two shear deformation angles. This allows to compute the bending and shear deformation energies leading to a simple triangular plate element with three DOFs per node (termed BPT+ element). For the thin plate case, the shear angles vanish and the element reproduces the good behaviour of the original thin BPT element. As a consequence the element is applicable to thick and thin plate situations without exhibiting shear locking effects. The numerical solution for the thick case can be found iteratively starting from the deflection values for the Kirchhoff theory using the original thin BPT element. A two‐noded rotation‐free beam element termed CCB+ applicable to slender and thick beams is derived as a particular case of the plate formulation. The examples presented show the robustness and accuracy of the BPT+ and the CCB+ elements for thick and thin plate and beam problems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

埋设悬跨海底管道的屈曲分析

考虑海床刚度,研究了埋设悬跨海底管道在热膨胀引起的轴向压力下的屈曲问题。传统方法是将悬跨管道简化为两端简支或者两端固支梁来处理。基于欧拉-伯努利梁理论,考虑线弹性海床刚度和轴向压力,建立并求解了埋设段管道和悬跨段管道在自重作用下的四阶常微分方程,获得了两段管道的静挠度和内力的解析公式。通过对静挠度的特性分析,给出了埋设管道段和悬跨管道段的稳定性判断准则。     

无粘结智能预应力简支梁的力学性能研究

针对混凝土简支梁的挠度控制问题,提出了在梁中使用随活载变化而变化的智能预应力方法,即根据梁承受的荷载情况,通过梁端智能锚具的顶升、回缩改变梁中的预应力大小,从而实现梁的挠度始终控制在目标范围内。研究中以一根跨中挠度为控制目标的智能预应力简支梁在移动荷载作用下的力学分析,推导了结构的控制微分方程,并通过数值算例演示了智能预应力梁的工作过程,说明了控制思想的可行性。     

Detection of photothermal deflection signals with conjugate masks

A new detection technique for photothermal deflection spectroscopy and photoacoustic deflection spectroscopy is presented. The technique uses a pair of matched multiple slits placed in the path of the probe beam and oriented to block the probe light from the detector in the absence of a deflection signal. Significant improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio and in the frequency bandwidth compared with those available with current techniques is demonstrated.     

Modelling and fatigue life assessment of complex structures

This paper presents some of the motivations and main conclusions from a series of joint Nordic research initiatives in which an integrated research approach to the development of future generations of advanced fabricated structures have been employed. The integrated research approach includes coordinated efforts in several key technologies: high‐speed welding processes, high strength materials, cost‐effective NDE, post‐weld treatments and FE‐based design assessment tools. Traditionally, fatigue assessment methods for welded structures have been developed based on small‐scale test specimens and verification studies for large structures are rarely published. Applications on complex structures have led to several new assessment concepts and areas for future work. A modified structural stress method that proposes a multi‐linear stress distribution through the plate thickness is introduced. Also, a crack growth assessment method in which the constraint equations of a sub‐model are linked to the global model is presented. Both these new methods are promising for complex structures. The crucial role of boundary conditions for complex structures is highlighted as is the future challenge of understanding and making use of the residual stress state for welded structures.     

Thermal buckling and postbuckling analysis of a laminated composite beam with embedded SMA actuators

In this paper, the thermal buckling and postbuckling behaviours of a composite beam with embedded shape memory alloy (SMA) wires are investigated analytically. For the purpose of enhancing the critical buckling temperature and reducing the lateral deflection for the thermal buckling, the characteristics of thermal buckling are investigated through the use of the shape recovery force associated with SMA wire actuators. The results of both thermal buckling and postbuckling behaviours present quantitatively how the shape recovery force affects the thermal buckling behaviour. The analytical results show that the shape recovery force reduces the thermal expansion of the composite laminated beam, which results in both an increment of the critical buckling temperature and also a reduction of the lateral deflection of postbuckling behaviours. A new formula is also proposed to describe the critical buckling temperature of the laminated composite beam with embedded SMA wire actuators.     

薄壁箱梁剪力滞效应分析的初参数法

选取剪力滞效应引起的附加挠度作为广义位移,在定义新的剪力滞广义力矩及广义翘曲位移函数基础上,将薄壁箱梁的剪力滞变形状态从初等梁挠曲变形状态中分离出来作为一种独立的基本变形状态进行分析。对广义翘曲位移函数引入两个修正系数以充分考虑剪力滞翘曲应力的自平衡条件。提出了剪力滞翘曲应力的简便计算公式,它与初等梁弯曲应力公式具有相同的形式。用能量变分法建立了剪力滞控制微分方程,以广义力矩、广义剪力、附加挠度及其变化率作为四个初参数,给出了微分方程的初参数解。对两跨连续箱梁模型的应力计算表明：本文计算值与实测值及其它文献给出的计算值均吻合良好,从而验证了该文分析方法的正确性。挠度计算表明：剪力滞效应使该箱梁在集中荷载和均布荷载作用下的跨中挠度分别增大17%和16%。     

The designs of a scalable optical packet switching architecture

Abstract

This paper proposes a new switching architecture to be used in all optical packet switching networks. The proposed switch is derived from an original 2 × ?2 two‐stage multi‐buffer switched delay line based optical switching node, known as an M‐Quadro node. By incorporating bypass lines into the M‐Quadro architecture and employing a novel switch control strategy, the optical packet switching node can effectively resolve packet contentions, thus reducing the packet deflection probability substantially. Furthermore, we show that such architecture is scalable for a generic multiple stages optical packet switch with a larger number of input/output ports.     

Two simple and efficient displacement‐based quadrilateral elements for the analysis of composite laminated plates

Two simple 4‐node 20‐DOF and 4‐node 24‐DOF displacement‐based quadrilateral elements named RDKQ‐L20 and RDKQ‐L24 are developed in this paper based on the first‐order shear deformation theory (FSDT) for linear analysis of thin to moderately thick laminates. The deflection and rotation functions of the element sides are obtained from Timoshenko's laminated composite beam functions. Linear displacement interpolation functions of the standard 4‐node quadrilateral isoparametric plane element and displacement functions of a quadrilateral plane element with drilling degrees of freedom are taken as in‐plane displacements of the proposed elements RDKQ‐L20 and RDKQ‐L24, respectively. Due to the application of Timoshenko's laminated composite beam functions, convergence can be ensured theoretically for very thin laminates. The elements are simple in formulation, and shear‐locking free for extremely thin laminates even with full integration. A hybrid‐enhanced procedure is employed to improve the accuracy of stress analysis, especially for transverse shear stresses. Numerical tests show that the new elements are convergent, not sensitive to mesh distortion, accurate and efficient for analysis of thin to moderately thick laminates. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thermal conductivity issues of EB‐PVD thermal barrier coatings

The thermal conductivity of electron‐beam physical vapor deposited (EB‐PVD) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) was investigated by the Laser Flash technique. Sample type and methodology of data analyses as well as atmosphere during the measurement have some influence on the data. A large variation of the thermal conductivity was found by changes in TBC microstructure. Exposure at high temperature caused sintering of the porous microstructure that finally increased thermal conductivity up to 30 %. EB‐PVD TBCs show a distinct thickness dependence of the thermal conductivity due to the anisotropic microstructure in thickness direction. Thin TBCs had a 20 % lower thermal conductivity than thick coatings. New compositions of the ceramic top layer offer the largest potential to lower thermal conductivity. Values down to 0.8W/(mK) have been already demonstrated with virgin coatings of pyrochlore compositions.     

Laser damage resistance of hafnia thin films deposited by electron beam deposition, reactive low voltage ion plating, and dual ion beam sputtering

A comparative study is made of the laser damage resistance of hafnia coatings deposited on fused silica substrates with different technologies: electron beam deposition (from Hf or HfO(2) starting material), reactive low voltage ion plating, and dual ion beam sputtering. The laser damage thresholds of these coatings are determined at 1064 and 355 nm using a nanosecond pulsed YAG laser and a one-on-one test procedure. The results are associated with a complete characterization of the samples: refractive index n measured by spectrophotometry, extinction coefficient k measured by photothermal deflection, and roughness measured by atomic force microscopy.     

Theoretical Modeling of Obliquely Crossed Photothermal Deflection for Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Thin Films

A three-dimensional theoretical model has been developed to calculate the normal probe beam deflection of the obliquely crossed photothermal deflection configuration in samples which consist of thin films deposited on substrates. Utilizing the dependence of the normal component of probe beam deflection on the cross-point position of the excitation and probe beams, the thermal conductivity of the thin film can be extracted from the ratio of the two maxima of the normal deflection amplitude, which occurs when the cross-point is located near both surfaces of the sample. The effects of other parameters, including the intersect angle between the excitation and the probe beams in the sample, the modulation frequency of the excitation beam, the optical absorption and thickness of the thin films, and the thermal properties of substrates on the thermal conductivity measurement of the thin film, are discussed. The obliquely crossed photothermal deflection technique seems to be well suited for thermal conductivity measurements of thin films with a high thermal conductivity but a low optical absorption, such as diamond and diamond-like carbon, deposited on substrates with a relatively low thermal conductivity.     

Deflection dynamics of rock beam caused by ultrasound

A new method for monitoring the time dependent dynamics of materials is proposed and implemented. By completely separating the conditioning (here ultrasound), the probing (here gravity), and the material state indicator (here deflection), the details of this dynamic process becomes apparent. The method allows both continuous monitoring of the material state without cross-interaction by the measuring process on the results, as well as complete freedom of conditioning and probing. It was successfully tested for sensitivity and repeatability when applied on a horizontally suspended beam of gabbro rock, which was observed to sag when subjected to ultrasound. These introductory tests have given new insights. The beam rises back, against the force of gravity, after the ultrasound is turned off. The deflection motions are fast both at the onset and at the termination of ultrasound, with the subsequent continuations being much slower. This new method is able to provide the higher accuracy needed for the advancement of the theoretical framework for material property time dependent dynamics.