超千米深井巷道围岩变形特征与支护技术

为解决超千米深井巷道支护难题,以新汶矿区深井巷道为工程背景,分析深部矿井地应力、围岩强度与结构等地质力学参数分布特征,超千米深井巷道围岩、支护体变形及破坏状况。采用UDEC数值模拟软件,研究不同支护方式与参数下超千米深井岩巷围岩变形、破坏特征与支护作用。基于实测与数值模拟研究结果,确定新汶华丰矿-1180回风大巷采用全断面高预应力、高强度锚杆与锚索及注浆联合支护加固方式。详细介绍-1180回风大巷支护井下试验,包括支护参数设计、支护材料、底板注浆锚索施工工艺及矿压监测结果。通过分析围岩位移、顶板离层及锚杆、锚索受力监测数据,评价回风大巷支护效果。井下试验表明:高预应力、高强度锚杆与锚索及注浆联合加固技术,能够有效控制超千米深井岩巷大变形,保持围岩长期稳定。最后,针对井下试验中存在的问题,提出改进意见。     

松软煤层托顶煤巷道煤柱宽度优化及控制技术

以芦沟煤矿32081工作面为工程背景,采用数值模拟和现场实测等方法,研究了松软煤层沿空掘巷托顶煤巷道的变形特征及控制技术。结果表明:不同煤柱宽度下,巷道变形量的变化幅度由大到小的顺序是煤柱帮(498 mm)、顶板(260 mm)、实体煤帮(135 mm)、底板(105 mm)。以6 m煤柱宽度围岩变形最为理想,在沿空掘巷中顶底板变形和两帮变形都是巷道变形的主要方面,而在两帮变形中,小煤柱帮变形量占76%左右,在顶底板变形中,顶板变形占80%左右,得出巷道顶煤和煤柱帮是支护的关键部位。据此,提出了高强度锚网保证围岩完整,长锚索控制顶板稳定、在帮角布置加强锚杆的帮顶协同控制综合技术。通过现场实测表明,该支护方案对于此类巷道的围岩变形量有较好的控制效果,对于类似巷道的支护技术也提供了参考和借鉴。     

淋涌水碎裂煤岩顶板煤巷破坏特征及控制对策研究

 针对淋涌水碎裂煤岩顶板煤巷支护过程中出现的围岩剧烈破坏难题,综合现场调研、煤岩试验、数值模拟、理论分析及井下试验与实测等方法,对其变形破坏机制、工字钢与锚杆(索)支护位移场的分布及煤巷动态破坏特征、顶板钻孔淋水量分区、新型防水锚固剂的锚杆(索)锚固力测试及淋涌水碎裂顶板控制对策进行系统化研究,主要研究内容及结论如下：(1) 淋涌水碎裂煤岩顶板的破坏主要是支护结构体的非整体性承载、锚杆(索)支护受钻孔淋水持续弱化失效以及顶板复合煤岩结构刚强度差异大而导致的离层综合作用的结果;(2) 研究新型防水树脂锚固剂,并通过井下淋涌水顶板锚杆(索)拉拔试验及支护后期锚索监测结果,检验防水锚固剂稳定性能;(3) 提出控制淋涌水碎裂顶板的“四位一体”控制对策,分析具体支护措施力学效应及保持顶板稳定性方面的作用;(4) 详细介绍井下运用“四位一体”综合控制系统的一典型淋涌水型碎裂煤岩顶板煤巷成功实例。研究成果可在霍州矿区进行推广应用,对类似条件巷道支护技术具有一定的理论和实用价值。     

深部厚顶煤巷道让压型锚索箱梁支护系统现场试验对比研究

针对巨野矿区深部高地应力厚顶煤巷道支护特点,以“先抗后让再抗”支护理念为指导,研制高强让压型锚索箱梁(PRABB)支护系统。该系统具有预紧力损失小、定量让压、支护力传递效果好、护表面积大等特点。分别以箱型支护梁和矿用12#工字钢为托梁设计了横梁、纵向单梁和纵向双梁共6种支护系统。以赵楼煤矿深部厚顶煤巷道为工程背景,利用数值试验对其支护效果进行初步分析,并在3302工作面顺槽进行6种支护系统的现场试验对比研究。现场试验结果表明：(1) 相对于原支护方案,6种锚索梁支护系统均能有效控制巷道围岩变形;(2) PRABB支护系统试验段巷道支护效果整体优于工字钢锚索梁方案,前者围岩变形量比后者小15%～25%;(3) 纵向单梁支护系统对巷道围岩的控制效果最好,纵向双梁支护系统次之,横梁支护系统相对较差。根据试验结果对钢梁不同布置方式的围岩控制机制进行分析表明：纵向单梁支护系统可有效控制厚顶煤巷道顶板关键部位的变形,调动围岩自承能力,使巷道变形得到较好控制。在深部厚顶煤巷道支护时,采用PRABB支护系统纵向单梁方案,可达到经济有效控制巷道围岩变形的目的。     

Experimental investigation on behaviors of bolt-supported rock strata surrounding an entry in large dip coal seam

In order to investigate the behaviors and stability of rock strata surrounding an entry with bolt supporting in large dip coal seams (LDCSs) dipping from 25° to 45°, a self-developed rotatable experimental frame for similar material simulation test was used to build the model with the dip of 30°, based on analyses of geological and technological conditions in Huainan mine area, Anhui, China. The strata behaviors, such as extracting- and mining-induced stresses development, deformation and failure modes, were synthetically integrated during working face advancing. Results show that the development characteristics of mining-induced stress and deformation are asymmetrical in the roadway. The strata behaviors are totally different in different sections of the roadway. Because of asymmetrically geometrical structure influenced by increasing dip, strata dislocating, rock falling and breaking occur in roof. Then, squeezing, collapsing and caving of coal happen in upper- and lower-rib due to shearing action caused by asymmetrical roof bending and dislocating. Owing to the absence of supporting, floor heaving is very violent and usually the zone of floor heaving develops from the lower-rib to upper-rib. Engineering practices show that, due to the asymmetrical characteristics of rock pressure and roadway configuration, it is more difficult to implement bolt supporting system to control rock stability of roadways in LDCSs. The upper-rib and roof of entries are the key sections. Consequently, it is reliable to use asymmetrical bolt-mesh-cable supporting system to control rock stability of roadways based on the asymmetrical characteristics of roadway configuration and strata behaviors.     

我国煤矿巷道围岩控制技术发展70年及展望

总结新中国成立70年来,我国煤矿巷道围岩控制领域取得的主要研究成果,涉及巷道围岩地质力学特性,围岩变形、破坏特征与机制,围岩控制理论及技术.介绍煤系沉积岩地层强度、煤岩体结构特征及煤矿井下地应力分布规律,采煤引起的采动应力场分布特征及对采动巷道围岩稳定性的影响.指出煤矿巷道围岩变形具有分阶段性、流变性和冲击性,巷道围岩...     

Experimental investigation on behaviors of bolt-supported rock strata surrounding an entry in large dip coal seam

In order to investigate the behaviors and stability of rock strata surrounding an entry with bolt supporting in large dip coal seams (LDCSs) dipping from 25° to 45°, a self-developed rotatable experimental frame for similar material simulation test was used to build the model with the dip of 30°, based on analyses of geological and technological conditions in Huainan mine area, Anhui, China. The strata behaviors, such as extracting- and mining-induced stresses development, deformation and failure modes, were synthetically integrated during working face advancing. Results show that the development characteristics of mining-induced stress and deformation are asymmetrical in the roadway. The strata behaviors are totally different in different sections of the roadway. Because of asymmetrically geometrical structure influenced by increasing dip, strata dislocating, rock falling and breaking occur in roof. Then, squeezing, collapsing and caving of coal happen in upper- and lower-rib due to shearing action caused by asymmetrical roof bending and dislocating. Owing to the absence of supporting, floor heaving is very violent and usually the zone of floor heaving develops from the lower-rib to upper-rib. Engineering practices show that, due to the asymmetrical characteristics of rock pressure and roadway configuration, it is more difficult to implement bolt supporting system to control rock stability of roadways in LDCSs. The upper-rib and roof of entries are the key sections. Consequently, it is reliable to use asymmetrical bolt-mesh-cable supporting system to control rock stability of roadways based on the asymmetrical characteristics of roadway configuration and strata behaviors.     

大厚度泥岩顶板煤巷破坏机制及控制对策研究

 针对煤巷上方大厚度泥岩顶板在开挖支护后所表现的破坏现象,通过现场观察、室内试验、数值试验、相似模拟试验及理论分析,对其变形破坏机制及控制对策进行系统研究,动态分析围岩的变形和破坏过程,研究不同支护情况下巷道变形规律、破坏机制、应力分布及不同支护手段的加固效果。得出如下结论：(1) 泥岩风化崩解、碎裂扩容与应力调整过程中的高应力拉伸与剪切共同促使泥岩顶板破裂、离层和破碎的发生;(2) 原支护缺乏对围岩性质的准确判断导致巷道破坏与支护失效;(3) 大厚度泥岩顶板煤巷支护的原则：及时封闭围岩、提高下位岩层刚度、布置斜向锚索;(4) 根据地质力学与环境条件,通过断面优化及支护参数优化能够有效避免大厚度泥岩顶板煤巷的多次翻修,实现一次支护的长期稳定。研究成果在棋盘井矿区获得全面应用,对类似条件工程的支护技术具有一定的理论意义和实用价值。     

深孔爆破在深井坚硬复合顶板沿空留巷强制放顶中的应用

 为防止深井坚硬顶板沿空留巷的充填墙体在顶板垮落时被压坏,特采取深孔爆破强制放顶来释放顶板压力以提高沿空留巷的护巷效果。通过数值模拟和理论分析的方法,阐述深孔爆破强制放顶的卸压机制。炸药在坚硬岩体中爆破,爆破孔周边的岩体受爆轰应力波作用产生大量裂隙并发生大幅度位移,使爆破孔周围的应力重新分布,厚层顶板垮落,降低了巷旁充填墙体的附加载荷,从而起到护巷作用。最后,在潘一矿东区1252(1)工作面进行超前深孔爆破强制放顶的现场应用,在经历工作面回采和充填留巷稳定阶段后,墙体整体维护效果良好,对类似条件下沿空留巷强制放顶具有很好的借鉴意义。     

火成岩侵蚀复合顶板煤巷支护对策研究

杨庄煤矿45210工作面埋深大,顶板为复合顶板,受火成岩侵蚀,易发生突然冒顶等灾害。笔者采用数值模拟和现场观测分析方法,认为该巷道变形破坏机制为:因火成岩侵袭复合顶板倾斜煤巷,顶板煤岩层粘聚力和抗拉强度降低;巷道开挖卸荷后,在竖向应力作用下,顶板受拉破坏严重,顶板下沉量增加,引起煤帮受拉破坏,两帮移近量增加;集中应力区由巷道围岩表面向围岩深部不断转移,围岩塑性区由巷道表面向深处逐渐扩张,最终导致巷道的变形和破坏;提出了“强顶、固帮”的支护对策。现场试验表明,与原设计方案相比,新设计方案可有效控制巷道围岩变形,降低巷道变形量达50%以上,取得了良好的支护效果。     

Field investigations of high stress soft surrounding rocks and deformation control

Field investigations of high stress soft rock deformations show that the high stress soft rock roadway can slide with large deformation. Severe extrusion and floor heave can also be subsequently observed. The supported roadway can be locally damaged or completely fail, where the floor has a large deformation and/or is seriously damaged. The factors inducing large deformation of surrounding rocks in deep roadway are rock strengths, structure face cutting types, stress states, stress release, support patterns,and construction methods. Based on the deformation characteristics of high stress soft rock roadway, a comprehensive support scheme is proposed. The overall support technology of "step-by-step and joint,hierarchical reinforcement" for roadway is presented, and the anchor cable and bolt parameters to check the design methods are also given. Finally, the proposed comprehensive support method "bolt t metal mesh t U-steel arch t shortcrete t grouting and cable" is used in the extension section of east main haulage roadway at 850 m level of Qujiang coal mine. The 173-day monitoring results show that the average convergence of sidewalls reaches 208 mm, and the average relative convergence of roof and floor reaches 448 mm, suggesting that this kind of support technology for controlling large deformation of high stress soft surrounding rock roadway is effective.     

Model test study on surrounding rock deformation and failure mechanisms of deep roadways with thick top coal

The deep roadway with thick top coal is a typical roadway difficult to support in deep mining project, and resolving this sophisticated problem to control the stability of surrounding rock is of great significance in safety production of coal mines. In order to explore the surrounding rock deformation and failure mechanisms of such deep roadways, with Zhaolou coal mine in Juye mining area of China as the engineering background, a large-scale geomechanical model test was carried out. The displacement and stress evolution laws of surrounding rock supported by the pressure relief anchor box beam system were researched. Meanwhile, the related results validate and analyze main failure characteristics and mechanisms of the surrounding rock by comparing with field test.     

深井煤层巷道围岩控制技术及试验研究

分析深井煤层巷道围岩变形特征和支护失效的原因，提出此类巷道的内外结构耦合平衡支护原理。对深井煤层巷道的围岩控制，必须有较高强度的支护结构参与巷道开掘后围岩应力的调整过程，减少围岩内部煤体强度损失。在巷道周围应尽快形成稳定内部承载结构，这样才能缩小围岩塑性流动区的范围，维护巷道的稳定。进行工业性试验，取得较好效果。     

Whole section anchor–grouting reinforcement technology and its application in underground roadways with loose and fractured surrounding rock

Strata control technology for roadways with loose and fractured surrounding rock is one of the most challenging areas in underground roadway support. Based on the case of the serious deformations that occurred in a western main roadway of a Chinese coal mine, this paper analyzes the characteristics and influencing factors of deformation of roadways with loose and fractured surrounding rock. A mechanical model of the roadway’s surrounding rock has been established to study the different forces at play in the plastic zone of the roadway via means of site observation, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and onsite experiments. Based on the double shell anchor–grouting reinforcement mechanism, whole section anchor–grouting reinforcement technology (WSAGRT) was implemented in the coal mine with the pertinent support parameters optimized by numerical simulation. The results show that the deformation of the rock surrounding the roadway has been held in check effectively, and thus WSAGRT warrants a safer and more effective mining environment.     

特大断面巷道软弱厚煤层顶板控制对策及安全评价

 针对特大断面巷道软弱厚煤层顶板支护过程中出现大变形甚至冒顶灾害控制难题,以及现有顶板安全性评价方法存在的突出问题,综合现场调研、理论分析、井下试验及现场实测方法,分析巷道在锚杆(索)支护下的顶板控制难题及安全性评价方法的不足,提出均分断面两次成巷与“多支护结构体”控制系统,详细研究新支护系统组成结构、控制原理、顶板安全性判定因素、安全评价因子。由此可以得出：(1) 特大断面巷道软弱厚煤层顶板大变形根源在于顶板支护结构弱、顶帮协同控制弱及顶板中部承受拉应力大;(2) “多支护结构体”控制系统形成全煤顶帮协同控制结构、浅顶板锚固体厚板结构和深顶板索块体承载体结构,大幅降低顶板离层变形和强化顶帮协同支护;(3) 提出顶板安全性判定的10个关键指标,计算得出特厚煤层顶板安全分区和安全评价因子,开发特厚煤层巷道顶板支护安全性判定系统;(4) 详细介绍井下运用均分断面两次成巷与“多支护结构体”控制系统的典型特大断面巷道软弱顶板成功实例。研究成果在五家沟煤矿进行推广应用,对类似条件工程的支护技术具有一定的理论意义和参考价值。     

迎上下采空孤岛面沿空掘巷围岩变形破坏特征

为了研究分析上下煤层两侧都采空而形成的孤岛面沿空掘巷和煤层开采时围岩应力分布及变形破坏特征,应用理论分析、计算机数值模拟与具体工程实践相结合的研究方法,分析了上下煤层两侧采空情况下,下孤岛工作面迎上孤岛面沿空掘巷期间及煤层开采过程中,采场围岩应力分布、变形破坏规律。结果表明:该情况下孤岛工作面围岩结构特征因受多次开采影响,其整体性和联动性都有所降低,采场围岩应力分布特征有所不同,且煤柱宽度尺寸对巷道受力变形有较大影响。掘巷期间轨道巷煤柱帮的变形量大于实体煤帮变形量,顶板下沉量大于底鼓量;回采期间顶板运移特点决定了两巷围岩主要呈现拉剪破坏,随着工作面的推进,采动影响阶段和影响剧烈阶段范围逐渐增大,巷道断面收缩率随着距工作面距离的减小而增大。对于孤岛面开采沿空巷道的特殊围岩条件,应遵循“强顶、固帮、控底的全断面围岩控制技术思路,对上下隅角附近巷道加强支护,提高围岩自身强度,为类似条件孤岛面巷道维护及安全开采提供理论技术保障。     

李粮店煤矿巷道围岩变形机理及支护研究

本文首先针对李粮店煤矿开拓巷道围岩变形现状分析该处地应力规律,最后根据本矿大采深软岩的特点提出采用锚架注联合支护技术,为深部巷道合理支护和煤层安全高效开采做了一次较好的尝试。     

深井三软煤巷锚杆支护技术研究

深井三软煤巷是地压大围岩变形剧烈的一类极难维护回采巷道。分析该类巷道围岩的层状赋存特点及软弱破碎条件,提出加固帮角控制围岩稳定、高阻让压支护限制围岩变形和强化顶板保证安全的支护原理,并研究了合理的锚杆支护技术和帮顶锚固方式,包括顶板全长树脂锚固锚带网支护与两帮角小孔径加长树脂锚固可拉伸锚杆支护技术。最后介绍一个工程实例     

深部巷道围岩承载结构的数值分析

围岩承载结构的稳定是深部巷道支护成功的关键。应用岩石峰后应变软化本构模型对深部巷道进行数值模拟研究,分析了深部巷道与浅部巷道围岩承载结构的差别,探讨了支护阻力对深部巷道围岩承载结构的影响。研究结果表明:深部巷道围岩中存在围岩强度强、弱软化区域交替出现的现象;而提高支护阻力可以缩小围岩强度软化区域范围,减小围岩强度软化程度,改善巷道围岩应力分布状况。得出了支护阻力通过控制围岩强度软化,提高围岩自承能力,实现深部巷道围岩承载结构稳定的目的的结论。     

Innovation and future of mining rock mechanics

The 121 mining method of longwall mining first proposed in England has been widely used around the world.This method requires excavation of two mining roadways and reservation of one coal pillar to mine one working face.Due to considerable excavation of roadway,the mining roadway is generally destroyed during coal mining.The stress concentration in the coal pillar can cause large deformation of surrounding rocks,rockbursts and other disasters,and subsequently a large volume of coal pillar resources will be wasted.To improve the coal recovery rate and reduce excavation of the mining roadway,the 111 mining method of longwall mining was proposed in the former Soviet Union based on the 121 mining method.The 111 mining method requires excavation of one mining roadway and setting one filling body to replace the coal pillar while maintaining another mining roadway to mine one working face.However,because the stress transfer structure of roadway and working face roof has not changed,the problem of stress concentration in the surrounding rocks of roadway has not been well solved.To solve the above problems,the conventional concept utilizing high-strength support to resist the mining pressure for the 121 and 111 mining methods should be updated.The idea is to utilize mining pressure and expansion characteristics of the collapsed rock mass in the goaf to automatically form roadways,avoiding roadway excavation and waste of coal pillar.Based on the basic principles of mining rock mechanics,the“equilibrium mining”theory and the“short cantilever beam”mechanical model are proposed.Key technologies,such as roof directional presplitting technology,negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)high-prestress constant-resistance support technology,and gangue blocking support technology,are developed following the“equilibrium mining”theory.Accordingly,the 110 and N00 mining methods of an automatically formed roadway(AFR)by roof cutting and pressure releasing without pillars are proposed.The mining methods have been applied to a large number of coal mines with different overburdens,coal seam thicknesses,roof types and gases in China,realizing the integrated mode of coal mining and roadway retaining.On this basis,in view of the complex geological conditions and intelligent mining demand of coal mines,an intelligent and unmanned development direction of the“equilibrium mining”method is prospected.