On Metallurgical Processes and Non‐Equilibrium Thermodynamics

Taking the vacuum circulation (RH) refining of clean steel (ultra‐low carbon and ultra‐low sulphur steel) as an example, the non‐linear and non‐equilibrium features of metallurgical processes have been illustrated. The similarities and differences between metallurgical reaction engineering and non‐equilibrium thermodynamics have been analysed. A generalized theory of non‐equilibrium thermodynamics is introduced and described. The necessity and feasibility investigating and dealing with practical metallurgical processes from the viewpoints, fundamentals and methods of non‐equilibrium thermodynamics together with metallurgical reaction engineering have been discussed. It is pointed out that in order to really and quantitatively describe practical metallurgical processes, their features of non‐linearity and non‐equilibrium must fully be taken into account, and non‐equilibrium thermodynamics would and can play its role in the metallurgical area.     

中国高炉炼铁技术发展评述

近年来,中国生铁产量高速增长,年增幅在20%以上,同时,高炉炼铁技术也取得了较大的进步,入炉焦比和炼铁工序能耗不断下降,喷煤比、热风温度和利用系数不断提高;1000 m3以上容积的高炉操作技术日趋成熟,各项技术经济指标得到改善.但是,中国炼铁产业集中度低,一批落后的设备仍在使用,造成了中国炼铁工业先进与落后并存的现象.     

我国炼铁系统发展循环经济的方向

从铁素资源循环利用、节能与能源高效利用、节水与水资源高效利用、固体废弃物综合利用以及清洁生产与环境保护等五个方面埘我国炼铁系统发展循环经济方向进行了探讨,认为建设资源节约型和环境友好型企业,加快实施TRT余压发电、煤气干法除尘、烧结烟气脱硫和余热回收,是我国炼铁系统节能减排、发展循环经济的关键措施.     

中国高炉炼铁技术科学发展的途径

讨论了大力节能降耗,发展循环经济,促进中国高炉炼铁技术科学发展的主要途径,包括着力提高单炉产量、降低燃料比(高风温、大量喷吹煤粉等措施)、环境友好和实现精料等.     

国外炼铁状况及中国炼铁发展方向

非高炉炼铁在不断进步,高炉炼铁流程仍是今后国内外主导发展方向.全面加强中国现有高炉炼铁流程的改造和优化是工作的重点.要注意大型化的合理选择、系统配置和操作参数的改进、过程检测和控制的完善、节能减排路线的制定等.降低铁钢比是减少吨钢CO2排放的最有效手段.     

我国炼铁工艺技术的进步

对我国近10年来球团、烧结、焦炭及高炉的生产状况和工艺技术等方面的进步进行了总结,阐述了直接还原和熔融还原的发展现状,并对我国炼铁工业的未来发展进行了展望。     

Numerical Investigation of Novel Oxygen Blast Furnace Ironmaking Processes

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B - Oxygen blast furnace (OBF) ironmaking process has the potential to realize “zero carbon footprint” production, but suffers from the...     

熔融还原炼铁技术的新发展

1 概述 熔融还原是当代钢铁工业前沿技术之一。它被提出时的原意是指:“含碳铁水在高温熔融状态下与含铁的熔渣即熔化的铁矿石产生反应,这就是熔融还原”。在高温下液态之间的还原反应速度要比气固体间反应速度快得多。后来,随着实际工作的进展,泛指用非焦煤直接生产出热态铁水的工艺均称为熔融还原。     

我国炼铁发展前景及面临的挑战

我国炼铁工业规模巨大,装备和生产指标先进,但在能耗和清洁生产方面尚存在不足。未来我国的炼铁生产仍将依靠高炉流程。受钢产量和铁钢比的影响,其短期的生产规模将维持在7亿/a左右。炼铁面临的主要挑战是在原燃料品种质量及价格的频繁波动,炼铁生产成本的有效控制以及清洁生产等。对应的措施是:优化炉料结构,建立现代化高炉操作理念以及系统应用各项节能减排工艺技术。     

中国高炉炼铁技术进展

在描述2004年中国高炉炼铁技术现状的基础上,指出中国高炉炼铁在高效、低耗、长寿、优化操作技术等方面取得了进步。近年来,大型高炉生产技术水平,取得了明显进步,但是,精料技术、喷吹煤粉、热风温度等方面呈下降态势。宝钢、马钢、上钢一厂、鞍钢、首钢等企业部分大高炉利用系数和燃料比等指标已达到先进水平。今后要进一步改善原燃料质量和提高热风温度。     

中国炼铁专利申请情况及分析

本文利用现代网络技术和专利调研分析软件,对中国钢铁行业炼铁技术领域的专利申请进行了全面调研分析。分析了中国炼铁专利申请现状、发展趋势、技术热点,分析了国外来华申请情况并与中国申请情况作了比较,并提出了应予重视的几个问题。     

中国高炉炼铁技术装备发展成就与展望

 近40年来,我国钢铁工业取得了巨大进步,钢铁产量连续多年居世界第一。我国高炉炼铁技术装备在大型化、现代化、高效化、长寿化等方面发展成就显著。2000年以来,一批5000m3以上特大型高炉、500m2以上大型烧结机、7.63m超大容积焦炉和年产400万t/a以上大型球团生产线相继建成投产,一系列自主研发、集成创新的炼铁关键技术在生产实践中取得重大应用成效。在技术装备大型化的同时,高炉富氧喷煤、无料钟炉顶、煤气干法除尘、顶燃式热风炉及高风温、高效低耗烧结技术、大型清洁炼焦技术等先进技术及其装备研发与应用成效显著,有力推动了炼铁技术装备进步。到本世纪中叶,我国钢铁工业格局和流程结构将发生重大变革,减量化、绿色化、智能化、高效化将是未来一个时期炼铁技术装备的主要发展趋势。     

Non‐Metallic Inclusions in High‐Manganese‐Alloy Steels

The possibility of applying new high‐strength steels with excellent forming behaviour (TRIP, TWIP and LIP steels) in automotive manufacturing is a significant potential for improvement in the area of reducing weight while simultaneously increasing crash safety. The present work investigates endogenous inclusions in some high‐alloy TRIP and TWIP steels because the most stringent product requirements are tightly related to cleanness. The expected formation of inclusions is discussed based on thermodynamic observations made with ThermoCalc. The solidification conditions were varied in experiments with the so‐called SSCT (submerged split chill tensile) apparatus. Furthermore, different treatment times were set in order to investigate this influence on the inclusions. A catalogue of endogenous inclusions in these new steel grades is currently being created with the help of the automated SEM/EDX inclusion analysis system at voestalpine Stahl GmbH in Linz. Further studies will follow to systematically determine the interactions between steel, slag and refractory materials.     

我国炼铁高炉提高利用系数的途径分析

根据1998-2003年我国有代表性的部分大中型炼铁厂高炉利用系数及其影响因素综合冶炼强度、休风率和综合焦比的变化趋势,分析了大型高炉和中小型高炉提高利用系数的途径,对高炉采用高强度冶炼和超高强度冶炼进行了讨论。     

马钢炼铁生产的发展与技术进步

马钢作为我国十大钢铁基地之一,经历了50年的风风雨雨,由一个单一的铁厂发展成具有线、型、板、轮四大系列产品的特大型钢铁联合企业。可以说,马钢公司的发展壮大,炼铁系统发挥了重要的支     

Recent Developments and Mid‐ and Long‐Term CO2 Mitigation Projects in Ironmaking

CO₂ mitigation and the stable supply of raw materials are two major issues for the steel industry. The Japanese steel industry has promoted short term developments and investments to comply with the Japan Iron and Steel Federation's voluntary action plan in parallel with developing plans for drastic CO₂ mitigation programs toward the post Kyoto protocol period. This paper describes short‐term measures in the ironmaking field such as natural gas injection technology to the sintering bed and burden distribution control with coke mixed charging. For mid and long term CO₂ mitigation, the joint project, ‘Preparatory research work for the blast furnace based innovative ironmaking technologies’ was actively promoted by the New Energy and industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) from FY2006 to FY2008. Based on the enhancement of carbon ‐ CO₂ reaction by close positioning of carbon and iron oxide/metallic iron, the production process and reaction mechanism in a blast furnace were studied for two innovative composites with iron oxide, metallic iron and carbon. For development at a pilot plant scale, a new project, ‘Development of innovative ironmaking process using low cost iron ore and coal’ started in FY2009. Key technologies of the project are the production process and evaluation in a blast furnace of a hybrid composite of metallic iron and carbon, so called ‘Ferro‐coke’. This paper describes key technologies and recent developments of the project.     

现有主要炼铁工艺的优缺点和研发方向

 对现有主要炼铁工艺的优缺点和研发的方向做了简要评述。讨论了中国炼铁工艺的差距和努力方向。在今后相当长时期内大型高炉流程仍将是主要产铁设备,高炉流程优化的目标是用足设计炉顶压力,进一步降低能耗,应通过开发以煤代焦的新技术,将大型高炉的入炉焦比降低到200 kg/t以下,节省焦炭等优质资源、改善环保。降低铁水成本,减少污染物排放量,实现炼焦厂、烧结厂的清洁生产,建设生态型钢铁企业。直接还原炼铁工艺的研发方向是加强研究粉煤加压气化生产合成煤气及利用炼钢炼焦剩余煤气,用于大中型直接还原竖炉或流化床生产优质直接还原铁。完善改进引进的COREX 3000工艺,开发使用粉矿、粉煤的技术设备,开展创新非高炉炼铁技术,形成有中国特色的熔融还原工艺。     

节能减排环境友好实现我国炼铁生产可持续发展

近年来,在原燃料供应比较紧张、价格上扬和品质下降的情况下,我国高炉炼铁生产仍然得到迅速发展,主要技术经济指标明显改善.今后,我国炼铁生产实现可持续发展的关键是节能减排、环境友好,而进一步提高焦炭、烧结矿和球团矿质量是炼铁生产节能减排的基础,大喷煤、高风温、改善煤气利用、加强能源回收和实现排放物的处理是实现节能减排、环境友好的主要措施.